Download Africa Since 1750 - New Hartford Central Schools

Africa Since 1750
F.W. de Klerk and Nelson Mandela meet shortly after Mandela’s
release from 27 years in prison.
Global History
J.F. Walters 2001
1
Africa by the 18th Century
• Slave trade
– Internal slavery
• African tribes claimed slaves as spoils of war
• Slaves could gain freedom through hard work
– External slavery
• Developed when foreigners came to Africa to trade goods
• Supported encomienda system in Latin America (scarcity of labor problem)
• Africans treated as inferior by white master
• Results
– Exploitation and destruction of African societies
– Warfare among African ethnic groups
– Cultural diversity in Latin America
• By mid-19th century, most European countries had outlawed
slave trade
Global History & Geography • Africa Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
2
New Imperialism in Africa: Essential Questions
•
What were the major causes, developments, and results of New Imperialism
in Africa?
•
What was the “Scramble for Africa”?
Global History & Geography • Africa Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
3
European Imperialism: The Scramble for Africa
• European interests (causes)
Take up the White Man’s
Burden––
Send forth the best ye breed––
– Resources for Industrial Revolution
– Markets for finished products
– “White Man’s Burden”
Go bind your sons to exile
– Religion
To serve your captives’ need;
– Social Darwinism
To wait in heavy harness
On fluttered folk and wile––
Your new-caught, sullen
peoples
Half-devil and half-child
Rudyard Kipling
1899
– Travel and Tourism
• European colonizers in Africa
– Great Britain
– France
– Belgium
– Germany
Global History & Geography • Africa Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
4
European Imperialism: The Scramble for Africa
Global History & Geography • Africa Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
5
European Imperialism: The Scramble for Africa
• Positives
– Built infrastructure: railways, roads, telecommunication lines,
factories, postal service and irrigation systems
– Access to European schools and universities
– Modern medicines
• Negatives!
– Colonial status and foreign rule
– European-imposed boundaries often divided ethnic groups
– Economic exploitation
– Threat to indigenous culture and way of life
– Africans treated as third-class citizens (subjects)
Global History & Geography • Africa Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
6
Nationalism in Africa: Essential Questions
•
Why did nationalism in Africa increase after the conclusion of World War II?
•
How did Kwame Nkruma impact the independence movement in Ghana?
•
How did Jomo Kenyatta impact the independence movement in Kenya?
Global History & Geography • Africa Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
7
Independence Leaders: Kwame Nkruma
•
Background
– From British colony of Gold Coast
– Leader of Convention People’s Party
– Demanded immediate independence from
Britain
•
Actions
– Led riots and strikes against British rule
– Jailed but released
– Led colony to independence (1957)
– Won national elections
– Country changed name to Ghana
•
Kwame Nkruma
Significance
– First African colony to gain independence in
post-WWII era
Global History & Geography • Africa Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
8
Independence Leaders: Jomo Kenyatta
• Background
– From British colony of Kenya
– Leader of Kikuyu tribe
– Advocated civil disobedience
• Actions
– Challenged British rule
– Jailed by British gov’t (Wrongly blamed
for violent activities of Mau Maus, a
terrorist organization who murdered
white landowners and black workers)
– Britain eventually pulled out of Kenya
(1964)
Jomo Kenyatta
– Kenyatta elected prime minister
(1964-78)
Global History & Geography • Africa Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
9
Independence Leaders: Other
•
•
•
•
Senegal: Léopold Senghor
Tanzania: Julius Nyerere
Zambia: Kenneth Kaunda
Zimbabwe: Robert Mugabe
Léopold Senghor
Global History & Geography • Africa Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
10
Apartheid in South Africa: Essential Questions (Page 1 of 2)
•
Who was Nelson Mandela and how did he impact South African politics and
society?
•
What was the Soweto Uprising and what were its results?
•
What factors and steps led to the downfall of apartheid in South Africa?
•
What issues has South Africa faced since the collapse of apartheid?
•
Global History & Geography • Africa Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
11
Apartheid in South Africa: Essential Questions (Page 2 of 2)
•
What is the historic background to the establishment of apartheid in South
Africa?
•
What was apartheid?
•
What was the nature of life for black South Africans under apartheid?
•
What was the African National Congress? What were its goals?
•
Global History & Geography • Africa Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
12
Apartheid in South Africa: Background
• Background:
– European colonialism
• Area settled by Dutch settlers (Afrikaners or
Boers) in the 1600s
• Britain gained control in 1815 (interested in
gold and diamonds)
Boer commandos
• Afrikaners resented British rule and fought
the Boer War (1899-1902); won by Britain
– South Africa gained independence in 1931
• Whites dominated government
• Black South Africans denied participation in
government
A British prisoner camp in the
Boer War
– Afrikaners gained control of South African
government in 1948; instituted apartheid
Global History & Geography • Africa Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
13
Apartheid in South Africa: Basics
• Apartheid
– Legal separation of the races
– Divided South African society into four (4) groups
• Whites (less than 20%)
• Blacks (more than 70%)
• Asians
• Mixed
– Goals of apartheid
• Maintain white control
• Keep the races separate
• Maintain white control over the economic wealth of South Africa
Global History & Geography • Africa Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
14
Apartheid in South Africa: Black Life & the ANC
• Black life under apartheid
– Lived apart from other races
– Traveled in separate buses and trains
– Attended separated schools
– Had to carry identification cards (passbooks)
– Restricted to employment in low-paying jobs
– Banned from voting or running for political offices
• African National Congress (ANC)
–
Black anti-apartheid organization
–
Goal: end apartheid and rule as majority government
–
Outlawed in 1960, but continued to mobilize support
–
Nelson Mandela, an ANC leader, was jailed in 1964 (lifetime sentence)
• Sharpeville Massacre (1960)
– black anti-apartheid protest in Johannesburg, South Africa
–
Police shot and killed more than 60 black protesters (over 180 wounded)
Global History & Geography • Africa Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
15
Video Spotlight: South African Life Under Apartheid
Global History & Geography • Africa Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
16
Video Spotlight: South African Life Under Apartheid
Notes • Reflections • Links to Course • Illustrative Examples
Global History & Geography • Africa Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
17
Apartheid in South Africa: Soweto Uprising (1976)
•
•
•
causes
–
Black Consciousness Movement: grassroots anti-apartheid
movement that emerged in South Africa in the wake of the
Sharpeville Massacre, the banning of the ANC and the
imprisonment of Nelson Mandela
–
student resentment of South African government’s recent law
forcing even more classes to be taught in Afrikaans and
English, the languages of the ruling white minority
event
–
students marched to peacefully protest instructional language
mandate
–
South African security forces blocked the path of the students
and eventually opened fire, killing over 500 students and
injuring over 1000 students
results
–
South Africa’s oppressive government was condemned in the
international community, which contributed to an
international embargo on South Africa
–
strengthened the Black Consciousness Movement
Sam Nzima’s iconic photograph of a
boy carrying the body of Hector
Pieterson, who was shot by South
African authorities in the course of
the Soweto Uprising.
Global History & Geography • Africa Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
18
Video Spotlight: Soweto Uprising (1976)
Global History & Geography • Africa Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
19
Video Spotlight: Soweto Uprising (1976)
Notes • Reflections • Links to Course • Illustrative Examples
Global History & Geography • Africa Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
20
Video Spotlight: Reflecting on Stephen Biko
Global History & Geography • Africa Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
21
Video Spotlight: Reflecting on Stephen Biko
Notes • Reflections • Links to Course • Illustrative Examples
Global History & Geography • Africa Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
22
Apartheid in South Africa: Anti-Apartheid Leadership
• Albert Luthuli
– Zulu chief
– Goal: end apartheid
– Advocated civil disobedience
– Won Nobel Peace Prize (1960)
• Bishop Desmond Tutu
– Black Anglican churchmen
– Goal: end apartheid
– Won Nobel Peace Prize (1984)
• Nelson Mandela
– ANC leader
– Goal: end apartheid
Bishop Desmond Tutu
– Spent 27 years in prison
Global History & Geography • Africa Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
23
Apartheid in South Africa: Anti-Apartheid Movement
The funeral service for four black Johannesburg youths killed by a hand grenade (1985).
Global History & Geography • Africa Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
24
Apartheid in South Africa: Collapse of Apartheid
• International Embargo
– Cause: United Nations (UN) and Organization of African Unity
(OAU) called for economic embargo against South Africa’s allwhite government
– Many countries carried out economic sanctions
• Refusal to trade with South Africa
• Refusal to invest in South African businesses and industries
• Excluding South Africa from UN’s General Assembly
– Barring South African athletes from Olympics
– Results
• Economic hardships for South Africa
• Made government consider political reform
Global History & Geography • Africa Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
25
Apartheid in South Africa: Collapse of Apartheid
• F.W. de Klerk
– Background:
• White president of South Africa
(1989-1994)
• Recognized internal and external
pressure to end apartheid
– de Klerk’s reforms
• Ended segregation laws
• Ended ban on inter-racial marriages
• Ended law that required all South
Africans to be classified by race
F.W. de Klerk
– Released Nelson Mandela from
prison; began de Klerk/Mandela
negations to end to apartheid
Global History & Geography • Africa Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
26
Apartheid in South Africa: Collapse of Apartheid
Global History & Geography • Africa Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
27
Apartheid in South Africa: Collapse of Apartheid
•
Results of de Klerk and Mandela negotiations
–
–
New Constitution
•
Ended apartheid
•
Equal voting rights for black South Africans
Called for free and open elections
•
Mandela and de Klerk won Nobel Peace Prize (1993)
•
1994 Elections
•
–
First open and free elections in South African history
–
Presidency won by Nelson Mandela
–
ANC won majority of seats in parliament
South Africa since 1994
–
although there has been ethnic violence and tribal warfare (tribalism), the country has
avoided civil war
–
South Africa welcomed back into world economic and political community
–
•
eventually allowed back in the United Nations and allowed to compete in the Olympics
•
has hosted major world sporting events, such as the Rugby World Cup (1995) and FIFA World Cup of
Soccer (2010)
South Africa has struggled with the spread of HIV AIDs
Global History & Geography • Africa Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
28
Apartheid in South Africa: Collapse of Apartheid
Global History & Geography • Africa Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
29
Video Spotlight: The End of Apartheid
3:17
Global History & Geography • Africa Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
30
Video Spotlight: The End of Apartheid
Notes • Reflections • Links to Course • Illustrative Examples
Global History & Geography • Africa Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
31
Video Spotlight: Nelson Mandela
1:24
Global History & Geography • Africa Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
32
Video Spotlight: Nelson Mandela
Notes • Reflections • Links to Course • Illustrative Examples
Global History & Geography • Africa Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
33
Close Read: Nelson Mandela’s “Glory and Hope” Speech (1994)
“Today all of us do, by your presence here, and by your celebrations...confer glory to
newborn liberty.
Out of the experience of an extraordinary human disaster that lasted too long must be
born a society which all of humanity will be proud.
Our daily deeds as ordinary South Africans must produce an actual South African
reality that will reinforce humanity’s belief in justice, strengthen its confidence in the
nobility of the human soul and sustain all our hopes of a glorious life for all....
The time for the healing of the wounds has come....
The time to build is upon us....
We have, at last, achieved our political emancipation. We pledge ourselves to liberate all
our people from the continuing bondage of poverty, deprivation, suffering, gender and
other discrimination....
Global History & Geography • Africa Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
34
Close Read: Nelson Mandela’s “Glory and Hope” Speech (1994)
We have triumphed in the effort to implant hope in the breasts of the millions of our
people. We enter our covenant that we shall build the society in which all South
Africans, both black and white, will be able to walk tall, without any fear in their hearts,
assured of their inalienable right to human dignity––a rainbow nation at peace with
itself and the world....
We understand it still that there is no easy road to freedom.
We know it well that none us acting alone can achieve success.
We must therefore act together as a united people, for national reconciliation, for nation
building, for the birth of a new world order.
Let there be justice for all. Let there be peace for all. Let there be work, bread, water,
and salt for all...The sun shall never set on so glorious a human achievement!”
––”Glory and Hope” by Nelson Mandela as quoted in World History: The Modern Era, Elisabeth Gaynor Ellis & Anthony
Esler (New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc., 2011), p. 691
Global History & Geography • Africa Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
35
Close Read: Nelson Mandela’s “Glory and Hope” Speech (1994)
Define and/or explain the following vocabulary in the reading excerpt from Nelson
Mandela’s “Glory and Hope” speech:
1. emancipation:
2. covenant:
3. reconciliation:
Global History & Geography • Africa Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
36
Close Read: Nelson Mandela’s “Glory and Hope” Speech (1994)
Having initially read the excerpt and defined and/or explained its vocabulary, summarize the
main idea(s) of the passage from Mandela’s “Glory and Hope” speech:
Global History & Geography • Africa Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
37
Close Read: Nelson Mandela’s “Glory and Hope” Speech (1994)
After reading the excerpt from Mandela’s “Glory and Hope” speech, answer the following
questions:
1.
When apartheid ended, there was a danger of a backlash by blacks against whites who
supported apartheid. How does Mandela’s speech respond to that danger?
2.
In addition to political freedom, what further freedoms does Mandela call for in his
speech?
Global History & Geography • Africa Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
38
Video Spotlight: Nelson Mandela
Global History & Geography • Africa Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
39
Video Spotlight: Nelson Mandela
In the scene from the film “Invictus,” identify and explain the three components of
Nelson Mandela’s philosophy that President Mandela reveals in his conversation
with Jason Tshabalala, his chief security advisor.
1
2
3
Notes • Reflections • Links to Course • Illustrative Examples
Global History & Geography • Africa Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
40
Genocide in Rwanda: Essential Questions
•
What were the causes of conflict in Rwanda?
•
What were the results of conflict in Rwanda?
Global History & Geography • Africa Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
41
Civil War in Rwanda (1990-93)
•
Causes
– Ethnic warfare between Hutu (majority) and
Tutsi (minority) tribes (tribalism)
– Tutsis dominated Belgian-controlled Rwanda
•
Events
– When Tutsis demanded independence from
Belgium (1962), Belgium supported rebellious
Hutus
– Hutus committed genocide against Tutsi
minority
– Tutsis fought back through the Rwandan
Patriotic Front (RPF), a guerrilla army
– Tutsis fled to refugee camps in neighboring
Zaire, where thousands died of cholera and
other diseases
– U.N. established a brief cease fire (1993-94)
A Rwandan refugee camp
Global History & Geography • Africa Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
42
Sudan: Essential Questions
•
What were the causes of conflict in Sudan?
•
Who were “The Lost Boys”?
Global History & Geography • Africa Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
43
Sudan’s Second Civil War (1983-2005)
•
Causes
– Ethnic differences between northern Sudan and southern Sudan
– Disagreements over political power, economic development and implementation of
shari’a law (law based on the Qur’an and the teachings of Mohammed)
•
The Civil War
– War largely between northern-dominated government and southern-based Sudan
People’s Liberation army (SPLA)
– Violent, bloody warfare with massive human rights violations
➡ Thousands of girls and women were beaten, raped and enslaved
➡ Thousands of young boys fled Sudan and became refugees (Sudan’s so-called
“Lost Boys); thousands were eventually resettled to the United States
➡ U.S. accused Sudan of genocide
– Many neighboring countries were affected by the conflict
– Osama bin Laden moved his Al Qaeda organization to Sudan (1991); expelled in 1996
– Comprehensive Peace Agreement (2005): halted the conflict and attempted to address
the causes of the war
Global History & Geography • Africa Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
44
Current Issues in Africa: Essential Questions (Page 1 of 2)
•
What is the nature and results of neocolonialism in Africa?
•
What environmental issues are being faced by some countries in Africa?
•
What is Pan-Africanism?
•
What health and medical issues have challenged Africa?
•
Global History & Geography • Africa Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
45
Current Issues in Africa: Essential Questions (Page 2 of 2)
•
What are the causes and results of overpopulation in Africa?
•
How do hunger and famine affect Africa?
•
How has the conflict between tradition and modernization affected Africa?
•
In what ways has geography affected African development?
•
Global History & Geography • Africa Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
46
Current Issues in Africa
• Neo-colonialism (dependence of African countries on foreign
countries, often former colonial rulers): led to an unfavorable
balance of trade where value of imports exceeds value of
exports
– Technical assistance (computer technology, engineering, security)
– Capital
• Loans from International Monetary Fund (IMF)
• Loans from Western governments
• Recent financial investment by China, especially in oil and mineral
resources
– Oil
• oil and petroleum needed for industrial development
• Nigeria is oil-rich, but struggles to financially capitalize on its oil resources
– Consumer goods such as mobile phones/devices, televisions, cars
Global History & Geography • Africa Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
47
Current Issues in Africa
• Deforestation: clearing of rain forests for economic
development
• Desertification
– Land becomes desert-like (Savanna grasslands turn to desert)
– Causes
• Overgrazing of nomadic cattle
• Drought and climatic changes
– Exs: Countries neighboring Sahara Desert in East Africa (Ethiopia,
Somalia, Sudan)
• Pan-Africanism: movement of African solidarity and
cooperation among African countries
– Theme: “Africa for Africans”
– Best example: African Union
Global History & Geography • Africa Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
48
Current Issues in Africa
• Health and Medical Problems
– Diseases
• AIDS
• Sleeping Sickness
– Caused by tsetse fly
– Affects humans and animals
Graves being prepared for AIDS victims
• Yellow Fever and Malaria (caused by
mosquito)
– Barriers to African health
• Lack of access to modern medicine
• Lack of access to quality nutrition
• Traditional customs of sex and reproduction
• Education
• Success story in fight against AIDS: Uganda
AIDs orphans in Kenya
Global History & Geography • Africa Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
49
Video Spotlight: Health Issues in Africa
2:46
Global History & Geography • Africa Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
50
Video Spotlight: Health Issues in Africa
Notes • Reflections • Links to Course • Illustrative Examples
Global History & Geography • Africa Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
51
Video Spotlight: Health Issues in Africa
Global History & Geography • Africa Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
52
Video Spotlight: Health Issues in Africa
Notes • Reflections • Links to Course • Illustrative Examples
Global History & Geography • Africa Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
53
Current Issues in Africa
• Overpopulation
– Causes
• High birth rates and declining
death rates (note: death rates generally
declined in the 20th century, but in some
places in recent years death rates have
begun to increase due to HIV/AIDS and
other causes)
• Tradition of having large
families
• Lack of government-sponsored
family planning
– Results
• Population tripled between
1950 and 1990
• Poverty, malnutrition and
famine
A family planning billboard in Ethiopia suggests the
negative consequences of having a large family.
Source: Wikipedia
Global History & Geography • Africa Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
54
Current Issues in Africa
• Hunger and Famine
– Causes
• Political instability and
destruction from civil wars
• Overpopulation
• Lack of modern agricultural
equipment (cost)
• Environmental Issues
– Droughts
– Desertification
An Ethiopian child suffering from
famine (1999)
– Examples
• Ethiopia (1980s & 1990s)
• Somalia (1990s)
Global History & Geography • Africa Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
55
Video Spotlight: Hunger & Famine in Africa
Global History & Geography • Africa Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
56
Video Spotlight: Hunger & Famine in Africa
Notes • Reflections • Links to Course • Illustrative Examples
Global History & Geography • Africa Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
57
Video Spotlight: Hunger & Famine in Africa
Global History & Geography • Africa Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
58
Video Spotlight: Hunger & Famine in Africa
Notes • Reflections • Links to Course • Illustrative Examples
Global History & Geography • Africa Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
59
Video Profile: Drought in Africa
3:15
Global History & Geography • Africa Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
60
Video Profile: Drought in Africa
Notes • Reflections • Links to Course • Illustrative Examples
Global History & Geography • Africa Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
61
Current Issues in Africa
• Conflict between traditional life and modernization
– Traditional lifestyles and customs (Strongest in rural
countryside)
• Extended family living arrangements
• Communal land
• Polygamy
• Arranged marriages and “bride’s money”
– Modern lifestyles (Strongest in urban areas)
•
•
•
•
•
Monogamy
Education of women
Private ownership of property
Democracy
Desire for consumer goods
Global History & Geography • Africa Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
62
Unit Connections
Discussion: A newspaper headline read, “Looking at Darfur, seeing Rwanda.”
Explain what the headline meant.
Source: World History: The Modern Era, Elisabeth Gaynor Ellis & Anthony Esler (New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc., 2011), p. 690.
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
63
Sources
•
A History of the Modern World, 10/e, R.R. Palmer, et. al. (Boston: McGraw
Hill, 2007).
•
Prentice Hall Brief Review: Global History and Geography, Steven
Goldberg & Judith Clark DuPré (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson, 2012).
•
Various video sources from film, international news media and
educational resources, as credited on each video clip
•
•
Wikipedia.com (en.wikipedia.com).
•
World History: The Human Experience, Mounir A. Farah & Andrea
Berens Karls (New York: Glencoe, 1997).
•
World History: The Human Odyssey, Jackson J. Spielvogel (Cincinnati,
OH: West Educational, 1998).
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 6/e, Peter N. Stearns, et. al.
(Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson, 2011).
Global History & Geography • Africa Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
64