Download nerves - Rochester Community Schools

CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS
Urry • Cain • Wasserman • Minorsky • Jackson • Reece
38
Nervous and
Sensory Systems
Lecture Presentations by
Kathleen Fitzpatrick and Nicole Tunbridge
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 38.1
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 38.2
Eyespot
Brain
Nerve
cords
Nerve net
Transverse
nerve
(a) Hydra (cnidarian)
(b) Planarian (flatworm)
Brain
Brain
Ventral
nerve cord
Spinal
cord
(dorsal
nerve
cord)
Sensory
ganglia
Segmental
ganglia
(c) Insect (arthropod)
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
(d) Salamander (vertebrate)
 multiple nerve cells bundled form nerves
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Multiple nerve cells bundled form nerves
 Cephalization -clustering of sensory neurons and
interneurons at the anterior
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 38.3
CNS
PNS
Neuron
VENTRICLE
Cilia
Oligodendrocyte
Schwann cell
Microglial cell
Capillary
Ependymal
cell
Astrocytes
50 m
Intermingling of
astrocytes with
neurons (blue)
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
LM
Figure 38.4
Central nervous
system (CNS)
Brain
Spinal cord
Peripheral nervous
system (PNS)
Cranial
nerves
Ganglia
outside
CNS
Spinal
nerves
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Here you go Ben…
 Gray matter, which consists mainly of neuron cell
bodies and glia
 White matter, which consists of bundles of
myelinated axons
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Peripheral Nervous System
 afferent neurons transmit to the CNS
 efferent neurons transmit away from the CNS
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 38.5
Central Nervous
System
(information processing)
Peripheral Nervous
System
Afferent neurons
Efferent neurons
Sensory
receptors
Autonomic
nervous system
Motor
system
Control of
skeletal muscle
Internal
and external
stimuli
Sympathetic Parasympathetic
division
division
Enteric
division
Control of smooth muscles,
cardiac muscles, glands
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
 2 efferent PNS components:
 The motor system (AKA somatic) controls skeletal
muscles and (voluntary or involuntary)
 The autonomic nervous system regulates smooth
and cardiac muscles
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
 The autonomic nervous system has sympathetic,
parasympathetic, and enteric divisions
 The enteric controls the digestive tract, pancreas,
and gallbladder
 Sympathetic regulates the “fight-or-flight”
response
 Parasympathetic promotes calming and “rest and
digest” functions
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Dr. Robert
Sapolsky
(Stanford
Neurobiologist)
studies long
term health
effects of stress
Figure 38.6a
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 38.6b
Brain structures in child and adult
Embryonic brain regions
Telencephalon
Cerebrum (includes cerebral cortex,
white matter, basal nuclei)
Diencephalon
Diencephalon (thalamus,
hypothalamus, epithalamus)
Mesencephalon
Midbrain (part of brainstem)
Metencephalon
Pons (part of brainstem), cerebellum
Myelencephalon
Medulla oblongata (part of brainstem)
Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain
Mesencephalon
Metencephalon
Diencephalon
Cerebrum
Diencephalon
Myelencephalon
Midbrain
Pons
Forebrain
Embryo at 1 month
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Telencephalon
Medulla
oblongata
Cerebellum
Spinal cord
Spinal
cord
Embryo at 5 weeks
Child
Figure 38.6c
Left cerebral
hemisphere
Right cerebral
hemisphere
Cerebral
cortex
Corpus
callosum
Cerebrum
Basal
nuclei
Cerebellum
Adult brain viewed from the rear
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Sperry’s Split Brain Expts.
 Corpus
collosum severed
 No communication between hemispheres
cowboy
cowboy
Figure 38.6d
Diencephalon
Thalamus
Pineal gland
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Brainstem
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla
oblongata
Spinal cord
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 38.10
Nucleus accumbens
Happy music
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Amygdala
Sad music
Figure 38.11
Motor cortex (control
of skeletal muscles)
Frontal lobe
Somatosensory cortex
(sense of touch)
Parietal lobe
Prefrontal cortex
(decision
making,
planning)
Broca’s area
(forming speech)
Temporal lobe
Auditory cortex
(hearing)
Cerebellum
Wernicke’s area
(comprehending language)
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Sensory association
cortex (integration
of sensory
information)
Visual association
cortex (combining
images and object
recognition)
Occipital lobe
Visual cortex
(processing visual
stimuli and pattern
recognition)
Fig. 34-22, p.590
Figure 38.16
Gentle pressure
Sensory
receptor
Low frequency of
action potentials
More pressure
High frequency of
action potentials
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Perception
 Perception is the brain’s construction of stimuli
 Sensory adaptation is a decrease in
responsiveness to continued stimulation
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Types of Sensory Receptors
 Based on energy transduced, sensory receptors fall
into five categories
 Mechanoreceptors
 Electromagnetic receptors
 Thermoreceptors
 Pain receptors (nociceptors)
 Chemoreceptors
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 38.17a
Eye
Infrared
receptor
(a) Rattlesnake
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
 types of mammal taste receptors:
sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 38.18
Papilla
Tongue
Papillae Taste
buds
Taste bud
Key
Sweet
Salty
Sour
Bitter
Umami
Taste
pore
Sensory
neuron
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Food
molecules
Sensory
receptor cells
Sensing of Gravity and Sound in Invertebrates
 Most invertebrates
maintain equilibrium
using statocysts
 Statocysts contain
mechanoreceptors that
detect the movement of
granules called
statoliths
Ciliated
receptor
cells
Cilia
Statolith
Sensory
nerve fibers
(axons)
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 38.20
Middle
ear
Outer ear
Skull
bone
Inner ear
Stapes
Incus
Malleus
Semicircular
canals
Cochlear
duct
Auditory nerve
to brain
Bone
Auditory
nerve
Vestibular
canal
Tympanic
canal
Cochlea
Pinna
Oval
Auditory
window
canal
Tympanic
Round
membrane
window
Eustachian
tube
Organ
of Corti
1 m
Tectorial
membrane
Bundled hairs projecting from a hair cell
(SEM)
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Basilar
Hair
membrane cells
Axons of
sensory neurons
To
auditory
nerve
Figure 38.20a
Middle
ear
Outer ear
Skull
bone
Inner ear
Stapes
Incus
Malleus
Semicircular
canals
Auditory nerve
to brain
Cochlea
Pinna
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Oval
Auditory
window
canal
Round
Tympanic
window
membrane
Eustachian
tube
Figure 38.20b
Cochlear
duct
Bone
Auditory
nerve
Vestibular
canal
Tympanic
canal
Organ
of Corti
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 38.20c
Tectorial
membrane
Basilar
membrane
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Hair
cells
Axons of
sensory neurons
To
auditory
nerve
1 m
Figure 38.20d
Bundled hairs projecting from a hair cell (SEM)
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Fig. 35-12a, p.607
Fig. 35-12b, p.607
Hearing
 tympanic membrane vibrates in response to
vibrations in air
 bones of middle ear transmit vibrations to the oval
window on the cochlea
 This creates pressure waves in the fluid in the
cochlea that travel through the vestibular canal
 These cause hair cells to vibrate creating action
potentials
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 38.21
More
neurotransmitter
Less
neurotransmitter
0
−70
Time (sec)
(a) Bending of hairs in one direction
Membrane
potential (mV)
−70
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
−50
Signal
Membrane
potential (mV)
Signal
Receptor
−50 potential
Receptor
potential
−70
0
−70
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Time (sec)
(b) Bending of hairs in other direction
Equilibrium
 Detecting movement, position, and balance
 The inner ear contains granules called otoliths that
allow us to perceive position relative to gravity or
linear movement
 Three semicircular canals contain fluid and can
detect angular movement in any direction
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 38.22
Semicircular
canals
PERILYMPH
Cupula
Vestibular
nerve
Fluid
flow
Hairs
Hair
cell
Vestibule
Utricle
Saccule
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Nerve
fibers
Body movement
Figure 38.23
LIGHT
DARK
Photoreceptor
Ocellus
Visual
pigment
Ocellus
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Nerve to
brain
Screening
pigment
Compound Eyes
 Insects and crustaceans have compound eyes,
made of segments called ommatidia
 Compound eyes are very effective at detecting
movement
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 38.24
2 mm
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Invertebrate Eyes
Limpet ocellus
ommatidium
cuticle
epidermis
lens
Compound eye of a deerfly
sensory
neuron
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Land snail eye
Figures 35.13 & 35.14
Pages 608 & 609
Invertebrate Eyes
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Fig. 35-13d, p.608
Invertebrate Eyes
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Fig. 35-1,e, p.608
vitreous body
lens
cornea
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
retina
optic tract
Fig. 35-15, p.609
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Fig. 35-16, p.610
Figure 38.25aa
Sclera
Suspensory
ligament
Choroid
Retina
Fovea
Cornea
Iris
Optic
nerve
Pupil
Aqueous
humor
Lens
Vitreous humor
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Optic
disk
Central
artery and
vein of
the retina
Single-Lens Eyes
 iris changes pupil diameter
 Muscles change the shape of the lens (Visual
Accommodation) to focus image on retina
 Vision begins when photons strike the rods and
cones
 However, it is the brain that “sees”
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Pattern of Stimulation
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 35.18a
Page 611
a Light rays from an object converge on
the retina, form an inverted, reversed
image.
muscle contracted
b When a ciliary muscle contracts,
the lens bulges, bending the light
rays from a close object so that they
become focused on the retina.
close
object
slack fibers
muscle relaxed
c When the muscle relaxes, the lens
flattens, focusing light rays from a
distant object on the retina.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
distant
object
taut fibers
Fig. 35-18, p.611
Figure 38.25ab
Retina
Photoreceptors
Neurons
Optic
nerve
fibers
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Rod
Ganglion Bipolar Horizontal
cell
cell
cell
Amacrine
cell
Cone
Pigmented
epithelium
Figure 38.25ba
Rod
Synaptic
terminal
Cone
Rod
Cone
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Cell
body
Outer Disks
segment
Sensory Transduction in the Eye
 light induces the conversion of cis-retinal to transretinal
 Trans-retinal activates rhodopsin, which activates
a G protein, eventually leading to hydrolysis of cyclic
GMP
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 38.26
Light
Active
rhodopsin
EXTRACELLULAR
FLUID
INSIDE OF DISK
Phospho- Disk
diesterase membrane
Plasma
membrane
Inactive
rhodopsin
CYTOSOL
Transducin
GMP
Membrane
potential (mV)
0
Dark
cGMP
Na
Light
−40
−70
Hyperpolarization
Time
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Na
Color Vision
 Among vertebrates, most fish, amphibians, and
reptiles, including birds, have very good color vision
 Humans and other primates are among the minority
of mammals with the ability to see color well
 Mammals that are nocturnal usually have a high
proportion of rods in the retina
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Photoreceptors
 Rods
 Contain the pigment rhodopsin
 Detects dim light, changes in intensity
 Cones
 Three kinds; detect red, blue, or green
 Provide color sense
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Fovea and Optic Nerve
fovea
start of an
optic
nerve in
back of
the eyeball
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Fig. 35-22, p.613
Retina to Brain
optic
retina nerve
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
lateral
geniculate
nucleus
visual cortex
Figure 35.23
Page 613
(focal
point)
distant
object
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Nearsighted
Vs Farsighted
Fig. 35-24a, p.614
(focal
point)
close
object
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Nearsighted
Vs Farsighted
Fig. 35-24b, p.614
 humans perception of color is based on three types
of cones, each with a different visual pigment: red,
green, or blue
 These pigments are called photopsins and are
formed when retinal binds to three distinct opsin
proteins
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Abnormal color vision results from alterations in the
genes for one or more photopsin proteins
 The genes for the red and green pigments are
located on the X chromosome
 A mutation in one copy of either gene can disrupt
color vision in males
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
BEHAVIOR!!
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Pheromones
 Many animals communicate through chemical
substances called pheromones
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Animal Behavior - Types
2 Types of Behavior
Innate (Nature): instinct and genes determine
behavior
Learned (Nurture): experience and learning
influence behavior
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Animal Behavior - Types - Innate
Components of Innate Behavior
Fixed action pattern all or none response - once
started must be performed to completion
Sign stimulus (Releaser) - stimulus that causes
release of FAP
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 39.15
(a)
(b)
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 39.16a
(a) Worker bees
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 39.16c
(c) Waggle dance
(food distant)
A
30
C
B
Beehive
Location A
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Location B
Location C
Learned Behavior
 Habituation
 classical conditioning
 operant conditioning
 insight learning
 Imprinting
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 39.UN03
Imprinting
Learning
and
problem
solving
Cognition
Associative learning
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Spatial learning
Social learning
Habituation
The animal decreases or stops response to a
repetitive stimulus that neither rewards nor
harms it.
Example - a worm may stop responding a to
shadow if it neither hurts nor helps it
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Classical/Pavlovian Conditioning
The animal makes a mental connection between a
stimulus and some kind of reward or punishment.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Classical/Pavlovian Conditioning

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Classical/Pavlovian Conditioning
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Classical/Pavlovian Conditioning
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 39.19a
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 39.19b
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 39.19c
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Spatial Learning and Cognitive Maps
 Spatial learning learning the environment
 Niko Tinbergen showed how digger wasps use
landmarks to find nest entrances
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 39.18
Experiment
Nest
Pinecone
Results
Nest
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
No nest
Operant Conditioning
The animal learns to behave in a certain way
through repeated practice, in order to receive a
reward or avoid punishment.
also called trial-and-error learning.
First described by B. F. Skinner.
Know about Skinner and the “Skinner box.”
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Insight learning
Also called reasoning.
The animal applies prior knowledge to a new
situation, without trial and error.
 common in humans and other primates.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Imprinting
learning during a critical period during development
Once imprinting occurs, the behavior cannot be
changed.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 39.17
(a) Konrad Lorenz and geese
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
(b) Pilot and cranes
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Imprinting
Examples -
Many Birds learn that the first things they see move are their
parents
salmon learn their home stream’s scent as they swim
downstream
birds learn their song during a short critical period
(if a bird does not hear the proper song during this time it will
never learn it correctly)
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Imprinting
Sexual imprinting - Learning to recognize members
of one`s own species
- sometimes individuals raised by another species
will attempt to mate with foster species as adult
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Imprinting
Importance of understanding imprinting in
conservation biology must minimize/eliminate human presence while
raising endangered species for re-release
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 39.22
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 39.23
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 39.25
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 39.26
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.