Download Medical Image Analysis

Medical Image Analysis
Introduction
Figures come from the textbook: Medical Image Analysis, Second Edition,
by Atam P. Dhawan, IEEE Press, 2011.
Modalities
X-ray Computed Tomography (X-ray CT)
 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
 Single Photon Emission Computed
Tomography (SPECT)
 Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
 Ultrasound

Figures come from the textbook: Medical Image Analysis, Second Edition,
by Atam P. Dhawan, IEEE Press, 2011.

An X-ray mammogram
Figures come from the textbook: Medical Image Analysis, Second Edition,
by Atam P. Dhawan, IEEE Press, 2011.

An X-ray CT
Figures come from the textbook: Medical Image Analysis, Second Edition,
by Atam P. Dhawan, IEEE Press, 2011.

A PET
Figures come from the textbook: Medical Image Analysis, Second Edition,
by Atam P. Dhawan, IEEE Press, 2011.

An MRI
Figures come from the textbook: Medical Image Analysis, Second Edition,
by Atam P. Dhawan, IEEE Press, 2011.

An ultrasound
Figure comes from the Wikipedia, www.wikipedia.org.

Medical image modalities
◦ Energy
◦ Anatomical, physiological, or functional
◦ External, internal, or combination
Figures come from the textbook: Medical Image Analysis, Second Edition,
by Atam P. Dhawan, IEEE Press, 2011.
TV
Waves
Radio
Waves
103
102
Radar
Waves
101
1
10-1 10-2
Microwaves
Infrared
Rays
10-3
10-5
10-4
Visible
Light
10-6
Ultraviolet
Rays
10-7
10-8
Gamma
Rays
X-rays
Cosmic
Rays
10-9
10-10 10-11
10-12
10-13 10-14
1017
1018
1020
1021
Wavelength in meters
105 106 107 108
109 1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1019
1022
Frequency in Hz
10-10 10-9 10-8 10-7 10-6
10-5
10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
1
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
Energy in eV
MRI
X-ray
Imaging
Gamma-ray
Imaging
Figure 1.2: Different sources of imaging modality in the electromagnetic
spectrum.
Figures come from the textbook: Medical Image Analysis, Second Edition,
by Atam P. Dhawan, IEEE Press, 2011.
Medical
Imaging
Modalities
Source of Energy
Used for Imaging
Internal
External
Nuclear Medicine:
Single Photon
Emission Tomography
(SPECT)
X-Ray Radiographs
X-Ray Mammography
Nuclear Medicine:
Positron Emission
Tomography
(PET)
X-Ray Computed
Tomography
Ultrasound Imaging and
Tomography
Combination:
External and
Internal
Magnetic Resonance
Imaging: MRI, PMRI,
FMRI
Optical Fluorescence
Imaging
Electrical Impedance
Imaging
Optical Transmission
and Transillumination
Imaging
Figures come from the textbook: Medical Image Analysis, Second Edition,
by Atam P. Dhawan, IEEE Press, 2011.
Physiology and Current
Understanding
Physics of Imaging
Applications and
Intervention
Instrumentation
and Image Acquisition
Computer Processing,
Analysis and Modeling
Figure 1.1. A collaborative multidisciplinary paradigm of medical
imaging research and applications.
Figures come from the textbook: Medical Image Analysis, Second Edition,
by Atam P. Dhawan, IEEE Press, 2011.
From Physiology to Information
Processing

Understanding image medium
◦ Tissue density, blood flow, perfusion, cardiac
motion

Physics of imaging
◦ Transmission of X-rays, emission of gamma
rays, MR imaging

Imaging instrumentation
◦ Collecting the data, signal-to-noise ratio,
resolution
Figures come from the textbook: Medical Image Analysis, Second Edition,
by Atam P. Dhawan, IEEE Press, 2011.

Data acquisition methods for image
formation
◦ Active filtering, post-processing methods
◦ Back-projection, iterative and Fourier
transform methods

Imaging processing and analysis
◦ Enhancement, transformations, features of
interest
Figures come from the textbook: Medical Image Analysis, Second Edition,
by Atam P. Dhawan, IEEE Press, 2011.
General Performance Measures
Positive: Object was observed
 Negative: Object was not observed
 True Positive
 False Negative
 True Negative
 False Positive

Figures come from the textbook: Medical Image Analysis, Second Edition,
by Atam P. Dhawan, IEEE Press, 2011.
True Condition
Object is
observed.
Object is
Object is
present.
NOT present.
True
Positive
False
Positive
False
Negative
True
Negative
Observed
Information
Object is
NOT observed.
Figure 1.4. A conditional matrix for defining four basic performance measures
as defined in the text.
Figures come from the textbook: Medical Image Analysis, Second Edition,
by Atam P. Dhawan, IEEE Press, 2011.
TPF
a
b
c
TNF
Figure 1.5: ROC curves with curve “a” indicating better overall
classification ability than the curve “b” while the curve “c” shows the
random probability.
Figures come from the textbook: Medical Image Analysis, Second Edition,
by Atam P. Dhawan, IEEE Press, 2011.
Sensitivity
 Specificity
 Accuracy

Figures come from the textbook: Medical Image Analysis, Second Edition,
by Atam P. Dhawan, IEEE Press, 2011.

An example of feature-adaptive contrast
enhancement processing as applied to a
mammogram to enhance
microcalcification areas
◦ Histogram equalization
Figures come from the textbook: Medical Image Analysis, Second Edition,
by Atam P. Dhawan, IEEE Press, 2011.
Figure 1.6. (a) A part of the digitized breast film-mammogram with
microcalcification areas. (b): Enhanced image through feature adaptive
contrast enhancement algorithm. (c): Enhanced image through histogram
equalization method.
Figures come from the textbook: Medical Image Analysis, Second Edition,
by Atam P. Dhawan, IEEE Press, 2011.
MATLAB Image Processing Toolbox

Basic MATLAB image toolbox commands
pic = imread(f);
pic = rgb2gray(pic);
imagesc(pic);
qb = fftshift(log(abs(fft2(pic))));
Figures come from the textbook: Medical Image Analysis, Second Edition,
by Atam P. Dhawan, IEEE Press, 2011.
Imagepro Interface in MATLAB
Environment and Image Databases
ImageJ and Other Image Processing
Software Packages
ImageJ
 3D Slicer
 Mango
 MRIcro

Figures come from the textbook: Medical Image Analysis, Second Edition,
by Atam P. Dhawan, IEEE Press, 2011.
Selected slices for the course

Chapters 2-12
Figures come from the textbook: Medical Image Analysis, Second Edition,
by Atam P. Dhawan, IEEE Press, 2011.
Figure 2.7. (a) An image with a square region at the center and (b) the
logarithmic magnitude image of its Fourier transform.
Figures come from the textbook: Medical Image Analysis, Second Edition,
by Atam P. Dhawan, IEEE Press, 2011.
Radiation Interaction with Matter
m/r (cm2/g)
1.
0
Compton
Scattering
Total Mass
Attenuation
Coefficient
Photoelectric
Absorption
Scattering
Rayleigh
Scattering
0
Photon Energy (keV)
0
10
0
50
0
Figure 3.1. The mass attenuation coefficients of water under the 511
keV energy range.
Figures come from the textbook: Medical Image Analysis, Second Edition,
by Atam P. Dhawan, IEEE Press, 2011.
Figure 4.7: The translate-rotate parallel-beam geometry of first generation
CT scanners.
Figures come from the textbook: Medical Image Analysis, Second Edition,
by Atam P. Dhawan, IEEE Press, 2011.
S
Lower Energy
Level
H0
Higher Energy
Level
N
Figure 4.15 (a). Nuclei aligned under thermal equilibrium in the
presence of an external magnetic field. (b). A non-zero net longitudinal
vector and a zero transverse vector provided by the nuclei precessing
in the presence of an external magnetic field.
Figures come from the textbook: Medical Image Analysis, Second Edition,
by Atam P. Dhawan, IEEE Press, 2011.
Z1
Z3
Z2
Z4
Z5
I0
T1,2
T2,3
T3,4
T5,4
T4,3
T3,2
T2,1
R0
x1
x2
x3
Figure 4.39. A path of a reflected sound wave in a multilayered
structure.
Figures come from the textbook: Medical Image Analysis, Second Edition,
by Atam P. Dhawan, IEEE Press, 2011.
y
q
p
f(x,y)
q
x
p
P(p,q)
q
Figure 2.8. Line integral projection P(p,q) of the two-dimensional Radon
transform.
Figures come from the textbook: Medical Image Analysis, Second Edition,
by Atam P. Dhawan, IEEE Press, 2011.
Figure 6.1. An X-ray CT image (top left) and T-2 weighted proton density
image (top right) of human brain cross-sections with their respective
histograms at the bottom. The MR image shows a brain lesion.
Figure 7.4. Two segmented MR brain images using a gray value
Figures
come
from
textbook:
Medical Image Analysis, Second Edition,
threshold
T=166
(top)
andthe
T=225
(bottom).
by Atam P. Dhawan, IEEE Press, 2011.
Figure 8.10. Example of morphological operations on MR brain image using a
structuring element of 1 0
0 1 


(a) the original MR brain image; (b) the thresholded MR brain image for
morphological operations; (c) dilation of the thesholded MR brain image; (d)
resultant image after 5 successive dilations of the thresholded brain image; (e)
erosion of the thresholded MR brain image; (f) closing of the thesholded MR brain
image; (g) opening of the thresholded MR brain image; and (h) morphological
boundary detection on the thresholded MR brain image.
Figures 9.7 a, b and c: Sequential slices of MR (middle rows) and PET
(bottom rows) and the registered MR-PET brain images (top row) of the
corresponding slices using the IPAR method.