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AP CHEMISTRY TOPICS 1 MATTER & MEASUREMENT Categorizing Matter Heterogeneous mixtures Homogeneous mixtures Pure substances Compounds Mixtures Properties Physical properties and changes Chemical properties and changes Extensive and intensive properties Measurement SI units Density Significant figures Conversions Accuracy/precision Percent yield/percent error 2 ATOMIC STRUCTURE Atomic Theory John Dalton Ernest Rutherford J.J. Thompson Atomic Structure Protons, neutrons, electrons Atomic number Mass number Isotopes Average atomic mass Electromagnetic Spectrum Wave nature of light Photoelectric effect Absorption/emission Electron Configuration Bohr Models Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle Quantum numbers Pauli Exclusion Principle Hund’s Rule Configurations (orbital, electron, noble gas) 3 PERIODIC TABLE Metals, nonmetals, metalloids Groups Periodic trends Atomic radius Ionization energy Electron affinity Electronegativity Nuclear charge Ionic radii 4 BONDING Types of bonds (properties) Ionic Covalent Metallic Lewis Dot Structures Octet Rule Compounds Ions Resonance VSEPR Theory Shapes Hybrids Bond enthalpy/bond length Molecular Orbital Theory Polarity Intermolecular Forces Ion-dipole Dipole-dipole London dispersion forces Hydrogen bonds 5 MOLES & COMPOUNDS Naming Ionic Covalent Acids Simple Organic Mole Avogadro Molar mass Mole conversions Calculations Percent composition Empirical/molecular formulas 6 REACTIONS & STOICHIOMETRY Chemical Reactions Types of reactions Writing reactions Predicting products Balancing reactions Stoichiometry Conversions Limiting/excess reagent Percent yield Net ionic 7 STATES OF MATTER Properties (solids, liquids, gases) Phase changes Diagrams Phase diagrams Heating/cooling curves Vapor Pressure Kinetic Molecular Theroy 8 GASES Pressure Units Conversions Partial Pressures Gas Laws Boyle’s Law Charles’ Law Avogadro’s Law Guy-Lusaac’s Law Ideal Gas Law Effusion/diffusion Graham’s Law Real and ideal gases 9 SOLUTIONS Concentration Molarity Molality Mole fraction Solutes/solvents Types of solutions Solutions Colloids Mixtures Colligative properties Vapor pressure lowering Freezing point depression Boiling point elevation 10 THERMOCHEMISTRY/THERMODYNAMICS Energy and heat Calorimetry Specific heat and heat capacity First & Second Law of Thermodynamics Enthalpy & Hess’s Law Entropy Gibbs Free Energy Energy diagrams Equilibrium constant 11 KINETICS Reaction rates Factors affecting reactions Rates of reactions Rate laws Reaction orders Rate constants Collision Theory Reaction mechanisms Catalysts Homogeneous Heterogeneous Enzymes 12 EQUILIBRIUM Equilibrium constant Reaction quotient Le Chatlier’s Principle 13 ACIDS/BASES Definitions Arrhenius Bronsted-Lowry Lewis pH and pOH Strong acids/bases Weak acids/bases Kw/Ka/Kb Buffers Henderson-Hasselbach Equation Polyprotic acids/amphoteric Titration 14 OXIDATION-REDUCTION & ELECTROCHEMISTRY Redox reactions Half reactions Balancing Voltaic Cells Voltage and spontaneity/equilibrium Nernst equation Galvanic cells Electrolytic cells 15 NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY Nuclear Equations/Decay Alpha Beta Positron Electron capture Gamma Nuclear Stability Half life Radioactive decay 16 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Nomenclature Structure Functional Groups Reactions and mechanisms
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