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DOI: 10.2478/s11686-006-0033-5 © 2006 W. Stefañski Institute of Parasitology, PAS Acta Parasitologica, 2006, 51(3), 213–216; ISSN 1230-2821 A new species of Cosmocerca (Nematoda, Cosmocercidae) and other helminths from Genyophryne thomsoni Stefañski (Anura, Microhylidae) from Papua New Guinea Charles R. Bursey1*, Stephen R. Goldberg2 and Fred Kraus3 1Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, Shenango Campus, Sharon, Pennsylvania 16146; 2Department of Biology, Whittier College, Whittier, California 90608; 3Bishop Museum, Department of Natural Sciences, 1525 Bernice Street, Honolulu, Hawaii 96817; U.S.A. Abstract Cosmocerca tyleri sp. nov. (Ascaridida, Cosmocercidae) from the large intestine of Genyophryne thomsoni (Anura, Microhylidae) is described and illustrated. Cosmocerca tyleri sp. nov. represents the 23rd species assigned to the genus and the 6th from the Australian realm. Of the 5 Australian species previously described, C. tyleri sp. nov. differs from C. limnodynastes and C. novaeguineae in number of plectanes, 4 pairs in C. tyleri, 5 pairs in C. limnodynastes and C. novaeguineae. Cosmocerca australis has 3–4 pairs of plectanes, C. archeyi and C. zugi each have 4 pairs of plectanes; however, in each species the plectanes lie in the fourth quarter of the body and just anterior to the cloaca. In C. tyleri sp. nov. the plectanes lie in the third quarter of the body and there is significant space between the cloaca and the posterior pair of plectanes. Key words Helminths, Cosmocerca tyleri sp. nov., Genyophryne thomsoni, Anura, Papua New Guinea Introduction Skóra Thomson’s toothless frog, Genyophryne thomsoni Boulenger, 1890, a burrowing microhylid, is restricted to eastern Papua New Guinea, Woodlark Island, and the D’Entrecasteaux and Louisiade Islands (Zweifel 1971, Kraus and Allison 2004). To our knowledge, there are no helminthological reports for this species. The purpose of this paper is to describe a new species of nematode harbored by G. thomsoni and to provide an initial helminth list for this host. Materials and methods ting across the oesophagus and rectum. The oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine of each frog were examined separately for helminths. The coelome was also searched. Each helminth, fixed in situ, was cleared in glycerol on a glass slide and identified from these preparations with a light microscope. Illustrations were made with the aid of a microprojector. Measurements are given in micrometers unless otherwise indicated as mean and 1 SD with range in parentheses. Frogs were deposited in the Bernice P. Bishop Museum (BPBM), Honolulu, Hawaii as BPBM 15336, 15337, 15339–15352. Results Sixteen Genophryne thomsoni were collected by hand by FK in the Cloudy Mountains, Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea (12–26 April 2002, 10.490783°S, 50.23296°E, 715– 800 m) and in the southern Owen Stanley Mountains of the same province (14 May 2002, 10.2826166°S, 150.1548°E, 590–615 m). Specimens were fixed in neutral buffered 10% formalin. The body cavity was opened by a longitudinal lateral incision and the gastrointestinal tract was removed by cut- *Corresponding Three species of Nematoda, Oswaldocruzia bakeri Moravec et Sey, 1986, Abbreviata sp. (larvae in cysts), and a new species of Cosmocerca (41 males, 271 females), were found. Thirteen G. thomsoni (81%) were infected with Cosmocerca tyleri sp. nov.; of these, 1 had a dual infection of C. tyleri and O. bakeri and 2 had dual infections of C. tyleri and larvae of Abbreviata sp. Prevalence, mean intensity, and range by hel- author: [email protected] Unauthenticated Download Date | 6/15/17 1:45 AM 214 Charles R. Bursey et al. Œl¹ski Table I. Site of infection, number of helminths, prevalence, mean intensity, range of infection and USNPC and BPBM accession numbers for voucher specimens of 3 helminth species from Genyophryne thomsoni from Papua New Guinea Helminth species Site of infection Cosmocerca tyleri sp.nov. large intestine Oswaldocruzia bakeri stomach Abbreviata sp. (larvae in cysts) stomach wall Number Prevalence Mean intensity ± SD Range 312 5 3 13/16 (81%) 1/16 (6%) 2/16 (13%) 24.0 ± 13.1 5 1.5 ± 0.7 6–48 – 1–2 minth species are given in Table I. Selected helminths were deposited in the United States National Parasite Collection (USNPC), Beltsville, Maryland and the Bernice P. Bishop Museum (BPBM), Honolulu, Hawaii (Table I). Description of the new species follows. Cosmocerca tyleri sp. nov. (Figs 1–8) Description: Small fusiform nematodes, prominent sexual dimorphism, males one-half length of females. Lateral alae beginning at posterior end of pharynx and terminating on base of tail in both males and females. Cuticle with punctuations and, depending upon microscope focus, may appear either longitudinally or transversely striated. Mouth with 3 small Vshaped lips, dorsal lip with 2 sessile papillae, each ventrolateral lip with 1 sessile papilla and 1 lateral amphid. Oesophagus with short pharynx, cylindrical corpus and posterior bulb containing valves. Excretory pore anterior to oesophageal bulb. Vulva near midbody; female reproductive system prodelphic. Male with 2 small spicules, a somewhat triangular gubernaculum and two rows of plectanes on ventral surface. Male: Based on holotype and 9 paratypes. Length 1.18 ± 0.13 mm (1.02–1.43 mm), width at level of oesophagointestinal junction 80 ± 13 (55–92). Pharynx 30 ± 3 (27–37) long, corpus 252 ± 21 (205–281) long, oesophageal bulb 51 ± 3 (46–55) long, 48 ± 3 (43–52) wide. Nerve ring 130 ± 5 (122– 137) and excretory pore 254 ± 14 (238–281) from anterior end, respectively. Tail generally flexed ventrally, 124 ± 11 (110–146) in length terminating in blunt point. Gubernaculum V-shaped, 60 ± 2 (58–61) long, heavily sclerotized margins, distal end pointed. Spicules equal 41 ± 3 (37–43), lightly sclerotized. Nine preanal plectanes, 1 just anterior to anus, 8 in 2 rows of 4 each, rows beginning at slightly behind midbody; plectanes evenly spaced. Each plectane with heavily sclerotized body producing a “shark’s tooth” appearance, distal tip with rosette of small denticles. One pair of ad-cloacal papillae. Four pairs of sessile postanal papillae: 3 ventral pairs, 1 pair immediately posterior to cloaca, 1 pair midway between cloaca and tip of tail, 1 pair near tip of tail; 1 dorsal pair near tip of tail. One pair of phasmids on ventral surface near tip of tail and posterior to 3rd pair of ventral papillae. Four rows of small, evenly spaced somatic papillae, 2 dorsolateral, 2 ventrolateral, beginning near nerve ring and ending at level of cloaca. Female: Based on allotype and 9 paratypes. Length 2.02 ± 0.21 mm (1.73–2.30 mm), width at level of vulva 213 ± 20 Accession number USNPC BPBM 97847 97848 97849 H149 H150 H151 (183–244). Pharynx 37 ± 2 (34–40) long, corpus 376 ± 25 (336–397 long, oesophageal bulb 78 ± 6 (67–85) long, 82 ± 7 (73–92) wide. Nerve ring 148 ± 7 (134–159), excretory pore 39 ± 24 (323–403, and vulva 1065 ± 95 (890–1160) from anterior end, respectively. Reproductive system prodelphic, ovijector approximately 180 in length directed posteriorly joining 2 uteri. In non-gravid specimens uterine branches are short, one uterus extends anteriorly and terminates at a short ovary; the second uterus extends posteriorly a short distance then turns anteriorly and parallels anterior branch. Second ovary posterior to first ovary occurring a short distance anterior to level of vulva. In gravid specimens, large eggs and/or developing larvae obscure structure of reproductive tract; maximum number of eggs and/or larvae seen was 10. Somatic papillae absent. Tail an elongate cone, 220 ± 21 (201–256) in length. Eggs large, 176 ± 18 (153–207) × 125 ± 13 (100–140); thin shelled, many containing larvae, occasional hatched larvae present in uterus. Phasmids not seen. Type host: Thomson’s toothless frog, Genyophryne thomsoni Boulenger, 1890; symbiotype, BPBM 15346; 26 April 2002. Type locality: Papua New Guinea, Milne Bay Province, Cloudy Mountains, along Upaelisafupi Stream, 715 m, 10.4970833°S, 150.2329666°E. Site of infection: Large intestine. Type specimens: Holotype male, USNPC 97841; allotype female, USNPC 97842; paratypes, USNPC 97843. Etymology: The new species is named for Professor Michael J. Tyler, Department of Zoology, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia, in recognition of his numerous contributions on the biology of Australo-Pacific frogs. Remarks: A list of 22 species of Cosmocerca by biogeographical region was published by Bursey et al. (2005). Cosmocerca tyleri sp. nov. represents the 23rd species assigned to the genus and the 6th from the Australian realm. Of the 5 Australian species previously described, 4 have been described from anuran hosts: C. archeyi Baker et Green, 1988 from Leiopelma archeyi collected in New Zealand; C. australis Baker et Green, 1988 from Leiopelma hochstetteri also collected in New Zealand; C. limnodynastes Johnston et Simpson, 1942 from Limnodynastes dorsalis collected in Australia; and C. novaeguineae Moravec et Sey, 1990 from Platymantis papuensis collected in Papua New Guinea (Johnston and Simpson 1942, Baker and Green 1988, Moravec and Sey 1990). The fifth species, C. zugi Bursey, Goldberg et Kraus, 2005 was described from the lizard Cyrtodactylus loui- Unauthenticated Download Date | 6/15/17 1:45 AM New species of Cosmocerca from G. thomsoni Zdzis³aw 215 Stanis³a Figs 1–8. Cosmocerca tyleri sp. nov. 1. Female, non-gravid, entire, lateral view. 2. Male, entire, lateral view. 3. Female, en face view. 4. Plectane, lateral view. 5. Gubernaculum and spicule. 6. Plectane, distal surface ornamentation. 7. Male, posterior end, semidiagrammatic lateral view. 8. Male, posterior end, semidiagrammatic ventral view Unauthenticated Download Date | 6/15/17 1:45 AM 216 Charles R. Bursey et al. Roborzyñski rosbœŸæv siadensis collected in Papua New Guinea (Bursey et al. 2005). Cosmocerca tyleri sp. nov. differs from C. limnodynastes and C. novaeguineae in number of plectanes, 4 pairs in C. tyleri, 5 pairs in C. limnodynastes and C. novaeguineae. Cosmocerca australis has 3–4 pairs of plectanes, C. archeyi and C. zugi each have 4 pairs of plectanes; however, in each of these species the plectanes lie in the fourth quarter of the body and just anterior to the cloaca. In C. tyleri sp. nov. the plectanes lie in the third quarter of the body and there is significant space between the cloaca and the posterior pair of plectanes. Discussion With the exception of C. tyleri sp. nov., neither of the other 2 helminth species is unique to Genyophryne thomsoni; however, G. thomsoni is a newly recognized host for both. Oswaldocruzia bakeri was described from the frog Phrynomantis stictogaster (currently, Callulops stictogaster) collected in the Eastern Highlands Province of Papua New Guinea (Moravec and Sey 1986). It is also known from the frogs Callulops humicola and C. wilhelmanus (as Phrynomantis wilhelmana) and the lizard Cyrtodactylus louisiadensis (Moravec and Sey 1986, Bursey et al. 2005). Encysted larvae assigned to Abbreviata have been reported from reptiles of Australia and Borneo (see Myers and Kuntz 1969, Goldberg et al. 2000), but we know of no previous reports of larvae of Abbreviata in anurans from this region. Species of Abbreviata require an insect intermediate host (Anderson 2000), thus any insectivore may ingest larvae. Roca (1993) suggested that prevalence of encysted larval nematodes in a lizard population indicates their degree of importance as prey because lizards can serve as intermediate hosts. Perhaps the same will be found true for anurans. Acknowledgments. Peggy Firth prepared the illustrations constituting Figs 1–8. E. Teodoro and S. Kark assisted with dissections. We thank I. Bigilale and Allen, Don, Gule, Lawasi, and Suki of Gadowalai and James and Pipi of Naura for field assistance; S. Andrew for permission to work on his land; D. Mitchell and Conservation International for logistical assistance in Milne Bay Province; the PNG National Museum and Art Gallery for providing in-country assis- fjad kadsææ¿æ tance; and the PNG Department of Environment and Conservation, PNG National Research Institute, and Milne Bay Provincial Government for permission to work in Milne Bay Province. This work was supported by National Science Foundation grant DEB 0103794. This is contribution 2006-27 from the Pacific Biological Survey, the Bernice P. Bishop Museum. References Anderson R. C. 2000. Nematode parasites of vertebrates: Their development and transmission. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, U.K. Baker M.R., Green D.M. 1988. Helminth parasites of native frogs (Leiopelmatidae) from New Zealand. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 66, 707–713. Bursey C.R., Goldberg S.R., Kraus F. 2005. New genus, new species of Cestoda (Anoplocephalidae), new species of Nematoda (Cosmocercidae) and other helminths in Cyrtodactylus louisiadensis (Sauria: Gekkonidae) from Papua New Guinea. Journal of Parasitology, 91, 882–889. Goldberg S.R., Bursey C.R., Walser C.M. 2000. Intestinal helminths of seven species of agamid lizards from Australia. Comparative Parasitology, 67, 109–114. Johnston T.H., Simpson E.R. 1942. Some nematodes from Australian frogs. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 66, 172–179. Kraus F., Allison A. 2004. New records of reptiles and amphibians from Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea. Herpetological Review, 35, 413–418. Moravec F., Sey O. 1986. Three new nematode species from Phrynomantis spp. (Amphibia: Microhylidae) from Papua New Guinea. Folia Parasitologica, 33, 343–351. Moravec F., Sey O. 1990. Some nematode parasites of frogs from Papua New Guinea and Australia. Acta Societatis Zoologicae Bohemoslovacae, 54, 268–286. Myers B.J., Kuntz R.E. 1969. Nematodes of fishes, amphibians, and reptiles taken by U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 2 expedition to North Borneo (Malaysia). Journal of the Fishery Research Board of Canada, 26, 793–797. Roca V. 1993. Methods and aims in parasitology of Mediterranean reptiles, mainly lizards. In: Lacertids of the Mediterranean Region, a biological approach (Eds. E.D. Valakos, W. Böhme, V. Pérez-Mellado and P. Maragou). Hellenic Zoological Society, Athens, Greece, 253–262. Zweifel R.G. 1971. Results of the Archbold Expeditions. No. 96. Relationships and distribution of Genyophryne thomsoni, a microhylid frog of New Guinea. American Museum Novitates, 2469, 1–13. (Accepted June 14, 2006) Unauthenticated Download Date | 6/15/17 1:45 AM