Download Biology Mid-Term Study Guide Chapter 1 Chapter 2

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Biology Mid-Term Study Guide
Chapter 1
1) Why do experiments need to be reproducible?
Other scientists need to be able to reproduce findings or the conclusions won’t stand up to skeptics.
2) What is the difference between a hypothesis and a theory?
Hypothesis- proposed scientific explanation for a set of observations
Theory- a well tested explanation that unifies a brood range of observations
3) Are theories ever considered 100% true? Explain your answer.
No because we don’t know what will be discovered next year
Chapter 2
1) Draw and label an atom (4 parts).
Protons and neutrons make up the nucleus and are surrounded by the electron cloud
2) What are the 3 types are chemical bonds and how are they formed?
Ionic- transfer of electron from metal to non-metal
Covalent- sharing of electrons between 2 non-metals
H-Bond- weak bond between H and an O, F, or N on another molecule
3) What type of electron is available to form bonds?
Valence
4) Draw a water molecule showing the distribution of elections. What characteristic does this lead to?
Water is polar, because the electrons spend more time around the O atom than the H atom in the H-O
bond. Tug of war is being won by oxygen, this causes the molecule to have a partial negative charge on the O
atom and partial positive charge on the H atom.
5) What is the difference between an acid and a base?
Acid- below 7pH makes H+ ions in solutions
Base- above 7pH makes O H+ ions in solutions
6) Atoms are rearranged in chemical reactions.
7) Where are the reactants and the products found in a chemical reaction?
Reactants- left
Products- right
8) What are enzymes and do they do?
Enzymes are biological catalyst. They lower activation energy.
9) What three things affect enzyme activity?
pH, conc. of substrate, temp
10) What are the four types of macromolecules and what are their functions?
Protein, nucleic acids, lipids, carbohydrates
Chapter 7
1) What are the three components to cell theory?
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All living things are composed of cells
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Cells are the basic units of structure & function in living things
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New cells are produced from existing cells
2) What is the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Prokaryotes- small, no organelles, bacteria, circular DNA
Eukaryotes- larger, membrane bound organelle, found in plant and animal, DNA contained in nucleous
3) List the organelles found eukaryotic cell (both plant and animal cells) and describe the function.
Animal- lysosome, centriole
Plant- cell wall, chloroplast, larger vacuole
Both- nucleus, mitochondria, cytoskeleton, cell membrane, golgi body, Rough and smooth ER, ribsosome
4) What is the difference between osmosis and diffusion?
Osmosis- movement of H2O from high to low
Diffusion- movement of particles from high to low
5) What is the difference between facilitated diffusion and active transport?
Facilitated diffusion- no energy movement of large molecules or ions from high to low
Active Transport- requires energy movement of particles from low to high
6) What is the difference between passive and active transport?
Passive- no energy
Active transport- needs energy
7) What would happen if the cell membrane became impermeable?
No molecules would be able to leave or enter the cell it would eventually die.
Chapter 8 & 9
1) Draw and label a diagram of ATP. How is energy released from the molecule?
Energy is released when the bond between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate is broken
2) What is the difference between ATP and ADP?
ATP-3 phosphates (full battery)
ADP- 2 phosphates (half full battery)
3) Why are plants green?
Green wavelength is reflected back.
4) What molecule absorbs the sun’s energy and where is it located in the cell?
Chlorophyll / chloroplast
5) What 3 things affect photosynthesis?
-amount of H2O
-Temp
-Intensity of light
6) Describe the relationship between the light-dependent and light-independent (dark) reactions.
The products from one fuel the other.
7) Show the pathway for aerobic respiration and then for anaerobic respiration.
Aerobic Glycolysis  Krebs’s cycle  ETC
Anaerobic- GlycolysisLactic acid fermentation.
8) What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
P: 6CO2 + 6H20  C6H12O6 +602
CR: 6O2 + C6H12O6  6H2O + 6CO2
9) How much energy is released from one molecule of glucose in the presence of oxygen and without
oxygen? What accounts for the discrepancy?
with 02 1 glucose  36 ATP most of the energy is obtain through the ETC which requires oxygen
without O2 1 glucose  2 ATP
10) Describe the process of ATP production in the electron transport chain.
ATP is produced when H+ ions pass back through ATP synthase converting ADP  ATP
11) What role does oxygen play in photosynthesis and in cellular respiration?
O2 is released in photosynthesis
CR: O2 is absorbed
Chapter 10
1) What are the problems associated with excess cell growth?
-more demands on DNA
-nutrient intake and waste removal are not enough
-takes longer for materials to get to where they are going
2) Describe (briefly) the stages of the cell cycle.
-Interphase – G1 cell grows intensely, S DNA is replicated, G2 cell grows and prepares for mitosis
-Prophase: nuclear envelope breaks down, centrioles separate, spindle forms, and chromatin condenses
-Metaphase: chromosomes line up at the equator with the spindle attached at the centromere (checkpoint 3)
-Anaphase: chromosomes spit into sister chromatids and move to the opposite ends of the cell
-Telophase & Cytokenesis: two nuclear envelope form, spindle disappears, chromosomes uncoil and
cytoplasm splits down the middle
-Cell Cycle: Interphase and Mitosis
-Mitosis: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase & Cytokenesis
3) What is the difference between cell division in plant and animal cells?
Plant cells have a cell plate
4) What is the difference between cancerous cells and normal cells when they come in contact with other
cells?
Cancerous cells will not stop growing normal cell will
5) Why won’t there be one cure for all types of cancer?
Too many ways cancer can be caused
Chapter 11
1) Why do you have two alleles for one trait?
One from the mother and one from the father
2) What is the difference between the following; heterozygous, homozygous dominant and homozygous
recessive?
2 recessive alleles for a trait
2 different. alleles for same trait
2 dominant alleles for a trait
3) What is the difference between incomplete dominance and co-dominance? Give an example of each.
Incomplete- give an in between phenotype in the offspring
Co-dominace.- both parental phenotypes show in the offspring at the same time
4) How are gametes formed?
During meiosis
5) What is the significance of crossing over and where does it occur?
Genetic variability during prophase 1 of meiosis
6) What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis (3 things)?
2 genetically identical diploid cells (4 stages)
Meiosis > 4 genetically diff haploid cells (8stages)