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Weather
Weather 101 Video from National Geographic 3:19
Weather Vocabulary
1.
Atmosphere – the blanket of air surrounding earth
2.
Troposphere – the layer of air closest to earth’s surface
3.
Stratosphere – most of the earth’s ozone is here, air is
very dry so clouds are rare
4.
Mesosphere – coldest layer, meteorites break apart here
5.
Thermosphere – five times as deep as all other layers
combined, hottest layer
What factors interact to cause weather?
 Heat energy, air pressure, winds, and
moisture
 Almost all the earth’s energy comes from
radiant energy (the sun).
 Radiant energy is called radiation
 The atmosphere helps warm the earth by
absorbing, storing, and recycling the
sun’s radiant energy.
Blue books pages 12-13
Textbook pages 398-399
How is heat transferred?
 The
sun’s energy that is absorbed by the
earth is spread throughout the
atmosphere in 3 basic ways:
 Conduction
 Convection
 Radiation
Textbook pages 578-586
Weather Vocabulary page 579
6. Heat
– the transfer of thermal energy between objects with
different temperatures
7. System
– a group of separate elements that work together
to accomplish something
8. Conduction
– the transfer of heat from one object directly
to another
9. Convection
– the transfer of heat through the movement of
a gas or a liquid
10.Radiation
– the transfer of energy by means of waves that
move through matter and space
11.Reflection
– the bouncing of heat or light off an object
Greenhouse effect – process in
which carbon dioxide and other
gases in the atmosphere absorb
infrared radiation from the sun,
forming a “heat blanket” around the
earth.
12.
What is the Greenhouse Effect?
 What

are infrared rays?
Can’t be seen but you feel them as
heat
 Can’t
pass through the atmosphere into
space
 CO2
and other gases absorb these rays
a form the heat blanket
 What
happens to a car on a sunny
day?
are other examples of the
Greenhouse effect?
•Acid rain and greenhouse gas
 What
Weather book pages 14-16
What is the Greenhouse Effect?
CO2 is produced
by burning fossil
fuels
(coal, oil, and
natural gas)
 Areas
Infrared rays are
absorbed by CO2
and gases and
TRAPS the heat
Temperatures at
the earth’s surface
increase
at or near the equator receive the most radiant
energy and have the highest temperatures.
What are temperature variations of the Earth?
13. Thermometer – instrument used to measure
temperature, a thin glass tube with a bulb at the end
that is filled with either mercury or alcohol
14. temperature – the degree of heat present in an
object, and shown by a thermometer. It is measured in
units call degrees, scientists use the Celsius scale,
freezing point of water is 0 degrees and boiling point of
water is 100 degrees Celsius.
 How
does the position of the earth determine temperature?
Seasons and the Sun: Crash Course for Kids 3:56
Weather book pages 17-18
Textbook page 400
Weather Vocabulary
– measure of the
force of air pressing down on the
earth’s surface
16. Barometer – instrument used to
measure air pressure
The History of a Barometer
15. Air pressure
What is the relationship between
 Density: density of air and air pressure?

Mass is how
much
matter is in
an object.

Denser air has more MASS than less dense air

Denser air exerts more air pressure against the earth’s surface than less
dense air
Air Pressure:

Air pressure depends on the density of air

Greater the density, greater the air pressure

Air pressure is affected by 3 factors:
1. Temperature
2.
Water vapor
3.
Elevation
How Heavy is Air?
Weather book pages 19-21
Textbook page 399
Location is everything!
Cold location
Warm location

high temperatures

“stormy weather”

moist air

lower air pressure

less dense air
High elevation

low temperatures

low temperatures

dryer air

air is thinner
higher air pressure  lower air pressure
 less dense air
 more dense air

Vocab Assignment #1
Weather Vocabulary
Local winds – movements of air that result from
local changes in temperature
18. Sea breeze – flow of air from the sea to the land
19. Land breeze – flow of air from the land to the sea
20. Monsoon - a seasonal wind, during part of
the year, it blows from the land to the ocean,
during the rest of the year, it blows from the
ocean to the land and brings in warm, moist
air, with huge amounts of rain
17.
What are the different types of local winds?
1.
2.
Sea Breeze

Blows from the sea to the land

During the day

Warm air over the land rises

Cooler air over the sea moves inland
Land Breeze

Blows from the land to the sea

At night

Warm air over the sea rises

Cooler air over the land moves out to
sea
Weather book pages 22-23
Textbook page 401
Section 1-3 Winds

Local and global winds are caused by difference in air pressure due to
unequal heating of the atmosphere

The name of the wind tells you the direction from which the wind came
from

Local winds

They blow from any direction & cover a short distance
1.
Sea Breeze -flow of air from sea to land
2.
Land breeze -flow of air from land to sea (off-shore breeze)
3.
Monsoon –seasonal wind

Part of the year => blows land to ocean

Other parts of the year => blows ocean to land and brings warm,
moist air, rainy season, warm temps, & huge amounts of rain

Common to Asia and very important to farmers
Weather Vocabulary
21.
22.
Prevailing winds – global winds that blow constantly from the same direction
Coriolis effect – shift in wind direction caused by the rotation of the earth
(Northern winds curve right, Southern winds curve left)
23.
Doldrums – surface winds located at the equator that are quite calm
24.
Trade winds – moves back toward the equator, warm, steady winds, great for travel
25.
Prevailing westerlies – cool, sinking air that moves toward the North & South
poles, travels west to east, strong winds
26.
Polar easterlies – extremely cold air flowing toward the equator from the poles,
travels east to west
27.
Jet stream – a narrow belt of strong, high-speed, high pressure air, flows from west
to east at altitudes above 12 km (7 miles)
28. Anemometer –
29.
a weather instrument that is used to measure wind speed
Wind/ weather vane – a weather instrument that is used to measure wind direction
What are global winds?

Global Winds
 Blow from a specific direction and for long distances
 Temps near the poles is lower, cooler air sinks & moves to
equator
 Temps near equator is higher, warm air rises & moves to poles
 4 types of global winds
1. Doldrums
2. Trade winds
3. Prevailing westerlies
4. Polar easterlies
Weather book pages 24-28
Textbook page 402
1.
2.
Doldrums

Located at the equator

Calm, weak, or no winds

Receives the most radiant energy
3.
Trade Winds
Prevailing Westerlies

located 40° to 60° latitude

30° north & south of the equator

very strong winds

Sky is clear, few clouds, little rain,
winds are warm and steady


“Horse latitudes”
cool sinking wind headed towards
north & south poles


Airplanes use these winds to
increase speed & save fuel from east
to west
Early sailors used these winds to sail
to the New World
4.
Polar Easterlies

located 60° to 90° latitude

Cold but weak winds

Travel from the east to west
Coriolis Effect
Causes
the winds to
curve!
Earth rotates west to
east
Winds in northern
hemisphere curve right
Winds in the southern
hemisphere curve left
Jet Stream
Narrow
belt of
strong, high powered,
high pressure air
Flows west to east at
high altitudes
Airplanes can use it
to increase speed and
save fuel
Weather Vocabulary #30-35 , Science textbook, page
408-412
Obj. What conditions affect the water cycle?
30. Water cycle: the process in which water continuously moves from
Earth’s surface into the atmosphere and back again
31. Evaporation – process by which radiant energy turns water into
water vapor (gas)
32.
condensation: the process of a gas changing into a liquid
33.
Humidity: a measurement of the amount of water vapor in the air
34. Precipitation – water that falls from the atmosphere as rain, sleet,
snow, or hail
35. Rain gauge – instrument used to measure rainfall
36. Relative humidity – percentage of moisture in the air at a
particular temperature
37. Psychrometer – instrument used to measure relative humidity
38. Cumulus clouds: look like fluffy, white, cotton balls with
flat bottoms. They indicated fair weather.
39: stratus clouds: smooth, gray clouds that cover the whole
sky and block out the sun and bring light rain and drizzle
40. Cirrus clouds: feathery clouds that are formed at very
high altitudes. They are made of ice crystals and often
indicate that rain or snow will fall within several hours.
41: Cumulonimbus clouds: Cumulus clouds that are large and
dark on the bottom that produce thunderstorms
Section 1-4 Moisture in the Air

When the relative humidity is 100%, the air is saturated and cannot hold anymore
water!

Clouds


Dew point-the temperature at which water vapor condenses

Clouds form when moisture in the air condenses on dust or other solids in the air
4 types of Precipitation:


rain, sleet, snow, or hail
3 main types of clouds:
1. Cumulus
2. Stratus
3. Cirrus
Cloud video
BrainPop Video
StudyJams slide
show
42. Air mass – large body of air with
uniform properties throughout
43. Front – boundary that forms when
two air masses with different properties
meet
•Science Textbook, Lesson 3, How can Patterns in
Weather Be Observed? Page 414-421 only!
Studyjams – Air masses and fronts
What are Weather fronts?
Four Types of Fronts
44. Cold
Front
Mass of cold air pushes under a mass
or warm air
 Violent storms then fair cool
weather
 Moves south & east
46. Occluded
Front
A cold front overtakes a warm front
 Less extreme weather than a cold or
warm front
 Moves east
45. Warm
Front
Mass of warm air moves over a mass
of cold air
 Rain then hot & humid weather
 Moves north & northeast
47.
Stationary
Front
A mass of warm air meets a mass of
cold air & no movement occurs
 Rains for many days
Section 1-5 Weather Patterns
 Two
properties of air
masses:
1. Temperature
2. Humidity
 Four
main types of air
masses in the US:
1.
Maritime tropical
2.
Maritime polar
3.
Continental tropical
4.
Continental polar
48. Meteorologists – interpret weather information
from local weather observers, balloons, satellites, and
weather stations around the world
Weather 101 for Kids!
Hurricanes

A cyclone (low pressure area with rising warm air) that forms over
tropical oceans

up to 600 miles across, winds at speeds 75-200 mph, moves at 10-20 mph

gathers heat and energy through contact with warm ocean waters
Tornadoes

violent, funnel shaped cloud, develops in low, heavy cumulonimbus
clouds

capable of tremendous destruction with wind speeds of up to 300 mph
Tsunami

large ocean wave usually caused by an underwater earthquake or a
volcanic explosion (NOT tidal waves)

On average, 2 tsunamis occur per year throughout the world

Approximately every 15 years a destructive, ocean-wide tsunami occurs