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Model United Nations of Dortmund 2015, Research Report, Historical Security Council Forum: Issue: Student Officer: Position: The Historical Security Council The Korean War Anneke Siebeneck President Procedure of the Historical Security Council of MUNDo 2015 The debates of the Historical Security Council of MUNDo 2015 will be divided into three phases which will be: 1.) 30.06.1950 North Korea has just invaded the South and the SC has come together to discuss the recent developments. 2.) September 1950 The KPA has moved on a lot and pushed back the resistance so far that the UN command controls only 10% of the country in the Southern area of Pusan the USA is seeking for the SC to allow stronger actions to fight back the North Korean forces 3.) 26.04.1953 As the fighting has continued for long with no real advances, but many casualties, a peaceful solution to the conflict is now to be sought through negotiations. In the following document you will find detailed reports about each phase as well as a summary of the causes that led to the outbreak of the war. Please be aware of the fact that in each phase the final date of action considered will be the one named above. Everything happening afterwards is not to be included in the debate. Nevertheless we highly recommend to research even further than 1953 to find out information about your countries opinion so you might be able to obtain some knowledge about secret actions taken in that time which only revealed afterwards. Furthermore we would like you to consider that this forum is going back in order to possibly change the course of events during the Korean War and not repeat history all over again. Therefore you should research the issue in great detail and think about what the HSC can do better than the Security Council in 1953 in order to find a peaceful and long-lasting solution. Since the Historical Security Council will have an ad-hoc debate, please also prepare, apart from Position Papers for this issue, some Operative Clauses we can debate about. Please remember to submit your Position Paper until the deadline on 12 January and do not hesitate to contact us in case you have any questions or concerns regarding your research or the procedures. We look forward to meeting you at the conference! Yours sincerely, Anneke Siebeneck and Amin Ommada 1 Model United Nations of Dortmund 2015, Research Report, Historical Security Council Background Information (1910-1950) The Korean Peninsula has witnessed many invasions in the path and to understand the outbreak of the war in 1950 it is necessary to begin with the official annexation of Korea to Japan with the Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty of 1910 following the Russo-Japanese War which Japan won in 1905 and after which Korea became a protectorate of Japan. The Korean population fought against the Japanese government with the help of China from which parts were also controlled by Japan. The communist party of Korea fought against the Japanese in Korea and Manchuria led by Kim Il-Sung, making him an important personality in the resistance from 1941 to 1945. During World War II Japan recruited Korean soldiers into its army and used Korean food. In 1940 Japan expanded its territory southwards starting with entering Indochina in September. The allies imposed sanctions against Japan however Japan continued its expanding policy in order to gain raw materials which were located in those areas. After the attack on Pearl Harbor on the 7th of December 1941 the United States of America as well as the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland declared war on Japan followed by Germany and Italy declaring war on the US. Until spring 1942 Japan expanded further but the allies fought back and had their first success in May 1942 at the Battle of the Coral Sea. The allies had many defeats but managed to retake the areas Japan invaded before and the first Americans reached Japan in February 1945. In this month, the Yalta Conference took place during which the US, Great Britain and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) discussed further proceedings and the future of countries after the ending of World War II. It was decided that all Easter European countries would be free and free elections should be held. In addition they should be pro communism and maintain good relations with the USSR. In the issue of the Pacific War it was decided that the USSR would enter the war against Japan three month after the ending of the war in Europe. Japanese expansion from 1940 to 1942 (Picture 1) After the dropping of two atomic bombs, one on Hiroshima and one on Nagasaki on the 6 and 9th of August 1945 which killed over 150,000 people and left long-lasting damages and the fulfilling of the commitment to declare war on Japan by the Soviet Union, Japan surrendered on the 2nd September of 1945. th 2 Model United Nations of Dortmund 2015, Research Report, Historical Security Council Immediately after this the US occupied the southern area of the Korean peninsula, while the USSR had been occupying the northern area since August 1945 already. Two new nations were created, divided by the 38th parallel and at the Moscow Conference in December 1945 the US and the USSR decided that Korea should gain its independence after a five-year trusteeship. Since the Korean population had hoped that they would be independent after the occupation of Japan riots broke out which were forbidden by the controlling countries USSR and the US. Both countries named new leaders in their part of the Korean peninsula. The northern area was controlled by Kim Il-Sung, the leader of the Korean Workers’ Party (KWP) while the leader of the southern area was Syngman Rhee. Korea divided by the 38th parallel(Picture 2) There were riots and demonstrations, especially along the border at the 38th parallel. However, South Korea elected Syngman Rhee as president in July 1948 and gained independence on the 15th August 1948 with which the Republic of Korea was established. Shortly afterwards on the 9th of September 1945 the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) is established in the northern part of the peninsula whose leader is Kim Il-Sung, also known as eternal leader of DPRK. Both nations on the Korean peninsula wanted a united Korea with their political attitude being carried out. The government of the Republic of Korea violently fought against communists in their country killing many of them, while Kim Il-Sung prepared an invasion of 3 Model United Nations of Dortmund 2015, Research Report, Historical Security Council South Korea by increasing his forces. He tried to convince Stalin to launch an attack in spring 1949, however Stalin did not wanted to go to war with America which still had troops stationed in South Korea. The US planned to have their last troops withdrawn by June 1949. The USSR already withdrew its troops in 1948. During the Chinese Civil War the USSR supported the communistic party and accepted the government of the People’s Republic of China before any other member state of the United Nations. Therefore the delegate of the USSR Jacob Malik demanded to replace the Nationalist delegate of the Republic of China, which had a veto in the Security Council, with a delegate from the People’s Republic of China. Since several nations were against his suggestion, he left several meetings and called out the Soviet Unions boycott of the Security Council on 13th of January of 1949. He made an exception when voting on his own resolution to replace the Nationalist Chinese delegate with one from the PRC which failed being vetoed by the US and disapproved by several other member states. After this, Malik vowed to only attend meetings of the SC again, if the Nationalist Chinese delegate would be excluded. The remaining member states of the SC decided to continue without the delegate of the USSR. Stalin finally agreed to an invasion of the Republic of Korea after the US withdrew all its troops from the peninsula and it became clear that they would not interfere in the Chinese Civil War which the communistic party won in 1950. He thought that the US would not interfere in a conflict in Korea as well and therefore gave his permission for King Il-Sung. However he named the condition that Mao Zedong, the leader of the People’s Republic of China, would agree to an invasion. Mao did so because China needed the economical and military support of the Soviet Union. North Koreas military forces were increased by Stalin who sent professional trained veterans of World War II and the Chinese Civil war, as well as tanks, artillery and aircraft. Timeline of events (until June 1950) Autumn 1905 Japan wins Russo-Japanese War Korea becomes protectorate of Japan August 22, 1910 Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty 1939-1945 World War II December 7, 1941 Japanese attack on US base Pearl Harbor December 8, 1941 The US, the UK and several other nations declare war on Japan December 11, 1941 Germany and Italy declare war on the US Until May 1942 Japan invades several areas near by May 4-8, 1942 Battle of the Coral Sea first success for the allies February 1945 The first Americans reach Japan February 4-11, 1945 Yalta Conference May 8, 1945 Germany surrenders August 6, 1945 First US nuclear attack against Japan (Hiroshima) August 8, 1945 USSR declares war on Japan August 9, 1945 Second US nuclear attack against Japan (Nagasaki) August 1945 USSR occupies northern area of Korea 4 Model United Nations of Dortmund 2015, Research Report, Historical Security Council September 2, 1945 Japan surrenders September 9, 1945 US occupies southern area of Korea December 27, 1945 Moscow Conference 1946-1950 Chinese Civil War August 15, 1948 Republic of Korea gains independence Syngman Rhee is elected president September 9, 1948 Democratic People’s Republic of Korea gains independence Kim Il-Sung becomes leader 1948 USSR withdraws its troops June 1949 The last US troops are leaving the Korean peninsula January 13, 1950 USSR boycott of UN Security Council begins March 1950 Communistic party wins Chinese Civil War June 25, 1950 North Korean forces cross 38th parallel and invaded South Korea Relevant treaties and UN resolutions Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty (August 1910) Following the Japan-Korea Treaties of 1905 and 1907 this one officially states that Korea is annexed to the Japanese Empire. The treaty was signed by the Japanese Emperor and the Prime Minister of Korea while the Emperor of Korea Sunjong refused to do so. The Japanese ruled over Korea from 1910 to 1945 and improved the infrastructure and education and helped Korea to modernize. However, the Korean population was discriminated and therefore was not in favour of the Japanese government. http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Japan-Korea_Annexation_Treaty Yalta Conference (February 1945) The Heads of State of the US (Franklin D. Roosevelt), the UK (Winston Churchill) and the USSR (Joseph Stalin) decided in Yalta about the future of European countries after the war and the further proceedings regarding the situation in Japan. It was decided, that France, the UK, the US and the USSR should govern Germany. All eastern European countries should held friendly relations with the USSR and should have free elections. In addition it was decided that the USSR should enter the war against Japan at last three month after the surrender of Germany. http://avalon.law.yale.edu/wwii/yalta.asp Moscow Conference (December 1945) At the Moscow Conference the foreign ministers of the USSR, the US and the UK met to discuss further procedures in Europe and Asia. They prepared peace treaties with several European countries and talked about the situation of further countries such as China. In addition they established the Allied Council for Japan in order to end the Pacific war quickly. Regarding the issue of Korea they decided to re-establish an independent 5 Model United Nations of Dortmund 2015, Research Report, Historical Security Council Korean country, which should be assisted in the first years by the newly established Joint Commission. Furthermore it was decided that until the four-power trusteeship for a period of 5 years elapses the USSR should command in northern Korea and the US should do so in southern Korea. http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/decade19.asp Important key terms and key characters 38th parallel The winning powers of World War II, mainly the USSR and the US, decided that the 38th parallel will serve as a border between South and North Korea until Japanese powers left the country and Korea could be united again. At the beginning they did not intent to divide Korea but wanted it to be independent and reunited as fast as possible. Kim Il-Sung Kim Il-Sung is the founder of the DPRK and its leader from 1948 to 1994. He had feld during the Japanese occupation and underwent Soviet training. He was appointed leader of North Korea by the USSR after the ending of World War II and established a communistic government. Kim is suspected to be a harsh ruler and also the initiator of the Korean War since he actively approached the USSR and China to support his plan to invade South Korea in order to reunite the Korean peninsula. Syngman Rhee Syngman Rhee was appointed leader of the provisional government of South Korea and became the first president of the Republic of Korea afterwards and was in this position until 190. Since the US supported his country, he was strictly against communism and acted violently against communists opponents of his own policy Bibliography Internet http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War (14/11/20) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Conference_%281945%29 (14/11/20) http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/648813/World-War-II/53562/The-Germans-summeroffensive-in-southern-Russia-1942 (14/11/20) http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005155 (14/11/24) http://avalon.law.yale.edu/wwii/yalta.asp(14/11/24) http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/decade19.asp(14/11/24) http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Japan-Korea_Annexation_Treaty (14/11/24) http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/soviets-boycott-united-nations-security-council (14/11/20) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War (14/11/20) http://www.history.com/topics/korean-war (14/11/20) www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/coldwar/korea_hickey_01.shtml Pictures: 1) http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/media_nm.php?ModuleId=10005155&MediaId=398 2) http://img1.wikia.nocookie.net/__cb20091230182811/althistory/images/e/e6/Korea1950-NSC.jpg 6 Model United Nations of Dortmund 2015, Research Report, Historical Security Council 1st Phase (until 30th of June 1950) Although the boarder at the 38th parallel was controlled regularly by South Korean and American intelligence officers as well as UN observers and they did notice the movement of North Korean troops southwards, they predicted it to be normal defence measures and failed to warn South Korea. This led to the army of Syngman Rhee being completely unprepared for an attack of the Korean People’s Army (KPA). Boarder at the 38th parallel (Picutre 3) Until today it is not clear, who fired first since the DPRK claimed the Republic of Korea to be the first one which fits to the statement of South Korea that they had captured the city of Haeju. However, it is clear that the fighting started on the 25th of June 1950 at the Ongjin peninsula in the west. Shortly afterwards the KPA launched attacks all along the 38th parallel crossing it with over 100,000 troops with which the Republic of Korea Army (ROK Army) was completely overtaxed. The KPA further destroyed the US airbase at Gimpo. The US ambassador in South Korea called for help and as a reaction, President Harry S. Truman called the US air force to support the ROK Army. Furthermore he moved munitions and weapons to South Korea, which proved Stalin wrong who had predicted the US to not interfere in any further conflicts. The United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 82 calling for an immediate ceasefire and the DPRK to withdraw its troops. During the following days the evacuation of areas near the 38th parallel started. Meanwhile North Korean troops managed to win the cities of Chuncheon, Pocheon and Dongducheon. Furthermore US-General Douglas MacArthur, who was a veteran of World War I and II, was appointed commander of the US troops and ordered air strikes on the KPA. However, the North Korean troops were superior and moved further south wards. MacArthur decided to blow up the bridge across the Han River to stop North Korean forces at the 28th of June. This was a rather desperate action which killed hundreds of refugees crossing the bridge at that time and further trapped many South Korean troops north of the river. The KPA arrived in the South Korean capital at the same day which was why the government of the Republic of Korea fled to Daejeon. In addition Syngman Rhee ordered the Bodo League massacre killing over 100,000 of supporter of communism. North Korean expansion until the end of June 1950 (Picture 4) 7 Model United Nations of Dortmund 2015, Research Report, Historical Security Council On the 29th and 30th of June the first US air strikes were flown targeting an North Korean air base near the capital Pyongyang and US ground troops were ordered to support the ROK Army which decreased from 95,000 men on the 25th of June to less than 22,000 men at the end of June. The UN Security Council passed one more resolution on the 27th of June containing six perambulatory clauses which are referring to Resolution 82 and repeating the call for a ceasefire. Timeline of events (25th June 30th June 1950) June 25 • Korean war starts with a fire exchange at the Ongjin peninsula • KPA crosses 38th parallel with over 100,000 troops • UNSC Resolution 82 June 26 • KPA occupies Chuncheon, Pocheon and Dongducheon • Evacuation starts • ROK Army gets support from US air force June 27 • US air strikes at North Korean troops • North Korean troops march further south • UNSC Resolution 83 June 28 • Bridge across the Han River is blown up by US army • KPA occupies Seoul • Bodo League massacre June 29 • US air strikes target KPA air base near Pyongyang June 30 • Truman orders US ground troops to support the ROK Army • North Korean forces cross Han River and occupy Samcheok Relevant treaties and UN resolutions UNSC Resolution 82 (25th June 1950) Favour: 9 Against: 0 Abstentions:1 Not-Voting: 11 Resolution 82 was passed immediately after the outbreak of the war and contains actions which should be taken in order to restore international peace and security. The Security Council calls for an instant ceasefire and the withdraw of North Korean troops to the 38th parallel. This should be observed by the UN Commission on Korea. Furthermore all member states are urged to support actions taken by the UN against North Korea and refuse from giving assistance to the authorities of the DPRK. http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/82%281950%29c (Resolution) http://unbisnet.un.org:8080/ipac20/ipac.jsp?profile=voting&index=.VM&term=sres82%20%281950%29 (Voting record) UNSC Resolution 83 (27th June 1950) Favour: 7 Against: 1 This resolution was passed after it became clear that the DPRK would not withdraw its’ troops and the fighting continued. It recalls Resolution 82 and emphasizes the importance to reestablish international peace and security. Therefore every member state should cooperate with the UN. Furthermore PC 4 1 “Not-Voting” means, that countries were not present during voting procedures and therefore were not able to show their opinion on this issue. 8 Model United Nations of Dortmund 2015, Research Report, Historical Security Council Abstentions: 0 Not-Voting: 31 states, “(…) that urgent military measures are required (…)”.2 http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/83%281950%29 (Resolution) http://unbisnet.un.org:8080/ipac20/ipac.jsp?profile=voting&index=.VM&term=sres83%20%281950%29 (Voting record) Important key terms and key characters Ongjin peninsula On the 25th of June 1950 the Korean War started with fights at the Ongjin peninsula. This location is strategically important since the height of the mountains located on it secure a clear look over the entire Korean peninsula. Furthermore the only road going towards it was blocked by the 38th parallel and therefore it was difficult to get to by the North Korean population. Republic of Korea Army (ROK Army) The ROK Army is the army of South Korea. It had great losses at the beginning of the Korean War and therefore was support by UN troops, from which the majority was from the US. Weapons and soldiers were brought to South Korea to fight against the forces of North Korea. Korean People’s Army (KPA) The KPA is the army of North Korea. It was a very conventional army heavily supported by the USSR and China. Veterans of World War II and the Chinese Civil War trained North Korean soldiers and also fought in the Korean War. Furthermore tanks, weapons and aircraft were send to North Korea. Before UN troops supported the ROK Army, the ROK was superior and since its enemies needed time to organize them the DPRK had a great advantage at the beginning of the war. Harry S. Truman Harry S. Truman was born in 1884 and was the 33rd President of the US. He was elected Vice-President in 1945 but since President Roosevelt died shortly afterwards he became President and was re-elected in 1948. As President Truman passed various measures against communism, for example the Truman Doctrine, which defines the US policy towards communism, and the Marshall Plan, which guarantees financial aid to countries affected by World War II. Douglas MacArthur Douglas MacArthur was born in 1880 and is the only five-star US General serving the US army during the Korean War. He is a World War I and II veteran. Since 1941 he is in charge of the US forces in the Pacific which makes him responsible for Japan’s surrender. During the Korean War he was handed the command of the UN troops. Bodo League massacre After the surrender of Japan in World War II and the division of the Korean peninsula at the 38th parallel both parts of Korea were influenced by the country occupying. This led to the 2 UN Security Council, Resolution 83, PC 4 http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/83%281950%29 (14/12/12) 9 Model United Nations of Dortmund 2015, Research Report, Historical Security Council DPRK becoming a communistic country and the Republic of Korea being a capitalistic one. Both newly established countries convicted the other form of policy. South Korea opposed communists actively and after the KPA crossed the 38th parallel Syngman Rhee ordered the Bodo League massacre on the 28th of June and this was carried out over the entire summer of 1950. The numbers of people who were killed during this time are very vague and are estimated to be between 200,000 and 1,2 million. Inform yourself about/Take into consideration • Your countries relations with North and South Korea • Your countries policy regarding communism and capitalism • The involvement of your country in the conflict so far • Which is the better option: Two independent Koreas or a Korean Unification? • Which actions need to be taken to solve the conflict? Is an intervention of UN troops necessary? Helpful links http://korean-war.commemoration.gov.au/cold-war-crisis-in-korea/korean-warstrategic-map.php (Overview of military actions during the Korean War) • http://www.history.com/topics/korean-war (Overview about the reasons for the outbreak of the war and events which happened during the war) • http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/coldwar/korea_hickey_01.shtml (Summary of the Korean War) • Bibliography Internet: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War (14/11/20) http://www.history.com/topics/korean-war (14/11/20) www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/coldwar/korea_hickey_01.shtml (14/11/20) http://korean-war.commemoration.gov.au/armed-forces-in-korea/north-korea-china-ussr.php (14/11/20) http://korean-war.commemoration.gov.au/cold-war-crisis-in-korea/korean-war-strategic-map.php (14/11/27) http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/83%281950%29 (14/11/27) https://crimesofcolonialism.wordpress.com/2012/11/01/death-camps-on-the-korean-peninsula/ (14/12/13) http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/322419/Korean-War/229853/Revolution-division-andpartisan-warfare-1945-50#ref782212 (14/12/13) http://www.dailynk.com/english/read.php?cataId=nk03300&num=6271 (14/12/13) Pictures 3) http://media-1.web.britannica.com/eb-media/39/151339-004-68FCF709.jpg 4) http://korean-war.commemoration.gov.au/cold-war-crisis-in-korea/korean-war-strategicmap.php 10