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Contents
Reader’s Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
Industrial Revolution Timeline . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
Chapter 1: Economic Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Adam Smith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Excerpt from An Inquiry into the Nature and
Causes of the Wealth of Nations, 1776 . . . . . . . 6
From the work of the British economist still cited
today in defense of free market economics.
Andrew Ure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Excerpt from The Philosophy of Manufactures;
or, an Exposition of the Scientific, Moral, and
Commercial Economy of the Factory System
of Great Britain, 1835 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
An argument advocating the benefits of factory work
to laborers.
Karl Marx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Excerpt from The Communist Manifesto, 1848 . . 24
The core document of communism by the German
philosopher.
v
Andrew Carnegie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Excerpt from “Wealth,” 1889 . . . . . . . . . . 36
A defense of wealth and capitalism.
Chapter 2: Technological Advances and Criticisms. . . . 45
Thomas Savery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Excerpt from The Miner’s Friend; or, An Engine
to Raise Water by Fire, 1702 . . . . . . . . . . . 49
The author documents the uses of his steam engine.
The Workers and Merchants of Leeds . . . . . . . 54
“Yorkshire Cloth Workers’ Petition,” 1786 . . . . 57
“Leeds Cloth Merchant Proclamation in
Support of Machinery,” 1791 . . . . . . . . . . 59
Documents against and for the use of machines to
produce goods.
The Luddites and Charlotte Brontë . . . . . .
Luddite letter threatening an owner of textile
machines, 1811 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A Luddite oath, 1811. . . . . . . . . . . .
A Luddite threat, 1811 . . . . . . . . . . .
An address from the framework knitters to
the gentlemen hosiers of the town of
Nottingham, 1811 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Follow-up letter (fragment) allegedly written
by Ned Ludd, 1811 . . . . . . . . . . . .
Excerpt from Charlotte Brontë’s Shirley,
a Tale, 1849 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Letters, an oath, and a novel shed light on
machine-breakers.
. . 63
. . 66
. . 67
. . 67
. . 68
. . 69
. . 69
Newspaper Accounts Regarding the Telegraph. .
“The Age of Miracles,” 1848 . . . . . . . . .
“Newspaper Enterprise—Extraordinary Express
from Lexington, Kentucky,” 1844 . . . . . . .
Newspaper clipping, title unknown, c. 1844 . .
Articles saved by Samuel F. B. Morse and preserved
by the Library of Congress.
. 75
. 79
. 80
. 82
J. D. B. Stillman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Excerpt from “The Last Tie,” 1869 . . . . . . . 90
An eyewitness’s creative depiction of the
completion of the transcontinental railroad.
vi
Industrial Revolution: Primary Sources
Chapter 3: Working Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Michael Sadler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Excerpt from the Sadler Report, 1833 . . . . . 103
Testimony about working conditions given to a
member of the British Parliament.
Samuel Gompers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Excerpt from “Tenement-House Cigar
Manufacture,” 1881 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Article documenting the squalid living and working
conditions of cigar makers.
Émile Zola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Excerpts from Germinal, 1885 . . . . . . . . . 126
Novel describing work in a French coal mine.
Upton Sinclair. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Excerpts from The Jungle, 1906. . . . . . . . . 138
A story of European immigrants working in
Chicago’s stockyards.
Jane Addams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Excerpts from Twenty Years at Hull-House, with
Autobiographical Notes, 1910 . . . . . . . . . . 148
Writings of the woman regarded as America’s
first social worker.
William G. Shepherd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
“Eyewitness at the Triangle,” 1911 . . . . . . . 158
A journalistic account of the factory fire.
Camella Teoli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Excerpt from U.S. Congressional Hearings,
March 2–7, 1912 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Testimony of a child laborer.
Chapter 4: Politics and Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Northern Securities Co. v. United States, 1904 . . . 179
Excerpt from the United States Supreme
Court decision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Supreme Court upholds the right of the U.S.
government to challenge monopolies.
Progressive Party Documents . . . . . . . . . . 192
Excerpt from the Platform of the Progressive
Party, 1912 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
Contents
vii
Excerpt from Address by Theodore Roosevelt
before the Convention of the National
Progressive Party in Chicago, 1912. . . . . . . 200
The former president makes another run at the
White House.
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
viii
Industrial Revolution: Primary Sources