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Government at a Glance 2015
www.oecd.org/gov/govataglance.htm
Country Fact Sheet
Greece
The fiscal situation has improved, but public debt remains high
Following the recapitalisation of the banks in 2013, the fiscal deficit improved in 2014, reaching a level of
3.5% of GDP (compared to 12.3% in 2013). Greece succeeded in reaching a primary budget surplus of 0.4%
in 2014, and a cyclically adjusted fiscal balance surplus in 2014 of 1.3% of potential GDP. This reflects some
improvements in the underlying fiscal position, but Greece’s public debt, at 179.7% of GDP according to
the System of National Accounts definition, is well above the OECD average of 109.3%, posing a risk for
future macroeconomic stability.
Chapter 2: Public finance and economics
General government fiscal balance as a percentage of GDP
General government primary balance and interest spending as a percentage of GDP
General government structural balance as a percentage of potential GDP
General government gross debt as a percentage of GDP
Requirements for disclosure of private interests is generally higher
than in other OECD countries, but varies across branches of government
Disclosure of private interests of public officials can be an effective tool, alongside other mechanisms, in
managing conflict of interest. In Greece, public officials have the highest obligations in terms of asset declarations in the legislative branch. The level of asset disclosure is also above the OECD average for the judicial
branch and for “at risk” areas such as tax and customs officials, procurement agents and financial authorities.
It is slightly below the OECD average for the executive branch. As in some other OECD countries, public
officials in Greece are required to disclose as well some of the assets of their family members.
Chapter 7: Public Sector Integrity
Level of Disclosure and public availability of private interests across branches of government
Citizen satisfaction with institutions and services is low and decreasing
Between 2007 and 2014, citizen satisfaction with health care services has decreased by 17 p.p moving from
52% to 35%. This is well below the OECD average of 71% in 2014. The level of satisfaction with education
services has slightly increased over the same period but remains low (45%) compared to OECD standards
(67%). The confidence in the judicial system has slightly decreased over the period and is also low (44%)
compared to the OECD average (54%).
Chapter 12: Serving Citizens
Citizens’ satisfaction with the health care system
Citizens’ satisfaction with the education system
Citizens‘ confidence with the judicial system
How to read the figures:
(not represented if not available)
Greece
Values have been rounded.
n.a. refers to
data not available
Range of OECD country
values in grey
Average of OECD countries
in green
Country value in blue
GOVERNMENT INPUTS: FINANCIAL AND HUMAN RESOURCES
Public Finance & Economics
Public Employment & Compensation
Public Finance and Economics
Government revenues
(2013, 2014)
Government expenditures
(2013, 2014)
Public investment
(2013, 2014)
Government gross debt *
(2013, 2014)
% of GDP
% of GDP
% of of total govt. expenditures
% of GDP
Greece
45.8%
(2014)
30%
40%
50%
20%
60%
Source: OECD National Accounts
30%
40%
50%
2013
7.9%
(2014)
41.9%
60.1%
(2013)
181.0%
Greece
2013
49.3%
(2014)
37.7%
47.8%
(2013)
20%
Greece
2013
60%
5%
Source: OECD National Accounts
10%
15%
20%
0%
50%
100%
179.7%
100%
2014
7.8%
4.6%
(2013)
0%
Greece
2013
0%
100%
109.3%
0%
2013
150%
200%
250%
Source: OECD/Eurostat National Accounts
* SNA definition, see Notes
Source: OECD National Accounts
Fiscal balance *
(2013, 2014)
% of GDP
-3.5%
-12.3%
-4.2%
2014
2013
2013
-15% -10%
-5%
0%
+5% +10% +15%
Greece
G@G /data
Source: OECD National Accounts. * See Notes
Public Employment and Compensation
Public sector employment
as % of total employment (2013)
Public sector employment
filled by women (2013)
Greece
10%
20%
30%
10.0%
45.6%
40%
50%
21.3%
G@G /data
Greece
Greece
22.6%
0%
Share of women ministers
(2015)
Source: International Labour Organization (database)
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
58.0%
Source: International Labour Organization (database)
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
29.3%
Source: Inter-Parliamentary Union Parline Database
GOVERNMENT PROCESSES
Institutions
Regulatory Governance
Public Sector Integrity
Public Procurement
Regulatory Governance
Institutions
Stakeholder engagement and consultation (2014)
Level of
influence of the
Centre of Government
over line ministries
(2013)
Stakeholder engagement to inform
officials about the problem and
possible solutions
For some
primary laws
n.a.
Greece
Greece
30%
59%
11%
Moderate
For all primary laws /
subordinate regulations
Subordinate
regulations
Primary laws
68%
6%
18%
6%
2%
6%
9%
62%
23%
0%
For some primary laws /
subordinate regulations
For major primary laws /
subordinate regulations
For major
subordinate
regulations
For all
primary laws
Never
3%
15%
65%
15%
2%
Low
Consultation on draft regulations
or proposed rules
Subordinate
regulations
Primary laws
High
Digital Government
Source: OECD 2013 Survey on Centre of Government
53%
18%
24%
5%
0%
Not
applicable
Never
Source: OECD Regulatory Policy Outlook (forthcoming)
Public Procurement
Strategic public procurement - Objectives
(2014)
Procurement expenditure
(2013)
% of government expenditures
Support for green
public procurement
G@G /data
Support for
SMEs
Support for innovative
goods and services
Greece
Women in Government
Greece
16.3%
29.0%
13 26
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
1
10 25
2
0
3
10 23
A strategy / policy has been developed by some procuring entities
A strategy / policy has been rescinded
A strategy / policy has been developed at a central level
A strategy / policy has never been developed
Source: OECD National Accounts
0
3
Source: 2014 OECD Survey on Public Procurement
Digital Gov.
Public Sector Integrity
OURdata Index:
Open, Useful, Reusable
Government Data (2014)
Level G@G
of /data
disclosure of private interests
across branches of government
(2014)
Composite index
from 0 lowest to 1 highest
1
Greece
0.63
0.8
0.6
Executive Branch
High level
Medium level
Legislative Branch
79
44
Judicial Branch
“At risk” areas
64
42
39
32
33
Low level
26
0.4
0.58
0.2
Greece
Greece
Greece
Greece
0
Source: 2014 OECD Survey on Open Government Data
G@G /data
Source: 2014 OECD Survey on Managing Conflict of Interest in the Executive Branch and Whistleblower Protection
GOVERNMENT OUTPUTS AND OUTCOMES
Core Government Results and Service Delivery
Satisfaction and confidence across public services (2014)
% of citizens expressing confidence/satisfaction
Health care
35% 71%
100
80
60
40
National government
19% 42%
Greece
Education system
45% 67%
20
Average
Range
Judicial system
44% 54%
Source: Gallup World Poll
Access to healthcare (2012)
Equity in learning outcomes (2012)
Out of pocket expenditure as a % of final household consumption
3.9%
2.8%
Greece
0%
1%
2%
3%
4%
PISA mathematics score variance by socio economic background
15.5%
14.8%
Greece
5%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
Source: OECD, PISA 2012 results: Excellence through equity, 2013
Source: OECD Health Statistics 2014
Changes in household disposable income,
by income group (2007-2011)
Limited government powers
(2014)
5%
0%
Greece
-12.7%
-9%
-1.6%
-0.8%
Bottom
10%
Top
10%
Bottom
10%
Top
10%
0.65
Greece
-5%
0.76
-10%
-15%
[0.37-0.92]
Source: OECD Income Distribution Database
Source: The World Justice Project
Notes
 Fiscal balance as reported in the System of National Accounts (SNA) framework, also referred to as net lending (+) or net borrowing (-) of government, is calculated as total government revenues minus total government expenditures.
 Structural fiscal balance, or underlying balance, represents the fiscal balance adjusted for the state of the economic cycle (as measured by the output gap which resulted as the difference between actual and potential GDP) and one-off
fiscal operations.
 Government gross debt is reported according to the SNA definition, which differs from the definition applied under the Maastricht Treaty. It is defined as all liabilities that require payment or payments of interest or principal by the
debtor to the creditor at a date or dates in the future. All debt instruments are liabilities, but some liabilities such as shares, equity and financial derivatives are not debt.
Government at a Glance 2015
With a focus on public administration, OECD Government at a Glance 2015 provides readers with a dashboard of key indicators assembled with the
goal of contributing to the analysis and international comparison of public sector performance across OECD countries. Indicators on public finances
and employment are provided alongside composite indexes summarising aspects of public management policies, and indicators on services to
citizens in health care, education, and justice. Government at a Glance 2015 also includes indicators on key governance and public management
issues, such as regulatory management, budgeting practices and procedures, public sector integrity, public procurement and core government
results in terms of trust in institutions, income redistribution and efficiency and cost-effectiveness of governments.
The Excel spreadsheets used to create the tables and figures in Government at a Glance 2015 are available
via the StatLinks provided throughout the publication:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/gov_glance-2015-en
For more information on the data (including full methodology and figure notes)
and to consult all other Country Fact Sheets: www.oecd.org/gov/govataglance.htm