Download 102. animals 103. daphnia 104. hydra 105. planaria

102. animals
- multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophs
103. daphnia
- microscopic animal, Phylum = Arthropoda
- eat (with mouth) = plankton, algae, bacteria, yeast
- reproduction = asexual (parthenogenesis) & sexual (male/female)
- bilateral symmetry
104. hydra
- microscopic animal, Phylum = Cndiaria
- eats = daphnia, cyclops, algae, plankton
- reproduction = asexual (budding) and sexual (sperm/egg released in water)
- hermaphrodites,able to regenerate, polyp shape, 1-12 tentacles
- nematocysts = use to sting
- radial symmetry
105. planaria
- microscopic worm, Phylum = Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)
- eats (uses pharynx) = dead things
- reproduction = asexual (regeneration), sexual (internal fertilization)
- hermaphrodites
- able to regenerate, 1st animal with a head and eyespots
106. sexual reproduction
- sperm fertilizes egg, can be internal or external
- can happen with male/female or hermaphrodites
107. asexual reproduction
- single parent produces offspring that are genetically identical to itself
108. fragmentation (asexual)
- the parent breaks into pieces and each piece can develop into an adult animal
(sponges)
109. budding (asexual)
- offspring develops as a growth on the body of the parent
(hydra)
110. regeneration (asexual)
- regrowing a new organism from a lost body part
(planaria)
111. parthenogenesis (asexual)
- a female animal produces eggs that develop without being fertilized
(daphnia)
112. hermaphrodite
- animals that produce both sperm and egg
- generally produce sperm and egg at different times so another individual of
the same species is needed for sexual reproduction
113. internal fertilization
- sperm and egg combine inside the animal’s body
114. external fertilization
- sperm and egg combine outside the animal’s body
- requires an aquatic environment for the sperm to swim
115.
invertebrate
- 95% - 99% of all animals, includes 8/9 phyla
- animals without backbones
- many have an exoskeleton
116.
exoskeleton
- hard or tough outer coverings that provide support for some animals
- shed and grow new
117. vertebrate
- animals with endoskeletons and backbones
- all are in Phylum Chordata (birds, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, mammals)
118. endoskeleton
- internal skeletons
119. asymmetry
- animals have an irregular shape, no symmetry or balance among body structures
(Porifera: sponges)
120. radial symmetry
- animals can be divided along any plane through a central axis into roughly
equal halves
(Cnidarians: hydra, jellyfish)
121. bilateral symmetry
- animals can be divided into mirror image halves only along one plane through
the central axis
- animals have a gut to digest food: 1. sac 2. tube
1. sac = 1 opening for food and waste
2. tube = 2 openings: 1 for food, 1 for waste
(Examples: Worms, Arthropods, Chordates)
122.
cephalization
- animals with a head and tail
- tendency to concentrate nervous tissue and sensory organs at the head
123. posterior
- tail end
124.
anterior
- head end
125.
dorsal
- backside of animals with bilateral symmetry
126.
ventral
- underside or belly of animals with bilateral symmetry
127.
coelom
(coelomates)
- fluid-filled body cavity, lines and encloses the organs
- most animals with bilateral symmetry have this = people, insects, fishes
128.
pseudocoelom
(pseudocoelomates)
- fluid-filled body cavity, not as developed as a coelom
- limits tissue, organ, and system development
129. acoelom (acoelomates)
- no coelom: solid bodies without a fluid-filled body cavity between
the gut and the body wall
130. Phylum Porifera (sponges)
- 1st animals, over 9,000 species, sessile (adults do not move)
- hermaphrodites, asymmetry
- no tissues, no organs, no nervous system
- able to regenerate
- reproduction = asexual (fragmentation, budding, gemmules)
- reproduction = sexual (most are hermaphrodites and most common)
- filter feeders, digestion of nutrients takes place within each cell
- habitat for other animals, beneficial to humans
131. Phylum Cnidarians
(sea anemone, hydra, & jellyfish)
-
1st animals to move, over 9000 species
most are hermaphrodites, radial symmetry
simple nervous system
uses nematocysts to sting and prey
digestion takes place in gastrovascular cavity
no blood vessels, no respiratory system, no excretory organs
reproduction = asexully (budding during the polyp stage)
reproduction = sexually (male and females release sperm and egg)
polyp shape = hydra, medusa shape = adult jellyfish
132. Phylum Platyhelminthes (flat worms)
- 1st animals to have a head (cephalization)
- ~20,000 species, examples: planaria, tapeworms
- hermaphrodites, bilateral symmetry
- no heart, no blood vessels, no blood
- simple nervous system, brain, and eyespots
- reproduction = asexual (regeneration)
- reproduction = sexual (must mate, internal fertilization, fencing)
- many are parasites (tape worm)
- 1 body opening (food and waste)
- takes in oxygen through skin, no formal respiratory system
133. Phylum Annelids (earth worms, leeches)
- segmented worms, ~11,000 species, most live in the sea
- hermaphrodites, bilateral symmetry
- bristles on each segment called setae (help them move)
- eats dirt, digests plant and animal matter and eliminates the rest
crop (stores food)
gizzard (grinds the food down)
- esophagus
intestines (food passes and gets nutrients) anus (waste comes out)
- nervous system with a simple brain and nerve cord
- has blood and blood vessels with multiple (5) hearts
- no respiratory organ = takes in oxygen directly through its skin and gives off CO2
- Its skin is always moist, able to regenerate
- reproduction = sexual: eggs must be fertilized by the sperm of another worm,
lays a batch of eggs at one time
- waste helps fertilize the soil
134. Phylum Nematoda (roundworms/parasites)
- ~ 20,000 species
- bilateral symmetry
- definite digestive system that runs the length of their bodies
- pharynx, intestine and anus
- about ½ are parasites and live off other animals and plants
- simple nervous system
- no heart, no blood vessels, no respiratory organ
- takes in oxygen directly through its skin and gives off CO2
- skin is always moist
- reproduction = sexual = female / male, internal
- pseudocoelomate
- cylindrical
- most are < 1mm in length
- found in marine and fresh H2O, land
135. Phylum Mollusca
- ~110,000 species
- coelomates (fluid-filled body cavity)
- habitats = marine, fresh water, moist land
- foot = muscle, used for movement
- mantle = outer membrane, surrounds organs, makes CaCO3 (shell)
- digestive tract = 2 openings, stomach, intestine, digestive glands
- many have a radula = tongue-like with rows of teeth
- many help clean water/ecosystems
- aquatic mollusks = take in water, get O2 from water
- land mollusks = remove O2 from the air
- circulatory system = heart
- slow movers = open circ. system, blood pumped open spaces
- fast movers = closed circ. system, blood pumped through vessels
- nervous system = some have brains (octopus), most have eyes (detect light)
- bilateral symmetry
- reproduction = sexual: male/female, external fertilization,
sperm/egg released into water at same time
- 3 groups = 1. bivalves
2. gastropods
3. cephalopods
Examples = clam, oyster, mussel, scallop, nudibranch, octopus, bivalve, whelk, conch,
snail, slug, periwinkle, limpet, nautilus, cuttlefish
136. Phylum Arthropods
- 70% - 85% of all animals
- segmented bodies
- exoskeletons = made of nonliving material (chitin), molting (shedding)
- jointed appendages
- bilateral symmetry
- need oxygen = 1. gills 2. tracheal tubes 3. book lungs
- reproduction = most species have males/females, most reproduce sexually
exception = barnacles (hermaphrodites)
- metamorphosis = series of major changes from larval to adult form
larva
pupa adult
most insects = eggs
- different types of
1. mouths and ways to eat
2. eyes
3. antennae
4. wings
5. exoskeletons (thickness varies)
6. legs
Examples:
daphnia, crabs, lobsters, copepods,beetles, praying mantis, butterflies,ants, flies,
bees, spiders