Download Verb Tense and Active and Passive Voice (G#4) Presentation

Verb Tense and Voice (Grammar #4)
TONIGHT’S HOMEWORK
(1) Complete prewriting, outline, and first draft
of cause / effect essay, submit on MyHCC
/ Canvas and to a tutor, and bring a printout next Thursday;
VERB TENSE
AND VOICE
(2) begin Grammar #4 (verb tenses and voice),
due Thursday, Feb. 16, on Canvas; AND
(LBCH, pp. 204-222
and 224-227)
(3) review LBCH pp. 27-33 and 38-39
VERBS
• Action verbs: show action
(run, play, sit, stare, think, love)
• Linking verbs: show existence; work
like an equals sign (=) (am, is, are, was,
were, seems, becomes, feels)
• Helping verbs: go with a main verb
(action or linking) to change the tense
(am, is, are, was, were, has, have, had, will,
do, does, did)
1. The infinitive – to swim, to go, to run
(the PRESENT tense plus “to,” a.k.a. the “plain form”)
2. The past tense – swam, went, ran
3. The present participle – (to be/am/is/are/was/
were) swimming, (am…) going, (am…) running
(the “-ing” form)
4. The past participle – (have/has/had) swum,
(have/has/had) gone, (have/has/had) run
Infinitive Form
An infinitive is a verb form that
follows the word “to.”
It may be used as a noun, an adjective,
or an adverb—but never a verb!
Noun
To go often is his goal.
Adjective
Her willingness to study results in
good grades.
Adverb
The piano is hard to play.
A participle is a form of a verb that can be
used as part of a verb, as an adjective, or
as a noun.
There are two kinds of participles:
1. Present participles end in -ing.
2. Past participles usually end in -ed, -en,
-d, -t, or -n.
p. 209
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Verb Tense and Voice (Grammar #4)
Examples: Present Participle (-ing)
REMEMBER:
A PARTICIPLE needs a helping
verb (am, was, had, etc.) to act as a verb.
An “-ing” verb can NEVER stand
alone as a verb!
(Sometimes the past tense and past participle are
the same form, so those words can stand alone.)
John is hoping for a part in the
school play.
Joey will be playing the part
of Captain Lewis.
Cheating can get a student expelled.
The singing children marched onto the stage.
Examples: Past Participle
(usually -ed, -en, -d, -t, or -n)
Beth and Mary have been chosen
for the team.
The boy appeared lost
and frightened.
Liz handled the fight at the bar like a pro
because she had taught karate years ago.
Biff had will have placed his first bet…
Marty and Doc never had have had brought…
https://youtu.be/kLnCcIFGjNk
Each form combines with helping verbs to
create different TENSES showing that things
are happening at different times.
helping verb + form of main verb = verb tense
--
infinitive (minus “to”)
present
--
past
past
will
infinitive (minus “to”)
future
(am, is, are,
was, were)
present participle
___ progressive
(have/has/had)
past participle
____ perfect
English has twelve tenses.
We will cover nine
(pp. 217-218).
HINT: A one-word verb means a oneword tense (present or past).
1. The dog runs.
present
2. The dog ran.
past
s no s
BUT “will” plus one word is future.
3. The dog will run.
future
2
Verb Tense and Voice (Grammar #4)
PRESENT tense
Most verbs are REGULAR in the
PRESENT tense. They add “-s” (or “-es”).
Present tense – now/always:
The boy uses Facebook.
SINGULAR
to eat
The present tense uses the “plain”
form of the verb, which is the
infinitive form without the word
“to.” It adds an “s” for third
person singular.
PLURAL
1ST PERSON
I eat
We eat
2ND
PERSON
You eat
You eat
3RD
PERSON
He/she/it eats
They eat
Notice that the present-tense verb changes only for
third-person singular (he, she, or it).
LBCH pp. 208 and 217-218
In the PRESENT tense only a few
verbs are IRREGULAR. They DO
NOT just add “-s” (or “-es”).
.
SINGULAR
PLURAL
to be
have
1ST PERSON I have
am
We are
have
2ND PERSON You have
are
You are
have
RD
3 PERSON He/she/it is
has They are
have
(Remember that the s no s rule applies only if
the subject is third-person singular [he, she, or it].)
Past tense – before now:
The boy used YouTube yesterday.
The past tense uses
the past form of
the verb.
LBCH pp. 204-206
PAST tense
Many verbs are also REGULAR in the
PAST tense. They add “-ed.”
to call
1ST PERSON
2ND PERSON
3RD PERSON
SINGULAR
I called
PLURAL
We called
You called
You called
He/she/it called They called
Notice that the past-tense verb is the same for first-,
second-, and third-person singular and plural.
LBCH pp. 208-209 and 217-218
However, many verbs are IRREGULAR in
the PAST tense. They DO NOT add “-ed” but
make the past tense in different ways.
to teach
fall
1ST
PERSON
2ND
PERSON
3RD
PERSON
SINGULAR
PLURAL
I taught
fell
taught
You fell
He/she/it fell
taught
We taught
fell
You taught
fell
taught
They fell
Still, the past-tense verb is the same for first-, second-,
and third-person singular and plural. It’s just not “-ed.”
LBCH pp. 204-206
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Verb Tense and Voice (Grammar #4)
PROGRESSIVE tenses tell of events that
p. 217
continue over time.
Present progressive tense –
Future tense – has not happened yet:
The boy will use Twitter tomorrow.
The boy shall use Twitter tomorrow.
The future tense uses “will” or “shall”
before the plain form of the verb (the
infinitive without “to”).
now and continuing
into the future:
The boy is using Facebook every day.
Past progressive tense –
started in past and continued for
some time but not into the present:
The boy was using his computer too much.
start in future and continue
Future progressive tense – will
for some time:
The boy will be using the computer much
less often when his parents see his grades!
PROGRESSIVE tenses =
“to be” + PRESENT PARTICIPLE (-ing)
The helping verb (was/were, is/am/are, will be)
determines past, present, or future progressive.
PERFECT tenses tell of events that
happen before something else happens.
Present perfect tense –
started in the past
and continues now:
The boy has used Twitter for years.
The dog is howling at a cat.
He was chewing the furniture last night.
He will be going to live on a farm if he
doesn’t improve his behavior!
p. 217
Past perfect tense –
started and ended before
something else in the past:
The boy had used Facebook before Twitter existed.
Future perfect tense –
will happen between now and the time
that something else starts in the future:
The boy will have used many sites before he will
finish his homework.
p. 217
Faulty Tense Shift
PERFECT tenses =
“to have” + PAST PARTICIPLE
The helping verb (had, has/have, will have)
determines past, present, or future perfect.
The dog has had fleas for five years.
He had gone to college before he
started his business.
I will have gone to school for four
months before we get a vacation.
p. 217
Formal college essays in many subjects are
written in present tense. Use other tenses
only when things happen at different times.
If things are happening at the same time, do
not change tense! This is called a “faulty
tense shift.”
To avoid faulty tense shifts, take a second look
at the verbs throughout your essays. Do they
have helping verbs? Generally, none of them
should unless they tell of something that is
happening at a different time.
pp. 219-220
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Verb Tense and Voice (Grammar #4)
Avoid Nonstandard Verb Forms
Participles
Helping verbs like “have/has/had” or “am/is/
are/was/were” have to pair with participles.
Most participles end in “-ing” or “-ed.”
In other words, a helping verb is (almost) never
followed by a present-tense form.
Example: The instructions had confused the students.
Also, only participles can be used as adjectives.
Present-tense verbs cannot.
Example: The overworked students seemed tired.
pp. 208-211
ACTIVE AND PASSIVE
VOICES
would have (would’ve)
I would of liked to get burgers for dinner.
should have (should’ve)
I shoulda let you go.
could have (could’ve)
I could of had a V-8!
used to
He use to make bad grades before he got tutoring.
supposed to
I am suppose to take ENC 1102 in the summer.
HINT: Words like “would” and “should” are helping verbs, so they
need to be followed by another verb. “Of” is a preposition, not a verb.
Active and Passive Voices
active voice = subject performs the action:
• Jerry beat the eggs with a fork.
(LBCH pp. 224-227)
passive voice = subject receives the action:
• The eggs were beaten with a fork
by Jerry.
Active and Passive Voices
Active and Passive Voices
Use the passive voice ONLY when:
HINT: The passive voice often uses the
preposition “by.”
• The eggs were beaten with a
fork by Jerry.
a. you don’t know who did the action
b. you don’t want to point a finger at
the culprit
1.
2.
President Kennedy was shot in
Dallas today.
The toilet seat was left up.
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Verb Tense and Voice (Grammar #4)
How might you improve the
following sentence? HINT: Simplify!
How might you improve the following
sentence?
HINT: Simplify!
The
disk drive of the
Better:
Best:
computer
was surge
The
Theelectrical
electrical
surge
damaged
by
the
disk
damaged thethe
electrical
surge.
drive
of the
computer's
disk
computer.
drive.
The
Better:
Best:
decision that
was
Thereached
committee
by
the
reached
decided
committee
to
the
was
decision
postpone
to postpone
to
the
the
postpone
vote.
vote. the
vote.
Purdue University Writing Lab
Purdue University Writing Lab
Grammar #4: Verb Tense and Voice
Complete the entire exercise on Canvas before the deadline.
Part I: Start the paragraph in PAST TENSE. Change tense only when
something happens at a different time.
At my grandparents’ house one morning, I [wake] up
before anyone else and quietly [grabbed] the fishing
pole and [head] for the pond.
Part II: Indicate if the sentence is in ACTIVE or PASSIVE voice.
HINT: Find the verb, and then ask yourself, “Who or what is doing the
_______ing (the action of the verb)?”
1. Researchers earlier showed that high stress
can cause heart attacks. A. active B. passive
2. The prom king and queen were chosen by
A. active
B. passive
secret ballot.
3. The names of the contest winners were posted
outside the cafeteria last week.
A. active
BRING ONE PRINTOUT OF
THE FIRST DRAFT OF
YOUR CAUSE / EFFECT
ESSAY TO OUR NEXT
CLASS FOR SMALLGROUP DISCUSSIONS!
B. passive
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