Download Behavior-Pharm

Session
Term
1
Abolishing Operations
1
Applied Behavior Analysis vs
Experimental Analysis of Behavior
1
Avoidance behavior
1
Avoidance behavior: Pole jumping
1
Basic facts about drugs
1
Behavioral locus of drug action
1
Behavioral mechanisms responsible
for drug effects on behavior
1
Behavioral pharmacology
1
Behaviorism
1
Behaviorism: Radical vs
methodological
1
Chain Schedule
1
Concurrent Schedule (Conc)
1
Conditioned Motivative Operations
(CMO)
1
Conditioned Reinforcer (punisher)
1
CR
Answer
1. Decreases the reinforcing effectiveness of
some stimulus
2. Decreases the strength of the behavior that
has produced that stimulus in the past
Both use systematic manipulations and data
analysis of individual organisms.
ABA: Behaviors of social significance to the
person are investigated
EAB: Behaviors of no social significance of the
person are investigated
Avoidance behavior that is reinforced by the
postponement or avoidance of an aversive
stimulus (negative reinforcer).
1. It is a signaled avoidance procedure where
the rat can jump on a pole to escape/avoid
shock.
2. Antipsychotics disrupted avoidance behavior
but not escape behavior.
3. The assay was then used to find drugs that
had similar effects in the hope that they could
have antipsychotic effects.
1. Effects are time dependent
2. Effects are dose dependent
3. Can be toxic
4. Multiple effects
What behavior(s) are affected by a drug
What kind of stimulus properties a drug has.
For example, it may be a reinforcer, EO, AO,
CS, US, etc.
The marriage of behavior analysis and
pharmacology. The study of drug effects using
the methods of EAB.
Philosophy of behavior that assumes behavior
is a function of current and past environments
as well as genetics.
Radical behaviorism holds that all behavior,
public or private, is a legitimate target of study.
Methodological behaviorism only studies
observable (public) behavior.
Two or more schedules are presented
successively each with its own signal. A
reinforcer is given only at the end of the
sequence (FR10-FI1’-VR20-Reinforcer)
Two or more schedules are available
simultaneously that can be selected (choose to
work in workshop or watch TV)
Have the same effects that motivative
operations have, but the effects are due to a
conditioning history
A consequence that increases (or decreases)
the rate of behavior because it has been paired
with another reinforcer (or punisher)
Conditioned Response – a response elicited by
1
CS
1
Dependent Variable
1
Dependent variable in respondent
conditioning
1
Deprivation
1
Development of Behavioral
Pharmacology - Factors
1
Discriminated Operant
1
Discrimination
1
Discrimination Training
1
DRA
1
DRH
1
DRI
1
DRL
1
DRO
1
DRO: Momentary
a conditioned stimulus
Conditioned Stimulus – a neutral stimulus that
comes to elicit a conditioned response through
pairing with a US
Measure of behavior of interest
1. Latency
2. % of trials with CR
3. Magnitude (e.g., # drops of saliva)
Absence of reinforcer for a period of time,
thereby making that event more effective as a
reinforcer.
1. Drugs developed to treat mental illness and
behavior problems
2. Concerns with drug abuse
3. Concerns with chemical contamination
4. Development of EAB
Behavior that requires some "opportunity" or
specific antecedent to occur. Ex: in order to
follow directions, there must first be a direction
given.
Refers to a change in observed behavior when
antecedent stimulus is changed.
Reinforcing a behavior in the presence of some
stimulus and extinguishing (or punishing) the
behavior in the absence of the stimulus.
Differential Reinforcement of Alternative
Behavior. Reinforcer is delivered when a
response occurs for a fixed amount of time.
The response is chosen because it is an
alternative to the target behavior but not
necessarily incompatible.
Differential Reinforcement of High Rates of
Behaviors. Reinforcer is delivered for more
than a fixed number of responses in a time
period -or- Reinforcer is delivered after an IRT
less than some criterion amount of time. Used
to increasethe rate of behavior.
Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible
behavior. Reinforcer is delivered when a
response occurs for a fixed amount of time.
The response is chosen because it is
incompatible with the target behavior.
Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates of
Behavior. Reinforcer is delivered for no more
than a fixed number of responses in a time
period -or- Reinforcer is delivered after an IRT
greater than some criterion amount of time.
Used to decrease the rate of behavior.
Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior.
Reinforcer is delivered when a response does
not occur for a fixed (or varied in VDRO)
amount of time.
MDRO 5 min = observe person after 5
minutes, and if the decel target behavior is not
1
Establishing Operation
1
Experimental analysis of behavior
1
FI- Fixed Interval
1
FR-Fixed Ratio
1
FT- Fixed Time
1
Independent Variable
1
Mechanism of action
1
Mixed Schedule
1
Motivational Operation (2 effects)
1
Motivational operation: Distal
1
Motivational operation: Proximal
1
Multiple Schedule (Mult)
1
Negative Punisher
1
Negative Reinforcement
1
Negative Reinforcer
1
NS
1
Operant
occurring at the moment, then deliver some
stimulus.
1. Increases the reinforcing effectiveness of
some stimulus
2. Increases the strength of the behavior that
has produced that stimulus in the past
EAB: Behaviors of no social significance of the
person are investigated
1. Automated recording
2. Objective DV and IV
3. Within subject designs
4. Visual inspection of data
Reinforcer delivered after the first response
after a fixed amount of time has elapsed.
Produces a scalloped rate of responding.
Reinforcer delivered after fixed number of
responses. Produces steady, high rate of
response with pauses after reinforcement.
A stimulus is delivered after a fixed period of
time , irrespective of behavior.
Treatment or intervention
How a drug works – usually refers to the
neurotransmitters that are affected
Two or more independent schedules that are
presented successively but each does not
have its own signal. Independent schedules
are those that program their own schedule of
reinforcement. (Mix FR 10 FI 2')
1. Changes the reinforcing effectiveness of
some stimulus
2. Changes the strength of behavior that has
produced that stimulus in the past
An MO that is temporally removed from a
behavior - for example, several hours prior to
the behavior that is strengthened.
An MO that occurs close in time to a behavior
Two or more schedules that are presented
successively each with their own signal (1st
period has FR10 attention for tasks, 2nd period
with different teacher has Ext for task
completion = Mult FR 10 Ext)
Stimulus that when withdrawn after a behavior,
decreases the rate of the behavior. Note that
IRT will increase.
Process in which a stimulus is withdrawn after
a behavior, and the rate of the behavior
increases.
Stimulus that when withdrawn after a behavior,
increases the rate of the behavior. Note that
IRT will decrease.
Neutral Stimulus – stimulus that does not elicit
a response prior to conditioning
A collection of responses with a common effect
on the environment. Ex: child may do a variety
1
Operant Conditioning
1
Pavlov
1
Positive Punisher
1
Positive Reinforcement
1
Positive Reinforcer
1
Primary Reinforcer
1
Reflexive CMO
1
Resistance to extinction: Schedule
effects
1
Respondent (classical) Conditioning
1
Respondent Extinction
1
SD
1
S-delta
1
SDP
1
Skinner
1
Stimulus Control
1
Stimulus Generalization
1
Surrogate CMO
of things to obtain attention.
Kind of learning where a class of behavior is
modified by changing its consequences.
Developed procedures of respondent
conditioning. Promoted objective study of
digestive processes, and found that
conditioning occurred when stimuli were
paired.
A stimulus that when presented after a
behavior, decreases the rate of behavior. The
IRTs would increase.
Process in which a stimulus is presented after
a behavior and the rate of the behavior
increases. The IRTs would decrease.
Stimulus that when presented after a behavior,
increases the rate of the behavior. Note that
the IRT will decrease.
Reinforcer effective without previous
experience (food, water)
Have their effects because their presence
signals a "worsening" or "improvement" of
conditions. In the former, their offset is
reinforcing. In the latter, their offset is
punishing.
Extinction after dense schedules (FR 1): rapid.
Extinction after lean schedules (VR 100): slow
Kind of learning in which one stimulus is paired
with a second stimulus and, as a result, the
first comes to elicit the same or similar
response that the second elicits
Decrease in the strength of a CR as a result of
presenting the CS alone
Stimulus that 1. evokes a behavior 2. because
that behavior has been reinforced in the
presence of the stimulus.
A stimulus that 1. suppresses a behavior 2.
because that behavior has been extinguished
in the presence of the stimulus
Stimulus that 1. decreases or suppresses a
behavior 2. because that behavior has been
punished in the presence of the stimulus.
Developed EAB and concepts of radical
behaviorism.
The extent to which a behavior occurs when
the antecedent stimulus is presented. EX:
Mom has stimulus control over a child's
tantrums to the extent that the child tantrums in
the presence of mom, and does not tantrum in
her absence.
Effects of a contingency spread to stimuli not
yet associated with the contingency.
A surrogate CMO has its effect because of a
history of pairing with an MO, and these effects
mimic those of the MO.
1
Tandem Schedule
1
Thorndike
1
Transitive CMO
1
Two factor theory of avoidance
1
Unconditioned Reinforcer
1
UR
1
US
1
Variables that modulate drug effects
1
VI-Variable Interval
1
VR-Variable Ratio
1
VT- Variable Time
1
Watson
1
Zavaadski
Two or more schedules that are presented
successively, but there is no signal for each. A
reinforcer is given only at the end of the
sequence.
Used an apparatus called a puzzle box. Cats
were enclosed in the box, and he recorded the
latency of escape from the box to get fish. The
latency decreased over time.
Change the reinforcing value of some other
stimulus, and change the strength of behavior
that has produced that stimulus in the past.
1. An aversive stimulus is presented after
behavior. As a result, concomitant stimuli are
paired with the stimulus, and they become
aversive. These stimuli can involve responseproduced stimuli (e.g., proprioceptive stimuli)
or in signaled avoidance, some external
stimulus.
2. Any behavior that terminates the
conditioned aversive stimuli is automatically
reinforced. For example, in signaled
avoidance, behavior will be conditioned that
turns off the external stimulus.
A reinforcer that is effective without previous
experience. Ex: food, drinks
Unconditioned Response- response elicited by
an unconditioned stimulus
Unconditioned Stimulus – stimulus that elicits a
behavior w/o any history.
Any variable that will affect the action of a drug.
The following are some variables:
1. Dose
2. Kinetics
3. Body weight
4. Kinds of stimuli used in the study
Reinforcement delivered after the first
response after an average amount of time has
elapsed. Produces a steady, medium rate of
response with little pausing.
Reinforcement delivered after average number
of responses. Produces a steady, very high
rate of response with brief, if any, pauses after
reinforcement
A reinforcer is delivered after a variable
amount of time (average) irrespective of
behavior.
Rejected mentalism of his day, and promoted
objective study of behavior. Appealed to
antecedent events, and was therefore
associated with S-R psychology.
Studied the effects of caffeine on respondent
conditioning.