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Florence:WithandWithouttheMedici DrSunnieEvers February28,2017 Lecture8:RepublicanresurgenceandtheReturnoftheMedici Outline Botticelli,MysticalNativity,1500,NGA,London Anonymous,DeathofSavonarola,late15thcentury,Florence,SanMarco Michelangelo,David,1501-04,Accademia,Florence:(prophetofChrist’scoming, ancestorofChrist,Christ-type[triumphoverGoliathprefiguresChrist’s triumphoverevil],tyrantslayer,defenderofrepublicanliberty;nameDavid means“strongofhand”),marble,14’3”,almost17feettallwithbase;moved totheAccademiain1873andreplacedbyacopyin1882. Michelangelo,StudyforabronzeDavid“copy”ofDonatello’sbronzeDavid, drawing,Paris,Louvre,1501;commissionedin1502byPierredeRohan, commanderoftheFrenchforcesinItaly;inscribedDavictechollafromba/e iochollarcho/Michelagniolo: “Davidwiththesling,andIwiththebow,Michelangelo” BernardinoPoccetti,ViewoftheCathedralshowingDonatello’s3xlife-size terracottastatueofJoshua,of1410onthenorthtribune[paintedwhitein 1411/12,nowlost] Dioscuri(twinsorhorsetamers),PiazzadelQuirinale,Rome,Romancopiesof Greekoriginals,5thor6thcenturiesBC. ColossalConstantine(fragments),CapitolineMuseum,Rome,c.330AD. Antinous,Siena,2ndcenturyAD. Michelangelo,StProculus,ShrineofSaintDominic,SanDomenico,Bologna, 1495 Caracalla(211-17AD),marblebust,Naples,MuseoNazionale,3rdcenturyAD. Vasari,EntryofLeoXintoFlorencein1515,fresco,SaladiLeoX,Palazzo Vecchio,Florence,1560;showsontheringhiera(rostrum)Michelangelo’s DavidandtheMarzoccoorsymboliclionofFlorence;alsoshowsthe temporaryHerculesbyBaccioBandinelliintheeastarchofthePriors’Loggia (LoggiadeiLanzi)madeofstucco,17’8”tallandpaintedabronzecolor, commissionedbyLeoX,aswellasDonatello’sJudithandHolofernesinthe westarch(installedin1506afterbeingdisplacedbyMichelangelo’sDavid.) Michelangelo,StMatthew,1503-08,unfinished,Accademia,Florence; commissionedbyOperadelDuomoaspartof12apostlesforthechoirofthe cathedral. Michelangelo,DoniTondo(HolyFamilywithJohntheBaptist),c.1503-05,Uffizi; reverse:unknownartist,ScenesfromtheStoryofDeucalianandPyrrhafrom OvidMetamorphoses–survivorsofthegreatfloodandrepopulatedtheworld bythrowingstonesovertheirshoulders. commissionedbyAgnoloandMaddalenaStrozziDonitocelebratetheir marriageor,morelikely,thebirthoftheirfirstchild,GiovanniBattista. Contemporaryhumanistsdescribedthefamilyasthemicrocosmoftheideal State.Circularframe–referencetobirthplatters(deschidaparto)andthe idealformandcosmos.Threeages:paganantiquity–OT-NT Christ-childisHerculean Virgin=symboloftheChurch Newlifeandregeneration WordforgiftsinItalian=doni Variedinterpretationsofthebackground: Paganworld Angels Shepherds Athletes Virtues Neoplatonisdivineenergies SonsofNoah Heathens Contemporarypersonalinterpretation(Doni’slostseveralchildrenbefore Giovanniwasborn:unbaptized:AntoninoPierozzi,archbishopofFlorence, whodiedin1459,claimedthatunbaptizedbabieswouldberesurrectedwith thefullbodyofa33year-oldandwouldexperienceneitherpainnorglory. Savonarola:“Originalsinisnot,assomebelieve,astainoraninfection corruptinghumannature....Letussayagainthatthosewhodiedin...original sin...willhavealltheperfectionswhichnaturallypertaintohumannature, thatistheknowledgeofnaturalthings...andallthehappinesswhichman canenjoy....Godwillbestowonthemsomethingsuper-natural,likebodily immortalityandimpassibility....Andeventhoughwebelievethattheirsouls areinLimbo,theywillnotsufferanypain...;butaftertheResurrection,I maintain,intheabsenceofajudgmentbytheHolyChurch(Ihavenotfound anyexplicitdeclarationonthesubject),thattheywilldwellupontheEarth, whichshallbepurifiedandglorified...aboveallbecausecorporalpainisnot aconsequenceoforiginalsin,onlythedeprivationofthevisionofGod:and thiswouldnotbepossible,iftheyaredeprivedofthevisionofboththesun andthemostbeautifulnaturalbodies,thosethingswhichmanbynature wantsmosttosee.” Leonardo,Virgin,ChildandStAnne,cartoon,1501,NGALondon Leonardo,Virgin,ChildandStAnne,1505,Louvre Raphael,PortraitsofAgnoloandMaddalenaDoni,1506,Uffizi Raphael,MadonnaoftheMeadow,1505,oilonpanel,Vienna;commissionedby Florentinemerchant,TaddeoTaddei. InfluenceofLeonardo HighRenaissanceclassicism Michelangelo,TaddeiTondo(VirginandChildwithStJohn),c.1505,Royal Academy,London Michelangelo,BrugesMadonna,1505(senttoFlandersin1506) ByzantinePlatyteratype:incarnation 1498PieroSoderiniwaselectedGonfaloniereforlife;PalazzoVecchio remodeled;additionofGreatCouncilHall(Hallofthe500),modeledafterthat inVenice. FraBartolomeo,StAnneAltarpiece,1510-12,(unfinished),Florence,San Marco;commissionedbytheSignoriafortheSaladelGranConsiglio,Palazzo Vecchio. Freedomfromtyranny:expulsionofWalterofBrienne,Dukeof AthensoccurredonFeastDayofStAnne,1343 Rubens(afterLeonardo),CentralSectionofBattleofAnghiari,TheBattlefor theStandard,c.1603,Paris,Louvre Leonardo,studyforBattleofAnghiari,drawing,1503,Venice,Accademia Michelangelo(1542copyafterbySebastianodaSangallo?),BattleofCascina, commissioned1504,England,LordLeicestercollection 1512Giovannide’MedicibecomesPopeLeoX referencetoMarzocco reinstallsMedicicoatsofarmsthroughoutcityofFlorence 1512ReturnoftheMediciwiththesupportofthepapacy(LeoX)andSpain. 1513Giulianode’Medici,DukeofNemours,CaptainofPapaltroopsand3rd sonofLorenzoilMag,takescharge–dies1515 1513publicationofMachiavelli’sThePrince,dedicatedtoLorenzode’Medici 1515triumphantentryofLeoXintoFlorence 1515Lorenzo,DukeofUrbino,CaptainoftheFlorentinetroopsandsonof PierotheGoutytakescharge;dies1519(Medicihopesdashed) 1519CardinalGiuliode’Medici(futureClementVII,elected1524)assumes control 1523IppolitoandAlessandro(bothillegitimate)leftinchargeofFlorence, supervisedbyCardinalPasserini,whowasdespisedbecausehecame fromCortona 1527SackofRome>FlorentinesexpelledtheMedici 1529SiegeofFlorence August1530Florencesurrenderedtoimperialtroops 1532Alessandroassumedtitleofduke(supportedbyemperorandpope) 1537assassinationofAlessandro BaccioBandinelli,Orpheus,courtyard,MediciPalace,c.1517-19; commissionedbyLeoXandCardinalGiulianode’Medici. Virgil,Georgics4.444-527 Ovid,Metamorphoses10.1-105and11.1-53 Horace,ArsPoetica391-400 ApolloBelvedere,Romancopyafter4thcenturyBCbronzeoriginal,Vatican; acquiredbyJuliusIIandplacedCortiledelBelvedere. Michelangelo,designandmodelforfaçadeofSanLorenzo,c.1515; commissionedbyLeoX,neverbuilt–designedtobeamarblefreestanding monumentalfaçade,whichwouldhidethegabledendofthechurch. CommissionwasrelatedtoanunexecutedplantobuildanewMediciPalace onaxiswiththechurch.ProjectwascancelledupondeathofLorenzo;focus shiftedtoproperburialandcommemorationofthedeadprinces,aswellas thatoftheMagnificenthimselfandhisbrother,Giuliano. BaccioBandinelli,Orpheus,courtyard,MediciPalace,c.1517-19; commissionedbyLeoXandCardinalGiulianode’Medici. Virgil,Georgics4.444-527 Ovid,Metamorphoses10.1-105and11.1-53 Horace,ArsPoetica391-400 ApolloBelvedere,Romancopyafter4thcenturyBCbronzeoriginal,Vatican; acquiredbyJuliusIIandplacedCortiledelBelvedere. Michelangelo,MediciChapel,SanLorenzo1519,leftunfinishedin1540’s (burialchapeloftheMagnifici(LorenzotheMagandhisbrother Giuliano)andDukeLorenzoandDukeGiulianode’Medici;commissioned byCardinalGiuliode’Medici.Workonthesubstructureofthechapelbegan aroundMarch1520;contractsforthemarbleforthetombsaredatedApril 1521. Theme:triumphoverdeath OriginaldesignincludedreliefsoftheGardenoftheHesperidesandof OrpheuslamentingthelossofEurydicetoflanktheMagnificitombs> connectiontoMediciPalaceandgarden. DedicatedtotheResurrection StylisticechoofOldSacristy TombofLorenzode’Medici(saturnine,contemplative),NightandDay TombofGiulianode’Medici(martial,active),DawnandDusk Themes:universalimmortality,circularityoftime OriginallyplannedHeavenandEarthinniches(airandearth?) 4greatRiverGodsoriginallyplannedtoreclinebeneathsarcophagi intendedfrescoofResurrection Michelangelo,MediciMadonna,c.1521-34,MediciChapel(NewSacristy),San Lorenzo. Mausoleumfunction:FlorentinemonumenterectedbytheMedicifamilytohonor itsdeadbyrepresentingthemasmilitaryofficials>achievementathome, achievementabroad;revivingthegloryofLorenzotheMagnificent. After1530therepublicancaptainsbecameroyaldukes(andtheiridentities confused) AdditionalReading: D.Weinstein,SavonarolaandFlorence:ProphecyandPatriotismintheRenaissance LauroMartines,FireintheCity:SavonarolaandtheStrugglefortheSoul RonaGoffen,RenaissanceRivals:Michelangelo,Leonardo,RaphaelandTitian Nagel,MichelangeloandtheReformofArt DavidSummers,MichelangeloandtheLanguageofArt WilliamEWallace,MichelangeloatSanLorenzo:TheGeniusasEntrepreneur Videolinks ResearchersClosinginonlostLeonardomural: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vsq_XHg8ptM&t=157s MaurizioSerraciniTheSecretLifeofPaintings https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=694XUHVuGQo LostBattleSceneofLeonardo https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xMgKmqfZ3_Y MissingLeonardofound https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1bsJtr2TglY&t=37s