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Chapter 6: Terms and Essay Questions KEY TERMS Bedouin: nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula with a culture based on herding camels and goats. Shaykhs: leaders of tribes and clans within bedouin society; usually possessed large herds, several wives, and many children. Mecca: Arabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam. Medina: town northeast of Mecca; asked Muhammad to resolve its intergroup differences; Muhammad’s flight to Medina, the hijra, in 622 began the Muslim calendar. Umayyad: clan of the Quraysh that dominated Mecca; later an Islamic dynasty. Muhammad: (570–632); prophet of Allah; originally a merchant of the Quraysh. Khadijah: the wife of Muhammad. Ka’ba: revered pre-Islamic shrine in Mecca; incorporated into Muslim worship. Qur’an: the word of god as revealed through Muhammad; made into the holy book of Islam. Umma: community of the faithful within Islam. Zakat: tax for charity obligatory for all Muslims. Five pillars: the obligatory religious duties for all Muslims: confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca). Caliph: the successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community. Ali: cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi’ism. Abu Bakr: succeeded Muhammad as the first caliph. Ridda: wars following Muhammad’s death; the defeat of rival prophets and opponents restored the unity of Islam. Jihad: Islamic holy war. Uthman: third caliph; his assassination set off a civil war within Islam between the Umayyads and Ali. Siffin: battle fought in 657 between Ali and the Umayyads; led to negotiations that fragmented Ali’s party. Mu’awiya: first Umayyad caliph; his capital was Damascus. Copts, Nestorians: Christian sects of Syria and Egypt; gave their support to the Arabic Muslims. Sunnis: followers of the majority interpretation within Islam; included the Umayyads. Shi’a: followers of Ali’s interpretation of Islam. Karbala: site of the defeat and death of Husayn, the son of Ali. Mawali: non-Arab converts to Islam. Jizya: head tax paid by all non-Muslims in Islamic lands. Dhimmis: “the people of the book,” Jews, Christians; later extended to Zoroastrians and Hindus. Abbasids: dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750; their capital was at Baghdad. Hadiths: “traditions” of the prophet Muhammad; added to the Qur’an, form the essential writings of Islam. Battle of the River Zab: 750; Abbasid victory over the Umayyads, near the Tigris. Led to Abbasid ascendancy. Baghdad: Abbasid capital, close to the old Persian capital of Ctesiphon. Wazir: chief administrative official under the Abbasids. Dhows: Arab sailing vessels; equipped with lateen sails; used by Arab merchants. Ayan: the wealthy landed elite that emerged under the Abbasids. Essay Questions 1) Describe the social organization of the Arabs prior to the introduction of Islam. Page Ref: 137-141 Topic: Desert and Town: the pre-Islamic Arab World 2) Why was Islam able to appeal to people of so many different cultures? Page Ref: 144, 145 Topic: The Life of Muhammad and the Genesis of Islam 3) What was the essential dispute within Islam over the succession to the Prophet? Page Ref: 145-147, 149 Topic: The Arab Empire of the Umayyads 4) What was the difference between the Abbasid Empire and the Umayyad Empire? Page Ref: 149-159 Topic: From Arab to Islamic Empire 5) Compare and contrast the status of women in Islam during the pre-Islamic period and the Abbasid Empire. Page Ref: 141, 158 Topic: From Arab to Islamic Empire