Download Functional Groups and Alkane Nomenclature

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FunctionalGroupsandAlkaneNomenclature
OrganicFunctionalGroups
Name
Alkane(notreallyafunctional
group)
Hydrocarbons
FunctionalGroup
R H Alkene
R 2C CR2 Alkyne
RC CR Arene(Aromatic)
Alcohol(hydroxygroup)
Examples
HeteroatomContaining
R OH
O
OH
R
O
Ether
R
Amine(aminogroup)
R NH 2
Thiol(mercaptogroup)
R SH
Sulfide
R
Halide
R X
S
R 2NH
R 3N
SH
R
S
(X = F, Cl, Br, I) Cl
Carbonyl(C=O)Containing
Aldehyde
Ketone
Ester
CarboxylicAcid
Amide
AcidHalide
O
O
H
R
O
H
O
O
OR R
O
OH OH
O
O
R
O
O
R
O
R
R
NH 2
NH 2 O
O
R
N
H
NH 2
X
Br
StraightChainAlkanes
Name
Methane
Ethane
#ofCarbons CondensedStructure
1
CH4
2
CH3CH3
Propane
3
CH3CH2CH3
Butane
Pentane
Hexane
Heptane
Octane
Nonane
Decane
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
CH3(CH2)2CH3
CH3(CH2)3CH3
CH3(CH2)4CH3
CH3(CH2)5CH3
CH3(CH2)6CH3
CH3(CH2)7CH3
CH3(CH2)8CH3
SkeletalStructure
None
SomeCommonAlkylSubstituents
R=parentchain
R CH 3 R
Methyl(-Me)
Ethyl(-Et)
R
Propyl(-Pr)
Isopropyl(-iPr)
R
R
Butyl
1.
2.
3.
4.
R
sec-Butyl
R
isobutyl
tert-Butyl
R
SummaryofRulesforNamingAcyclicAlkanes
Findthelongestcontinuouscarbonchainandnameitasthealkaneparent.
• Iftwochainsofequallengtharefound,picktheonewiththemostbranchesastheparent.
Numberthecarbonatomsinthechain.
• Numberinthedirectionthatgivesthefirstsubstituentthelowestnumber.
• Ifnumberingfrombothdirectionsgivesthefirstsubstituentthesamenumber,then
numbersothatthesecondsubstituenthasthelowestpossiblenumber.
• Ifthereisanumberingtieinbothdirections,thenyoushouldusealphabeticalpriority.
Numberandnamesubstituents.
• Placeanumberinfrontofasubstituentnamefollowedbyadash(i.e.2-ethyl).Ifthereis
morethanoneofthesamesubstituentpresent,designatewithaprefix(di-,tri-,tetra-,
penta-){i.e.2,4,6-triethyl}.
Listsubstituentsinalphabeticalorderfollowedbytheparentname.
• Prefixessuchasdi-,tri-,tetra-,penta-,sec-,andtert-donotcountforalphabetization
purposes.Isoandcyclobothcountforalphabetizationpurposes.
• Numbersareseparatedwithcommas.Numbersandnamesareseparatedwithdashes.