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Fig. 17.1
Table 17.1
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Pineal gland
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Thymus
Adrenal gland
Pancreas
Parathyroid
glands
Posterior
view
Trachea
Gonads:
Ovary (female)
Testis (male)
1
Fig. 17.2
2
Table 17.2
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Neurotransmitter
Nerve impulse
Neuron
Target cells
(a) Nervous system
Endocrine
cells
Target cells
Hormone in
bloodstream
(b) Endocrine system
3
Fig. 17.3
4
Fig. 17.4
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Anterior
Posterior
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Telencephalon of brain
Third ventricle
of brain
Floor of
hypothalamus
Future hypothalamus
Neurohypophyseal bud
Nuclei of hypothalamus:
Paraventricular nucleus
Supraoptic nucleus
Hypophyseal pouch
Pharynx
Optic chiasm
Tongue
Future thyroid
gland
Axons to
primary
capillaries
Anterior pituitary
Neuron
cell body
Posterior pituitary
Mouth
Oxytocin
(a) 4 weeks
Antidiuretic hormone
(a)
Primary capillaries
Hypothalamus
Superior hypophyseal
artery
Hypothalamus
Optic chiasm
Neurohypophyseal
bud
Hypothalamic hormones
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
Corticotropin-releasing hormone
Prolactin-inhibiting hormone
Growth hormone–releasing hormone
Somatostatin
Pituitary stalk
Posterior lobe
Hypophyseal pouch
Anterior lobe
Secondary
capillaries
Sphenoid bone
Pharynx
Anterior lobe hormones
Follicle-stimulating hormone
Luteinizing hormone
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (thyrotropin)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Prolactin
Growth hormone
Pharynx
(b) 8 weeks
Portal venules
(c) 16 weeks
5
(b)
Anterior lobe
Posterior lobe
6
Fig. 17.5
Table 17.3
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Chromophobe
Basophil
Acidophil
(a) Anterior pituitary
Unmyelinated
nerve fibers
Glial cells
(pituicytes)
(b) Posterior pituitary
a: ©Dr. John D. Cunningham/Visuals Unlimited; b: ©Science VU/Visuals Unlimited
7
Table 17.4
8
Fig. 17.6
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Hypothalamus
TRH
GnRH
CRH
GHRH
Liver
GH
PRL
IGF
Mammary
gland
Fat,
muscle,
bone
ACTH
TSH
Adrenal cortex
Thyroid
LH
FSH
Ovary
Testis
9
Fig. 17.7
10
Fig. 17.8
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
1
–
TRH
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Negative feedback
inhibition
6
Thyroid
Trachea
+
5
–
4
Target organs
2
Thymus
Lung
+
Heart
TSH
Diaphragm
Thyroid hormone
+
(a) Newborn
3
Liver
(b) Adult
+
–
Stimulatory effect
Inhibitory effect
11
12
Fig. 17.9
Fig. 17.10
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Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Adipose tissue
Superior thyroid
artery and vein
Thyroid
cartilage
Parathyroid
capsule
Follicular
cells
Thyroid
gland
Colloid of
thyroglobulin
Isthmus
C (parafollicular)
cells
Parathyroid
glands
Trachea
(a)
Parathyroid gland
cells
Thyroid gland
Follicle
Inferior thyroid vein
Pharynx
(posterior view)
Adipocytes
Esophagus
(b)
b: ©Robert Calentine/Visuals Unlimited
Trachea
(a)
(b)
b: ©John Cunningham/Visuals Unlimited
13
Fig. 17.11
14
Fig. 17.12
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Adrenal gland
Suprarenal vein
Kidney
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Adrenal cortex
Tail of pancreas
Adrenal medulla
Bile duct
Connective
tissue capsule
Zona
glomerulosa
(c)
(a)
Zona
fasciculata
Adrenal cortex
Pancreatic islet
Exocrine acinus
Zona
reticularis
Adrenal
medulla
(b)
(a)
Pancreatic Duodenum Head of
ducts
pancreas
Beta cell
Alpha cell
Delta cell
(b) Pancreatic islet
b: ©Victor Eroschenko
c: ©Ed Reschke
15
Fig. 17.13
16
Table 17.5a
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Blood vessels
Granulosa cells
(source of
estrogen)
Seminiferous
tubule
Germ cells
Egg cell (oocyte)
Connective tissue
wall of tubule
Sustentacular
cells
Theca
Interstitial cells
(source of
testosterone)
100 µm
Testis
50 µm
Ovary
(a)
(b)
a: ©Ed Reschke/Getty Images; b: © Ed Reschke
17
18
Table 17.5b
Table 17.6
19
Fig. 17.14
20
Fig. 17.15
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
CH3
CH3
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
CH3
O
C
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
H
OH
CH3
C
H 2N
O
HO
COOH
Cholesterol
CH2
CH3
Progesterone
Oxytocin
I
O
I
O
CH2OH
Testosterone
OH
CH3
I
OH
CH3
HO
I
CH3
OH
C
CH3
O
O
OH
CH3
CH2OH
HC
HO
O
C
CH3
Thyroxine
OH
HO
HO
Estradiol
(a) Steroids
HO
CH
O
CH2
NH
Epinephrine
(b) Monoamines
O
O
Testosterone
CH2
Cortisol (hydrocortisone)
Aldosterone
OH
CH3
Insulin
(c) Peptides
HO
21
Fig. 17.16
22
Estradiol
Fig. 17.17
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Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
CH2
MIT
I
OH
Blood capillary
OH
Thyroid follicle
Connecting
peptide
DIT
CH2
Follicle cell
5
T3
T4
(b)
1
Lysosome
I
I
—
I
Iodide
Transport
proteins
2
4
I
I*
—
Iodine
H
Thyroglobulin
3
H 2N
C
H
COOH
H 2N
C
COOH
CH2
CH2
Stored
thyroglobulin
I
I
I
O
I
Proinsulin
T3
Insulin
23
(a)
(c)
OH
I
O
I
I
T4
OH
24
Fig. 17.18
Fig. 17.19
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Hormone
receptor
Hormone
Membrane
enzyme
G protein
1
(a) Peptide
hormone
1 Hormone–receptor binding
activates a G protein.
ATP
PPi
cAMP
Adenylate
cyclase
Receptor
2 G protein activates adenylate cyclase.
2
Enzyme
activation
G
G
GTP
(b) Steroid
hormone
ACTH
FSH
LH
PTH
TSH
Glucagon
Calcitonin
Catecholamines
Protein
synthesis
3 Adenylate cyclase produces cAMP.
+
PPi
3
4 cAMP activates protein kinases.
4
Activated protein
kinase
5 Protein kinases phosphorylate enzymes.
This activates some enzymes and
deactivates others.
5
Inactive
enzymes
Activated
enzymes
6 Activated enzymes catalyze metabolic
reactions with a wide range of possible
effects on the cell.
6
mRNA
Gene
transcription
cAMP
Inactive protein
kinase
Nucleus
DNA
ATP
Pi
Various
metabolic
effects
Hormone
receptor
GDP
+
Enzyme
substrates
Enzyme
products
Various
metabolic
effects
25
Fig. 17.20
26
Fig. 17.21
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Hormone
Small stimulus
DAG
Hormone
G
G
Endoplasmic
reticulum
Protein
kinase (PK)
IP3
Reaction cascade (time)
Phospholipase
Receptor
Activated
PK
cAMP and
protein kinase
Calcium
reservoir
Enzyme
activation
Ca2+
Hormones
ADH
TRH
OT
LHRH
Catecholamines
Activated enzymes
Various metabolic effects
Smooth muscle contraction
Protein synthesis
Secretion
Mitosis
etc.
Metabolic product
Great effect
27
Fig. 17.22
28
Fig. 17.23
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Hormone
Receptor
Response
Blood
Low receptor density
Weak response
Liver cell
Increased receptor density Stronger response
Increased sensitivity
(a) Up-regulation
Absorption
of blood
sugar
Glucose
Glycogenesis
Response
(a) Actions
of insulin
Glycogen
Glycogenolysis
(b) Actions of
glucagon
High receptor density
Strong response
(b) Down-regulation
Elevated
blood
sugar
Reduced receptor density Diminished response
Reduced sensitivity
Glucose
Gluconeogenesis
Fat
Protein
29
30
Fig. 17.24
Table 17.7
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Phospholipids of
plasma membrane
Phospholipase A2
Blocked by cortisol
and SAIDs
O
C
OH
Blocked by
NSAIDs such
as aspirin
and ibuprofen
Arachidonic acid
Lipoxygenase
Cyclooxygenase
Leukotrienes
OH
OH
Prostacyclin
Thromboxanes
Prostaglandins
O
C
Leukotriene B4
Page 668
OH
O
OH
C
OH
OH
OH
PGF2α
31
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Sex hormones affect skin
pigmentation, development
of body hair and apocrine
glands, and subcutaneous fat
deposition.
SKELETAL SYSTEM
Skeletal growth and
maintenance are regulated
by numerous hormones—
calcitonin, calcitriol,
parathyroid hormone,
growth hormone, estrogen,
testosterone, and others.
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Growth hormone and
testosterone stimulate
muscular growth; insulin
regulates glucose
uptake by muscle, other
hormones regulate the
electrolyte balances
that are important in
muscular contraction.
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Hormones exert
negative feedback inhibition
on the hypothalamus; several
hormones affect nervous
system development, mood,
and behavior; hormones
regulate the electrolyte
balances that are important in
neuron function.
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Angiotensin II, aldosterone, antidiuretic
hormone, natriuretic peptides, and other
hormones regulate blood volume and
pressure; erythropoietin stimulates
RBC production; thymic hormones
stimulate WBC production;
thrombopoietin stimulates platelet
production; epinephrine, thyroid
hormone, and other hormones affect the
rate and force of the heartbeat.
LYMPHATIC/IMMUNE SYSTEM
Thymic hormones activate immune cells;
glucocorticoids suppress immunity and
inflammation.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Epinephrine and
norepinephrine dilate the
bronchioles and increase
pulmonary airflow.
URINARY SYSTEM
Antidiuretic hormone regulates
urine volume; calcitriol,
parathyroid hormone,
aldosterone, and natriuretic
peptides regulate electrolyte
absorption by the kidneys.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Insulin and glucagon regulate
nutrient storage and metabolism;
enteric hormones control
gastrointestinal secretion and
motility; gut–brain peptides
affect appetite and regulate food
intake and body weight.
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Gonadotropins and sex steroids
regulate sexual development,
spermatogenesis and oogenesis, the
ovarian and uterine cycles, sex drive,
pregnancy, fetal development, and
lactation.
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