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Getting Focused
will be learning'
Skim this chapter to predict what you
. Read the lesson titles and subheadings'
. Look at the illustrations and read the captions'
. Examine the maPs.
. Review the vocabulary words and terms'
ig
f
*h
columns
Make a four column chart' Label the
;
G"og*rnlg,rr " "Peopler " "Pla.cesrt' and "Events
that you"' know
Then-make a list of at least five things
geography
about Africa. They might be facts about
or events'
or about famous A&ican people' places'
add them to your
Review your list with a partner and
least twenty new
chart. As you read the chapter' add at
for each column'
facts to the chart' Be sure t" find facts
maP'
Remember to add Africa to your world
Ifle tranEuatrlgraElon$
Thinking on Your Own
Examinethe subheadingsand illustrationsin this lesson.Write
four questionsin your notebookthat you would like'answeredby
studyingthis lesson.After you finish readingthe lesson,answer
the ouestions"
he African continent
has manv different
environments. A region's
environment includes all the
outside factors that influence
the development of a people.
Among these factors are the
physical geography and the
climate where the people
Explainthe land and
climatezonesin Africa.
Who are the Bantuspeakers?
\Mhydid the Bantu-speakers
migrratethroughoutAfrica?
DescribeAfrican society
during the Bantu migration.
live. Climate is the weather
that a place has over a long
period of time. It is important
environment
to learn about the geography
vegetation
of Africa in order to
savanna
understand the different
kingdoms and empires that
developed there.
Geography of
the African
Continent
rain forest
slash-and-burn
ethnic group
river basin
Africa has bands, or zones, of different kinds of climates and
vegetation. Vegetation includes grasses, plants, bushes, and
trees. The desert zones include the Sahara in the north and the
smaller Kalahari in the south. Together, they make up about
40 percent of the African continent. Beginning in ancient
times, traders set up a network to link sub-Saharan Africa
with the Mediterranean region. Sub-Saharan Africa includes
the regions located south of the Sahara Desert. Traders moved
back and forth across the Sahara on camels.
Civilizations of Africa
nrF
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Kil:maniaro
INDIAN
ACEAN
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
Desert
Wffi Mild,"'.
ffi
R"ir fbt""t
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CAPE OF
GOOD HOPE
-ffiuu-""
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This is a region of
Another large area is the savarxna'
scattered here and there'
grasslandswith small trees and bushes
for farming and herding'
Usually it rains enough in the savanna
rain results in droughts
However, a stretch ol arv years without
wealt\r kingdoms and
and famine. Beginning in the 500s'
region of West Africa'
empires developed in the savanna
Their wealth came from trade'
Africa's
geography
includes
savanna (left)
and rain forest
(risht).
conti'nent is rain forest'
About 10 percent of the African
The region is very hot
This is the area bordering the equator'
As a result' vegetation is
and receives a great amount of rain'
possible since early times'
thick, but some farming has been
method to clear the
Africans developed' the slash-and-burn
and plants and then burn
forest. They would cut down trees
them.to open land for planting croPs'
Both the far northern region and the
southern tip of the continent have areas with
Write a descriptionof
the variousclimatesof
the African continent.
Useas manydirections
in your descriptionas
you can.Besideseast,
west,north, and south,
try to use the
intermediatedirectrons
northeast,northwest,
southeast,and
southwest.Shareyour
descriptionwith a
parfner.Quizone
anotheron the climate
zonesof Africa.
mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers.
In the north, this region is along the
Mediterranean Sea.
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Bantu-Speaking People
The Bantu-speaking people are not an ethnic
group, Iike Italians, Chinese, Serbians, or
Hispanics. An ethnic group shares the same
culture. Bantu-speakers belong to many
ethnic groups. What they have in common is
their language family, or group of languages.
There are over 500 Bantu languages or
dialects. Todav over 180 million Africans
speak a Bantu languarge.
The Bantu on the Move
Historians think that the first Bantu-speakers lived in what is
today the nation of Cameroon. Bantu-speakers were farmers
who moved and settled in small family groups. They lived in the
region around the Niger River. Possibly as early as 1000 B.c., the
Bantu began to move south into the Congo River basin. A river
basin is a large area that includes a major river and its tributaries.
Sometime around 500 e.c., Bantu-speakers also moved east.
Over time, they spread throughout
central Africa. By the 1200s, the Bantu
were in much of southern Africa.
Archaeologists think that fwo events
made it possible for Bantu-speakers to
move out from the area of the Niger
River. First was the discovery of
iron-making. Someone figured out how
+
to make iron into axes and hoes. With
iron axes, men could cut down trees,
and with iron hoes thev could farm.
Second, a trade network linked the
Niger River area with the east coast.
Traders along this route broughtyams
ffi
Burtr Kingdom
-
Bantu Migration
tll\Jvei
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e
v
to
PoPurdLrvr
n"n",i:,T3tl'i'"it*erRiver-"i.,*1'*t:"*T,:,::H::"tn"
cause.dsome famrly groups
many
PeoPle
pr"."rrr" of too
in
time, the population increased
b";.
pr;;.
new
a
move to
d'ecide to leave and
families *"Ja
the new area' Again' some
This cvcle
1* :"-n1:1.Tt:1."
Iook for a new placeto settle'
migrated to southern
Ut rr.t-.n"akers had
took place over
Africa. This movement
hundreds ofYears'
different in new
The environments were
settled' As a result'
areas where the Bantu
life did not always
their previous ways of
familY life in
This stone relief ilepicts
workinthenewregion.TheBantu-speakers
as the Bantu
had to adapt' For example'
and into the
moved otiof the rain forest
farming' They took
savanna, some gave up
iln-i*at"g cattle'Other Bantu-speakers
crops' In East
still farmed but with different
became part of a
Africa, Bantu-speakers
across the
trade network that reached
Indian Ocean'
ls an important
Cultural expression wi -r- ^ Jj*r^r
Rrtwer"'..'q?I-
--^
the Luba culture (left) was
"#J;il;
is today tl9
.iLf*o *,ne region that conso' rhe
the
of
;'";;;;;;ntP"ru"
it Ki"g rvtisli9ryslYu*
ffi;;;;i"g
created inZaxe'
was
Kubi
*"niu"r
#i:h;'iJute'
new skills
Often the migrants learned
foods from people
and how to gtoti' new
areas' For the
already living in the new
of Bantu-speakers
most iart, the mixing
was peaceful'
with native populations
in central and southern
In many
"t""t
empires developed
Africa, Iarge states and
with
from the mixing of Bantu-speakers
others.
Putting It Alt Together
tn"
mapofAfric"* tti:.t t:::^Yi:lr:l"t
usea modernpouilcat
a risto{allthe
tomake
*"rn withaparrner
ffi-'j;#rl
placesin
movedthrough and the
modernnationstnat tire Bantu
which they settled'
t36 C h a P t e r 1 0
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LESSON
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Thinking on Your Own
A syo u re a d e a ch se cti oninthisiesson,Cr eateaconceptwebof
thepeoplewhollvedinEastAfrica,Includeimportantdetails,
facts, ancl dates
tTth"
I
historv of East
Afti.un cultures leatures
the mixing of different
people. Many, of course,
were African. But others
were from the Arabian
Peninsula, India, Persia, and
even Greece. Trade was an
Why did Axum fight with
its neighbors to the south?
Decide whY Great
Zimbabwe is famous'
Explain Your decision.
How did the Swahili
culture develoP?
important factor in the
development of East African
kinsdoms and states.
mortar
vassals
intermediaries
Swahili
The Kingdom
of Axum
is today the
Around 700 s.c., Arabs set up a colony in what
the same time
East African country of Ethiopia. This was about
Greeks, the
that the Greeks started colonies in Asia. Like the
and Africans
Arabs were interested in trade. By 500 s.c., Arabs
Axum'
had joined to create the rich trading kingdom of
the
The ciqy of Adulis, located on the Red Sea' became
the interior
chief trading center of Axum' Trade goods from
the Arabian
of Africa passed through Adulis on their way to
was
Peninsula, the Mediterranean region, and Asia' Axum
India' The
part of a trade netrvork that reached as far as
ships to
*on.oon winds made it possible for early trading
included
sail across the Indian Ocean' African trade goods
were
ivory, slaves, and spices' Cloth, rn''ine'and olive oil
among the goods imported by Axum's traders'
The barter
system was
replaced bY
sheIls, trinkets,
and eventuallY,
coins.
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In A.D. 500, Axum defeated the kingdom of Kush, which was
its trading rival. The king at the time was F,zana' In 324' he
converted to Christianity and madd Christianigr the official
relision of Axum.
Beginning in the 1100s,
conflict broke out between
Axum and the Muslim
trading states to the south'
The issue was control of the
slave and ivory trade. The
Muslim ci$r-states were
trynng to take over the trade
from Axum. Fighting
occurred over the next few
centuries. By the 1500s,
A church
built from
solid rock
in Lalibela,
Ethiopia
Axum was a trading Partner
with, and an ally of, Portugal. It appealed to Portugal for helP.
In 1543,the allies defeated their southern rivals. Axum,
however, split into several kingdoms. It was not until the lBB0s
that it would come together again as one nation, Ethiopia'
The Zimbabwe
Region
Sorn". Bantu-speakers moved east and then south along the
eastern coast of Africa. The earliest Bantu-speakers were in
the area by 400. Later groups came between 900 and 1500.
one of the places they settled came to be called Zimbabwe.
The word means " gteat stone houses'" It refers to the huge
stone buildings that were built over many centuries. There are
a nurnber of these ruins, but the largest is known as Great
zirnv:abwe. It has a palace, towers, a fort, and fences all made
from pieces of stone. The stones wereJaid one on top of
another without any mortar, or cement, to keep them together.
Archaeologists believe that Great Ztrnbabwe was the center of
a htrge trading kingdom. ztmbabwe'was on the trade route
that linked the interior of Africa with the East coast and
beyo,rd to Asia. Zimbabwe's major export was gold'
By the earfr 1400s, the Shona, a Bantu-speaking clan' had
seized power in the region and driven out other groups' The
C h a p t e r1 0
leader Mutota, and later his son
Matope, gained control over
their rivals. All traders traveling
through their territory had to
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c-a.o 1s?o
pay a tax on their goods.
Matope further enlarged his
lands and set up the
Monomotapa Empire. He developed a feudal system of
government. Under feudalism, lesser nobles called vassals
owed loyalgz, service, and sometimes ayearly payment of
money to a higher noble or king.
Matope's vassals were relatives and
allies. He divided the Empire into
provinces, each governed by a vassal.
In the 1500s, the Monomotapa
rulers began to lose power to the
Portuguese. The Portuguese were
slowly moving into the interior of East
Africa from cities along the coast.
They were looking for the gold mines
that supplied the gold trade. In the
1620s, the forces of the Monomotapa
Write three important
facts that you learned
about Axum and
three important facts
aboutthe Zimbabwe
region.Turn the facts
into questions.Take
turns with a partner
asking and answering
guestions.
king were defeated by the Portuguese.
Trading City-States
The trade from the interior passed through a few cities on the
east coast of Africa on its way to Arabia or India. Eventually,
coastal cities such as Kilwa, Mombassa, and Zanzibar became
independent states with their own rulers, governments, and
armed forces.
At one time or another, Persian, Arab, Indonesian, and
Indian traders all settled in the cities along Africa's east
coast. However, by 1000, Arab merchants had become the
most important to the economy. They grew wealthy from
international trade. They lived luxurious lives in huge houses
with rugs from Persia and porcelain from China. They wore
silk clothes from Asia and jewels set in gold. Their diets
included coffee and fruits from the Arabian Peninsula.
Civilizations of Africa
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The wealth of the merchants
was built on trade in iron ore, ivory,
slaves, and gold from the interior of
Africa. The merchants exchanged
these for their own luxuries, and
other trade goods such as cloth,
glass, and metal goods for
customers in the interior. Through
intermediaries, or middlemen,
trade goods flowed back and forth
between East Africa and India,
Malaysia Indonesia, and China'
In time, the population of the
cit;r-states began to change.
Bantu-speaking Africans and
Arabs mixed and intermarried'
Many Africans converted to Islam'
New customs and a new language
The dhows used
today are verY
similar to ancient
Arabian trading
ships.
ffiffJ;:_^" 600
Swahili settlement,
c. a.o. 1300
*
ftadg
called Swahili develoPed. Swahili
,,people
of the coast" in Arabic. Today, swahili is the
means
most widely spoken language in East
Africa. It is the official language of the
modern nations of Kenya and Tanzania'
The arrival of the Portuguese brought
an end to centuries of relatively peaceful
trade. The Portuguese were determined
to take control of the East Coast trade'
Beginning in 1505, the Portuguese
fought the Arab cit;r-states for power'
For the next 500 years, conflict between
Arabs and Portuguese on the East Coast
was common.
Putting It All Together
Rivalry over trade caused conflict throughout EastA{rica. create
a cause-and-effectll0wchart for confllct in each of the three
kingdoms or regions described in this lesson.Be sure to indicate
the cause and the result of each conflict. Shareyour flowchart
with a partner and review the cause-and-effectrelationships'
Chapter 10
161fg
WbstAfrican
Kingdoms
2fuec-e.o l5?O
Thinking on Your Own
As you study this lesson,createa table in your notebookto help
you rememberinformationaboutthe three importantkingdomsin
WestAfrica.Use the followingcategoriesfor your table:"Nameof
"Location,"
"TradeGoods,"and "KeyFacts."
Kingdom,""Dates,"
etween 500 and the late
1500s,three important
kingdorns-or
oreos
governed by a monarch-rose
and fell in the savanna region
of West Africa. Each one was
based on trans-Saharan trade.
Trade goods passed north to
How did Ghana become
wealthy?
Why is Mansa Musa
remembered?
Explain how Songhai
become so powerful.
south and east to west along a
series of trade routes. The
network joined West Africa
with the Mediterranean
region and the Arabian
kingdons
scholars
merchants
rebel
Berbers
Peninsula.
Gold, ivory, slaves, leather goods, cattle, sheep, and jewelry
were sent-north along the trade routes. Salt, cloth, wheat, dried
fruit, horses, and metal goods were shipped south. Muslim
rnerchants-or
businessmen-slowly took control of the trade.
They bought trade goods from West African traders. The
merchants then sold these goods to Berbers, or desert nomads,
who ran camel caravans across the Sahara. The Berbers sold the
goods to merchants in North Africa. These
merchants either sold the goods there or to
other traders who carried them farther
east, even to the Arabian Peninsula. Like
the goods that traveled along the Silk
Road, each time the goods were resold,
they became a little more expensive.
r4
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ffi
Ghma, c. a.D. 1050 -
lllllll ivr"ri,a.o.l300s
fi
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Trade route
Gold
"o"""
Benin, c. A.o. 1500
Songhai, a.o. 1500s
The Kingdom of Ghana
was Ghana' The
The first of the great West African kingdoms
Mauritania'
kingdom reached into parts of what are today
were farmers'
M.ii, Senegal, and Guinea' Most of the people
gold'
but the wealth of the kingdom came from trading
Ghana was located near a huge gold
field. Ghanians mined the gold and
traded it for goods from North Africa
and. beyond. Another important trade
good was salt. Ghana had gold; North
Africa had salt. The kings taxed the salt
coming"into the kingdom and the gold
going out. They grew wealthy from the
taxes placed on trade.
Beginning in the 600s, Islam became a
major influence in West Africa' Invading
armies spread Islam among the people
they conquered. Muslim merchants also
spread Islam. As merchants began to
settle in market towns and cities, Islamic
scholars followed them' The scholars
soon began teaching about Islam' City
dwellers, including the advisers to
Chapter 10
Imaginethat Youare
an Arab merchant
living in Ghana.t1/hat
would Youimportthat
the people of Ghana
warrted?VVhatwould
you export for sale
outside of Ghanato
help pay for Your
imports?ltl/hat other
expenseswould You
have?Work with a
parher to develoPa
list of imPorts,exports'
and exPenses.
Ghana's kings, became Muslims. West Africans living in
farming villages, however, did not convert to Islam. They
tended to continue practicing their traditional religions.
20a
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Ghana began a slow decline in the 1100s. The kingdom never
recovered from invasions by Islamic armies from North Africa.
Rebellious states began to break away from the kingdom' The
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final blow came rn 1240 when King Sundiata of Mali conquered
what was left of the "land of gold," as Ghana was known.
The Kingdom of Mali
According to the Epit of Sundittta, Sumanguru, the ruler of the
Kingdom of Kaniaga, seized power over part of the Kingdom
of Ghana. In an effort to increase his power, Sumanguru
invaded Mali and killed 11 princes who were the older
brothers of Prince Sundiata Keita. When he grew to
manhood, Sundiata Keita avenged the death of his brothers by
killing Sumanguru.
Like Sumanguru,
Sundiata Keita then
went on his own
campaign to enlarge
Mali. Over time, Mali
spread its rule as far
west as the Atlantic
coast and as far east
as what is today
Niger.
t
rt
Most people in
Mali were farmers
who lived in villages.
However, Mali's
wealth was built on
r
I
the gold and salt trade. The kings of Mali taxed all goods
being exported and imported. They also collected taxes from
their own people.
a
rrts,
The kings of Mali became Muslims. Muslims are supposed
to make a pilgrimage to Makkah (rr,rncca)once in their
lifetime. Mansa Musa, who ruled frorn I3l2 to 1337,madea
C i v i l i z a t i o n so f A f r i c a 1 1 4 3
U
a
".,"
il:il;;
theArabranrenu
ii. ttin acrossAfricaand
500 carried
slaves' Of these slaves'
Among them *"t"i''OOO
caried
of gold' Eighty camels
mad'e
n;';"'
walking
staffs, or
Musa's lavish
each' Because of Mansa
500 pounds of gold
on his
away so much gold
giving
in
spending and generosiqr
years for the
tn-"tpy It took 12
iif
price
S"td
trip, the
"t
it hadbeenin 1324'
*f,"."
il;;"
;iJ";;
il
cities that Mansa
The great Islamic
on him'
500-1240
made an impression
nn"""
"i.ited
Islamic
and
Kingdomof Ghana
back architects
;;;."trht
of Mali'
Timbuktu' the capital
1234-140Os
."ia"..",o
schools'
and
Kingdom of Mali
He had mosques' palaces'
of
the center
1450-1600s
f"tfr. Timbuktu bl""*"
Africa'
West
in
Kingdomof Songhai
I=lt-i" Iearning
Mus.a died'
ShortlY after Mansa
Nrica invaded Mali'
Berbers from North
*::I-"j:
rebel states fought
At the same time'
to
i:ffi
;:;;il
andtry
a sovernment
asainst
broke away'
Tirnb"kttt and Gao
1559]
Lt
power'
gain
imPortance'
lndi quicklY lost its
The Kingdom of Songhai
the trading
center
became
eventually
Gao
of
ciqy
The
leader'
ln1464' Songhai's
I{t;;#'
Songhai
for the
he was
more territory' But
conquer
to
out
set
Sunni Ali,
t"
for the sake of
:T"*1": rn
not interested in;;;;
Jenne
around Timbuktu and
wanted the regions
trade'
of the salt and gold
order to gain control
fi'ghting broke out
After Sunni Ali's death'
to
His son lost the struggle
-over who woulal"f"'
command and
ln !493'Ture took
Ture'
Muhammad
Like Sunni
'" A't<i" Muhammad'
changed hi* tt*"
^tkli
bord'ers of Songhai'
r.^^.
AIi, he
t:t" nt":::"
"tt"ttd"dthe
kingd"T
the
divided
Muhammad also
practrce
He continued the
managed by governors'
and leaving
on all goods entering
of collecti"g to"t
the kingdom'
B
c h a P t e r1 o
A devout Muslim, Askia Muhammad also made an
impressive pilgrimage to Makkah. He supported the building
qI
'd
of mosques and schools and attempted to convert everyone in
-e
Songhai to Islam. Islamic principles became the basis of the
court system and of social reforms.
Askia Muhammad's rule was a period of peace and
prosperiqz. However, fighting among rivals and the invasion
by the sultan of Morocco's army put an end to Songhai.
By 1600, the glory of Songhai had faded like that of Ghana
a n d M a l i b e f o r ei t .
Putting It All Together
This iessr:n usfis the comparison-and-i;antrastsignal word IJ<e
several times. Find three examples and write them in your
notei:ock. Then revi*w tire infr:rmatiCInin the tairle that you
creattictas vou read this iessnn. Write fiv* comparison-andco:ltrast selltences using informatinn from th* table. Share
your serrt*nceSwith a llartn*r.
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A Visit to Timbuktu
Intheearly 1500s,Leo Africanus,a visitor
IromMorocco,describedTimbuktu.The
followingis an excerptfrom his writings.
refersto North Africa,which was
Muslimby this time.
Here are many sholrs of
and merchants,
ially of such as \MeaYe linen
E
Basedon this reading and
informationfrom the lesson,how
do you think the king gets money
to pay for doctorsand other
services?
What doesthe high price of
manuscriptsand books tell you
about the pqople of Timbuktu?
cotton cloth. And hither do
DescribeTimbuktuin one
Barllary merchants llring the
sentence.
ofEurope.. .The
...areexceedingl]t
Here
are many wells
..
ning most sweet water. . . . Corn, cattle, milk, and butter ill
regiorl yields in great alluudauee. . . . The inhallitants are
of a gentle and cheerful dispositioll. . . . Here are greai store
ors, judges, priests, and other leartred men, that are
ully maintained at the kiug's cost and charges. And hither
brought diverse manuseripts or written ltooks out of Rarllary,
are sold for more than any other merchandise.9?
A
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