Download A HISTORY OF MODERN PSYCHOLOGY

SECOND EDITION
A HISTORY OF
MODERN PSYCHOLOGY
C. JAMES GOODWIN
Wheeling Jesuit University
WILEY
JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC.
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCING PSYCHOLOGY'S HISTORY
1
Psychology and Its History 2
Why Study History? 3
Why Study Psychology's History? 6
Key Issues in Psychology's History 7
Old Versus New History 7
CLOSE-UP: Edwin G. Boring (1886-1968)
CHAPTER 2
24
A Long Past 25
Descartes and the Beginnings of Modern Philosophy and
Science 25
Descartes and the Rationalist Argument 27
The Cartesian System: Rationalism, Nativism, and
Mechanistic Interactionism 28
ORIGINAL SOURCE EXCERPT: Descartes on Mind-Body
Interactionism 29
The British Empiricist Argument and the
Associationists 34
John Locke (1632-1704): The Origins of British
Empiricism 34
George Berkeley (1685-1753): Empiricism Applied to
Vision 38
British Associationism 40
CLOSE-UP: Raising a Philosopher
53
CHAPTER 3
11
Historiography: Doing and Writing History 15
Sources of Historical Data 15
Problems with the Writing of History 17
Approaching Historical Truth 20
Summary 21
Study Questions 22
For Further Reading 22
THE PHILOSOPHICAL CONTEXT
In Perspective 50
Summary 51
Study Questions 52
Questions from the Original Source Excerpt
For Further Reading 53
44
John Stuart Mill (1806-1873): On the Verge of
Psychological Science 45
Rationalist Responses to Empiricism 49
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716) 49
Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) 50
THE NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL CONTEXT
54
Heroic Science in the Age of Enlightenment 55
Sensory Physiology 56
Reflex Action 57
The Bell-Magendie Law 57
The Specific Energies of Nerves 59
Helmholtz: The Physiologist's Physiologist 59
Localization of Brain Function 64
The Phrenology of Gall and Spurzheim 64
CLOSE-UP: The Marketing of Phrenology 67
Flourens and the Method of Ablation 68
The Clinical Method 69
ORIGINAL SOURCE EXCERPT: Broca Discovers the
Speech Center 70
Mapping the Brain: Electrical Stimulation 73
Early Twentieth-Century Studies of the Nervous System
and Behavior 75
Neuron Theory 75
Sir Charles Sherrington: The Synapse 76
Karl Lashley: Learning and the Cortex 77
Summary 80
Study Questions 81
Questions from the Original Source Excerpt 82
For Further Reading 82
CHAPTER 4
WUNDTAND GERMAN PSYCHOLOGY
83
An Education in Germany 84
On the Threshold of Experimental Psychology:
Psychophysics 85
Ernst Weber (1795-1878) 85
VIII
CONTENTS
Gustav Fechner (1801-1889) 87
Fechner's Elements of Psychophysics 89
Wundt Establishes a New Psychology at Leipzig 90
Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920): Creating a New
Science 90
Wundt's Conception of the New Psychology 92
Inside Wundt's Laboratory 94
CLOSE-UP: An American in Leipzig 97
Rewriting History: The New and Improved Wilhelm
Wundt 99
The Wundtian Legacy 101
The New Psychology Spreads 101
Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850-1909): The Experimental
Study of Memory 101
ORIGINAL SOURCE EXCERPT: Ebbinghaus on Memory
and Forgetting 102
G. E. Milller (1850-1934): The Experimentalist
Prototype 108
Oswald Kiilpe (1862-1915): The Wurzburg School
Summary i l l
Study Questions 112
Questions from the Original Source Excerpt 113
For Further Reading 113
141
CHAPTER 6
AMERICAN PIONEERS
142
Psychology in Nineteenth-Century America 143
Faculty Psychology 143
The Modern University 145
William James (1842-1910): America's First
Psychologist 148
The Formative Years 149
A Life at Harvard 150
Creating American Psychology's Most Famous
Textbook 151
ORIGINAL SOURCE EXCERPT: William James on
109
CHAPTER 5
DARWIN'S CENTURYEVOLUTIONARY THINKING
Study Questions 140
Questions from the Original Source Excerpt
For Further Reading 141
114
The Species Problem 115
Charles Darwin (1809-1882) and the Theory of
Evolution 116
The Shaping of a Naturalist 116
The Voyage of the Beagle 117
The Evolution of Darwin's Theory 120
Darwin and Psychology's History 124
The Origins of Comparative Psychology 125
Darwin on the Evolution of Emotional Expressions 125
CLOSE-UP: Douglas Spaldlng and the Experimental
Study of Instinct 127
George Romanes (1848-1894): The Anecdotal
Method 129
Conwy Lloyd Morgan (1852-1936): The Principle of
Parsimony 130
Comparative Psychology in America 132
Studying Individual Differences 132
Francis Galton (1822-1911): Jack of All Sciences 132
ORIGINAL SOURCE EXCERPT: Galton on Measurement
and Association 135
Darwin's Century in Perspective 138
Summary 139
Emotion 154
James' s Later Years 157
Summing Up William James 159
G. Stanley Hall (1844-1924): Professionalizing
Psychology 159
Hall's Early Life and Education 160
From Johns Hopkins to Clark 161
Psychology at Clark 162
CLOSE-UP: Creating Maze Learning 163
Mary Whiton Calkins (1863-1930): Challenging the
Male Monopoly 167
Calkins's Life and Work 167
Other Women Pioneers: Untold Lives 170
In Perspective: The New Psychology at the
Millennium 172
Summary 172
Study Questions 174
Questions from the Original Source Excerpt 174
For Further Reading 174
CHAPTER 7
STRUCTURALISM AND FUNCTIONAUSM
176
Titchener's Psychology: Structuralism 177
From Oxford to Leipzig to Cornell 178
Promoting Experimental Psychology at Cornell
Titchener's Structuralist System 183
CLOSE-UP: The Introspective Attitude 185
Evaluating Titchener's Contributions to
Psychology 187
America's Psychology: Functionalism 188
The Chicago Functionalists 189
The Columbia Functionalists 194
179
CONTENTS
IX
ORIGINAL SOURCE EXCERPT: Thorndike on Puzzle Box
Learning 197
The Gestalt Approach to Cognition and Learning
Summary 206
C
Study Questions 207
Questions from the Original Source Excerpt
For Further Reading 207
Apes 258
Wertheimer on Productive Thinking 263
Other Gestalt Research on Cognition 264
Kurt Lewin (1890-1947): Expanding the Gestalt
Vision 265
Early Life and Career 266
Field Theory 267
The Zeigarnik Effect 268
Lewin as Developmental Psychologist 269
Lewin as Social Psychologist 271
Evaluating Lewin 273
In Perspective: Gestalt Psychology in America 274
Summary 275
Study Questions 276
Questions from the Original Source Excerpt 277
For Further Reading 277
207
CHAPTER 8
APPLYING THE NEW PSYCHOLOGY
209
Pressures Toward Application 210
The Mental Testing Movement 212
James McKeen Cattell (1860-1944): An American
Galton 212
Alfred Binet (1857-1911): The Birth of Intelligence
Testing 215
Henry H. Goddard (1866-1957): Binet's Test Comes
to America 218
Lewis M. Terman (1877-1956): Institutionalizing
IQ 223
CLOSE-UP: Lets Hollingworth: Advocating for Gifted
Children and Debunking Myths About
Women 225
Robert M. Yerkes (1876-1956): The Army Testing
Program 227
The Controversy Over Intelligence 233
Applying Psychology to Business 234
Hugo Munsterberg (1863-1916): The Diversity of
Applied Psychology 235
ORIGINAL SOURCE EXCERPT: Hugo Munsterberg and
Employee Selection 236
Other Leading Industrial Psychologists 242
Summary 245
Study Questions 246
Questions from the Original Source Excerpt 246
For Further Reading 247
CHAPTER 9
GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY
248
The Origins and Development of Gestalt Psychology 249
Max Wertheimer (1880-1943): Founding Gestalt
Psychology 250
Koffka (1886-1941) and Kohler (1887-1967):
The Co-Founders 252
CLOSE-UP: A Case of Espionage? 253
Gestalt Psychology and Perception 255
Principles of Perceptual Organization 255
Behavioral Versus Geographical Environments
Psychophysical Isomorphism 258
CHAPTER 10
THE ORIGINS OF BEHAVIORISM
278
Behaviorism's Antecedents 279
Pavlov's Life and Work 280
The Development of a Physiologist 281
Working in Pavlov's Laboratory 282
Pavlov's Classical Conditioning Research 284
Conditioning and Extinction 284
Pavlov and the Soviets 287
Pavlov and the Americans 288
CLOSE-UP: Misportraying Pavlov's Apparatus 288
John B. Watson and the Founding of Behaviorism 290
The Young Functionalist at Chicago 290
Opportunity Knocks at Johns Hopkins 293
ORIGINAL SOURCE EXCERPT: Watson's Behaviorlst
Manifesto 294
A New Life in Advertising 302
Popularizing Behaviorism 303
Evaluating Watsonian Behaviorism 304
Summary 305
Study Questions 306
Questions from the Original Source Excerpt 306
For Further Reading 307
CHAPTER 11
THE EVOLUTION OF BEHAVIORISM
257
258
ORIGINAL SOURCE EXCERPT: KShler on Insight In
Post-Watsonian Behaviorism 309
Logical Positivism and Operationism
Neobehaviorism 312
308
310
CONTENTS
Edward C. Tolman (1886-1959): A Purposive
Behaviorism 313 C
Tolman's System 314
Tolman's Research Program 317
Evaluating Tolman 320
Clark Hull (1884-1952): A Hypothetico-Deductive
System 321
Hull's System 324
Evaluating Hull 326
B. F. Skinner (1904-1990): A Radical Behaviorism 328
ORIGINAL SOURCE EXCERPT: Skinner and Operant
Conditioning: An Experimental Analysis of
Behavior 329
Skinner and the Problem of Explanation 334
A Technology of Behavior 335
CLOSE-UP: A Skinnerian Utopia 337
Evaluating Skinner 338
Behaviorism in Perspective 339
Summary 340
Study Questions 341
Questions from the Original Source Excerpt 342
For Further Reading 342
CHAPTER 12
MENTAL ILLNESS AND ITS TREATMENT
343
Early Treatment of the Mentally 111 344
"Enlightened" Reform: Pinel, Tuke, and Rush 344
Reforming Asylums: Dix and Beers 346
CLOSE-UP: Diagnosing Mental Illness 348
Mesmerism and Hypnosis 350
Mesmerism and Animal Magnetism 350
From Mesmerism to Hypnosis 351
The Hypnotism Controversies 352
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939): Founding
Psychoanalysis 354
Early Life and Education 355
Creating Psychoanalysis 358
ORIGINAL SOURCE EXCERPT: Freud's Lectures on
Psychoanalysis at Clark University 360
The Evolution of Psychoanalytic Theory 365
Freud's Followers: Loyalty and Dissent 367
Psychoanalysis in America 368
Freud in Perspective 369
Clinical Psychology in America 370
Lightner Witmer (1867-1956): Creating Psychology's
First Clinic 371
Clinical Psychology Prior to World War JJ 373
Summary 374
Study Questions 376
Questions from the Original Source Excerpt
For Further Reading 377
377
CHAPTER 13
PSYCHOLOGY'S PRACTITIONERS
378
Researchers and Practitioners 379
The Emergence of Modern Clinical Psychology 380
The Boulder Model 381
The Eysenck Study: Problems for Traditional
Psychotherapy 382
CLOSE-UP: The Medical Strategy—Lobotomles,
Transorbital and Otherwise 382
Behavior Therapy 384
The Humanistic Approach to Psychotherapy 385
ORIGINAL SOURCE EXCERPT: Rogers on Creating a
Therapeutic Environment 388
The Vail Conference and the Psy.D. Degree 392
Psychology and the World of Business and Industry 394
The Hawthorne Studies 395
The Practice of Psychology in Perspective 397
Summary 398
Study Questions 399
Questions from the Original Source Excerpt 400
For Further Reading 400
CHAPTER 14
PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE
IN THE POST-WAR ERA 401
Cognitive Psychology Arrives (Again) 402
The Roots of Modern Cognitive Psychology 402
Frederick C. Bartlett (1886-1969): Constructing
Memory 403
ORIGINAL SOURCE EXCERPT: Bartlett on Memory 403
A Convergence of Influences 409
CLOSE-UP: What Revolution? 412
Magical Numbers, Selective Filters, and TOTE
Units 414
Neisser and the "Naming" of Cognitive
Psychology 416
The Evolution of Cognitive Psychology 417
Evaluating Cognitive Psychology 420
Other Research Areas 421
The Brain and Behavior 421
Social Psychology 423
Personality Psychology 426
Developmental Psychology 429
Research Psychology in Perspective 432
Summary 432
CONTENTS
Study Questions 433
Questions from the Original Source Excerpt
For Further Reading 434
REFERENCES
XI
447
434
GLOSSARY
467
CHAPTER 15
UNKING PSYCHOLOGY'S PAST AND PRESENT
The Growth and Diversity of Psychology 436
Women in Psychology's History 436
Minorities in Psychology's History 439
Trends in Contemporary Psychology 442
The Future: Psychology or Psychologies? 443
Summary 444
Study Questions 445
For Further Reading 445
435
PHOTO, TEXT, AND ILLUSTRATION CREDITS
NAME INDEX
483
SUBJECT INDEX
489
479