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Chapter
4
The Tissue
Level of
Organization
PowerPoint® Lecture Slides
prepared by Jason LaPres
Lone Star College - North Harris
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.,
publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Class #1
 Epithelium Tissue
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What are tissues?
 Collections of cells that
perform specific functions
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Epithelial Tissues
 Characteristics of Epithelia
 Line/covers: body surfaces, organs and forms
inner cavities
 Underside always anchored to connective tissue
by thin “basement membrane”
 There are no blood vessels but it gets
nourishment from underlying connective tissue
 Rapidly reproduce
 Tightly packed= little intercellular fluid= good
protection
Epithelial Tissues
Figure 4–1 The Polarity of Epithelial Cells.
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Epithelial Tissues
 Functions of Epithelial Tissue (in
packet)
 Protection
 Control permeability
 Sensation
 Produce specialized secretions (glandular epithelium)
 Functions as a connective tissue attached to
basement membrane
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Classification of Epithelia
 Singular epithelium; plural epithelia
 Classes of Epithelia
 Based on shape
1. Squamous epithelia: thin and flat
2. Cuboidal epithelia: square shaped
3. Columnar epithelia: tall, slender rectangles
 Based on layers
1. Simple epithelium: single layer of cells
2. Stratified epithelium: several layers of cells
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Classification of Epithelia
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Classification of Epithelia
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Classification of Epithelia
 Simple squamous epithelium
 Absorption and diffusion for substances pass easily through
them but can be easily damaged
 Located in: lungs, blood vessels/capillaries
 Look like floor tiles; nuclei broad and thin on
sides
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Classification of Epithelia
Figure 4–3 Squamous Epithelia.
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Classification of Epithelia
 Stratified Squamous Epithelium
 Provides physical protection/ barriers hence
the multi layers
 Locations: skin(epidermis), throat, many
orifices
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Classification of Epithelia
Figure 4–3 Squamous Epithelia.
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Classification of Epithelia
 Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
 Secretion, absorption
 Located in: glands, ducts, kidneys, covers
ovaries
 Nuclei in center, spherical shaped
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Classification of Epithelia
Figure 4–4 Cuboidal Epithelia.
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Classification of Epithelia
 Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
 Protection, secretion, absorption
 Located in: linings of ducts
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Classification of Epithelia
Figure 4–4 Cuboidal Epithelia.
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Classification of Epithelia
 Transitional epithelium
 Permits expansion and contraction
 Located in: bladder, pelvis, urethers
 When contracted they will look like cubiodal
cells
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Classification of Epithelia
Figure 4–4 Cuboidal Epithelia.
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Classification of Epithelia
 Simple columnar epithelium
 Protection, secretion, absorption
 Located in: lining of uterus and digestive tract
 Nuclei at bottom
 Has microvilli
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Classification of Epithelia
Figure 4–5 Columnar Epithelia.
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Classification of Epithelia
 Pseudostratified ciliated columnar
epithelium
 Protection, secretion
 Located in: lining of respiratory and male
reproductive tract
 Look layered but are not.
 Nuclei are at two or more layers within cells
 Have cilia and goblet cells(make mucous)
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Classification of Epithelia
Figure 4–5 Columnar Epithelia.
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Classification of Epithelia
 Stratified Columnar epithelium
 Protection
 Located in: respiratory, anus, urethra
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Classification of Epithelia
Figure 4–5 Columnar Epithelia.
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Glands in Epithelial Tissue
 Two main types of Glands
 Endocrine glands
 Release hormones:
– into interstitial fluid
– no ducts
 Exocrine glands
 Produce secretions:
– onto epithelial surfaces
– through ducts
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Class 2
 Connective Tissue
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Connective Tissues Functions
 Funtions:
 Connect epithelium to the rest of the body
 Provide structure (bone is C.T.)
 Stores energy (fat is C.T.)
 Transport materials ( ie blood is C.T.)
 Has no contact with environment
 Most abundant in body
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Connective Tissues Characteristics
 Characteristics of Connective Tissues
 Lots of intercellular fluid or space between
cells
 Solid extracellular= protein fibers
 Fluid extracellular= ground substance
 The extracellular components of connective
tissues (fibers and ground substance) make
up the matrix
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Connective Tissue Char. Cont.
 Can reproduce
 Have good blood supply
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Connective Tissues Cells
 Connective Tissue has many cells
1. Wandering cells- only there in response to injury or infection
2. Resident Cells: 3 types
1.
Fibroblasts
 The most abundant cell type:
» Large, star shaped
» secrete protein fibers into matrix
2. Macrophages
 The second most abundant cell type:
– Carries out phagocytes
– The scavenger or defense for cell
3. Mast Cells
 Large, mainly near blood cells, widely distributed
 Job not 100% certain  prevents blood clotting and releases histamines (prevent
inflammation)
Connective Tissues Fibers
 Connective Tissue Fibers
 1) Collagenous/Collagen fibers
 Most common fibers in connective tissue proper
 Long, straight, and unbranched
 Strong and flexible
 Resist force in one direction
 THE ROPES OF CONN. TISSUE
 Found in TENDONS
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Connective Tissues Fibers
 Connective Tissue Fibers
 2) Reticular fibers
 Network of interwoven fibers (stroma)
 Strong and flexible
 Resist force in many directions
 Stabilize functional cells (parenchyma) and
structures
 THE NETS OF CONN. TISSUE
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Connective Tissues Fibers
 Connective Tissue Fibers
 3) Elastic fibers
 Contain elastin
 Branched and wavy
 Return to original length after stretching
 THE RUBBER BANDS OF CONN. TISSUE
– Found in Vocal Cords
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Connective Tissues Types
 Adipose Tissue
 Contains many adipocytes (fat cells) or drops of fat
under skin
 Found under skin/between muscles
 Types of adipose tissue
 White fat:
–
–
–
–
most common
stores fat
absorbs shocks
slows heat loss (insulation)
 Brown fat:
– when stimulated by nervous system, fat break down
accelerates, releasing energy
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Connective Tissues Types
Figure 4–10 Adipose and Reticular Tissues.
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Connective Tissues Types
Job: Provides soft skeleton to support lymph organs
Figure 4–10 Adipose and Reticular Tissues.
Connective Tissue Types
 Loose connective tissue
 Between skin and muscles
 Job is to bind skin to muscle
 Have a lot of matrix/intercellular fluid that’s why its
called loose
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Connective Tissues Types
Figure 4–11 Dense Connective Tissues.
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Connective Tissues Types
Figure 4–11 Dense Connective Tissues.
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Connective Tissues Types
Figure 4–11 Dense Connective Tissues.
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Connective Tissues Types
 Fluid Connective Tissues
 Blood and lymph
 Watery matrix of dissolved proteins
 Carry specific cell types (formed elements)
 Formed elements of blood
– red blood cells (erythrocytes)
– white blood cells (leukocytes)
– platelets
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Connective Tissues Types
Figure 4–12 Formed Elements of the Blood.
Connective Tissue Types
 EACH TARGET SOMETHING SPECIFIC
 Lymphocyte- B and T cells fights infections
 Lasts weeks to years
 Eosinophil- fights parasites and allergies
 Lasts 8-12 days
 Basophil- fights allergies
 Lasts?
 Neutrophil- fights bacteria and fungi
 Lasts 6 hrs
 Monocyte-comes form blood to becaome
macrophages
Supportive Connective Tissues
Has no nerve fibers or blood
Figure 4–14 The Types of Cartilage.
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Supportive Connective Tissues
Chondrocyte= cells in cartilage
Lacuna= gap
Figure 4–14 The Types of Cartilage.
Supportive Connective Tissues
Figure 4–14 The Types of Cartilage.
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Supportive Connective Tissues
Canaliculi= small passage
Osteocytes= star shaped cell
Periosteum= membrane that lines outer
surface of bone
Figure 4–15 Bone.
Connective Tissues
Figure 4–8 The Cells and Fibers of Connective Tissue Proper.
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Connective Tissues
Figure 4–8 The Cells and Fibers of Connective Tissue Proper.
VOCAB





Free Macrophage= white blood cell
Melanocyte= pigment producing skin cell
Plasmocyte= plasma cell
Mesenchymal= cell that can differentiate
Lymphocyte= white blood cells
 B-cells- attack infected cells
 T-cells- create antibodies
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Day 3
 Muscular and Nervous Tissue
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Muscle Tissue Function
 Specialized for contraction
 Produces all body movement
Muscle Tissue Types
 Three types of muscle tissue
 Skeletal muscle
 Large muscles attached to bone
 responsible for VOLUNTARY movement
 Cardiac muscle
 Found only in the heart
 Smooth muscle
 Found in walls of hollow, contracting organs (blood vessels;
urinary bladder; respiratory, digestive, and reproductive
tracts)
 INVOLUNTARY movement
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Muscle Tissue Types
 Skeletal Muscle Cells
 Long, thin, threadlike
 Have alternating light and dark markings=
striations
 Each fiber has MANY nuclei at bottom near
cell membrane
 Its stimulated by action of nerve fiber to
contract or relax
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Muscle Tissue Types
Figure 4–18 Muscle Tissue.
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Muscle Tissue Types
 Cardiac muscle cells
 Found only in heart
 Striated
 Only 1 nucleus
 Cells pump blood through vessels
 Tissue joined end end = network
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Muscle Tissue Types
 Smooth muscle cells
 Lacks straiations
 Shorter than skeletal
 Has 1 nuclei in the center
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Muscle Tissue Types
Figure 4–18 Muscle Tissue.
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Muscle Tissue Types
Figure 4–18 Muscle Tissue.
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Neural Tissue Types
 Two Kinds of Neural Cells
 Neurons- nerve cells
 Transmit impulses along nerve fibers to muscles, glands or
other neurons
 Perform electrical communication
 Neuroglia cells
 Support and bind parts of nervous system together
 Perform phagocytosis
 Repair and supply nutrients to neurons by connecting them
to blood cells
Neural Tissue Types
Figure 4–19 Neural Tissue.
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