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Planktonic Consumers OCN 201 Biology Lecture 5 Grieg Steward Jean Marie Cavanihac http://forum.mikroscopia.com/index.php?showtopic=2503&mode=linearplus Consumer Types Grazers • (Herbivore) Eat vegetation but typically do not kill it Kill their prey Predators • (Herbivore or Carnivore, or Omnivore) Intimate, prolonged interaction between • Parasites two organisms where one feeds on the • Scavengers • Decomposers other without killing it Consume things already dead Final degraders of organic compounds Large Grazers Examples Manatee grazing on sea grass http://www.ejfoundation.org/modules/PagEd/medipics/manatee-feeding-on-seagrass.jpg Other examples from video: crabs and marine iguana feeding on macroalgae urchin eating kelp Small but Abundant Pelagic Predators • Find large grazers nearshore where seagrasses and kelp grow, but… • Most primary production in the sea is by microscopic single-cell organisms • Therefore, most primary consumers in the ocean are also microscopic! Phytoplankton Predators salps copepods Diatoms & Dinoflagellates Predators Flagellates and Ciliates Most abundant predators! Flagellates & Coccolithophores Cyanobacteria & Picoeukaryotes Protistan Predators (protozooplankton) • Flagellates (1-10 µm) • Ciliates (100 µm) • •Amoeboid Radiolaria (0.5 mm) silica skeleton • Foraminifera (1 mm) calcium carbonate shell Protozoa • No Mouth - Ingest particles mostly by phagocytosis. What do they eat? -bacteria -phytoplankton • Digest particles in food vacuole inside the cell (in some cases, outside the cell) Phagocytosis Heterotrophic Flagellates 1 µm 1 µm Pseudobobo tremulans Monosiga sp. Ciliates Amoeboid Protists Radiolarians Foraminifera Silica skeleton Calcium carbonate shells Globigerinella Bernd Walz http://www.microscopyu.com/staticgallery/smallworld/2008/id2008-walz.html Robert Brons Planktonic Animal Herbivores • Crustaceans ✦ ✦ Copepods Euphausiids (Krill) http://fishweb.ifas.ufl.edu/planktonweb/Cyclops.jpg • Tunicates ✦ ✦ ✦ Steven Haddock salps larvaceans pyrosomes Laurence Madin Tunicates: Salps • Gelatinous • Pelagic • Often colonial • Major consumers of phytoplankton Tunicates: Larvaceans • Small larva-like • Secretes a mucus mesh “house” • Uses tail to create feeding current • Catches food on filter Tunicates: Pyrosomes Colonial pelagic tunciates Filter feeders known for their brilliant bioluminescence John P. Hoover http://www.hawaiisfishes.com/inverts/tunicates/neattunicates.htm Parasites Leeches (Segmented Worms) just a couple of examples Arthropods (isopod) J. L. Justine et al. 2012, Aquat. Biosyt. 8: 22 Photo by Ronald Englund ©HBS Scavengers Some fish, sharks, molluscs, crustaceans, etc. Illustration by Michael Rothman Decomposers Bacteria Fungi Osmotrophic: not phagotrophic – Cannot ingest particles or cells Osmotrophs Material is digested outside the cell by enzymes and small molecules are transported through protein channels in the membrane Flagellum Bacterial Cell Zoom in on membrane Autotrophs (primary producers) Heterotrophs (consumers) Phytoplankton Predators Diatoms & Dinoflagellates Predators Mixotrophs Flagellates and Ciliates Dissolved Organics & Detritus Symbiont parasitic worms & isopods Flagellates & Coccolithophores Decomposers Bacteria and Fungi Scavengers Cyanobacteria & Picoeukaryotes hagfish amphipod
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