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PRACTICAL EXAM THEMES
Cranium
Anatomical position: orbitomeatal (Frankfort) plane
Divisions of the cranium:
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Neurocranium: calvaria, base
o Paired bones: temporal (petrotympanic fissure between tympanic and petrous parts),
parietal
o Singular: frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, occipital (foramen magnum, jugular process)
o Joints:
 Synchondroses: spheno-occipital
 Sutures
Viscerocranium
o Paired bones: maxilla, inferior concha, zygomatic, palatine, nasal, lacrimal
o Singular bones: mandible, ethmoid, vomer
o Joints:
 TMJ (temporomandibular joint)
Skeletal surface landmarks of the head
Superior aspect
Parietal eminences
Frontal eminences
Coronal suture
Sagittal suture
Lambdoid suture
Bregma
Vertex (near ½ of sagittal suture)
Parietal foramen
Anterior aspect
Frontal bone: squamous part, nasion (junction of frontal bone and both nasal bones); metopic
suture & glabella; superciliary arches; supra-orbital margins & notches, supra-orbital foramen,
Piriform aperture & nasal septum, nasal conchae;
Maxilla: infraorbital margin, infra-orbital foramen, canine fossa; alveolar processes ;
intermaxillary suture.
Zygomatic bone: zygomaticofacial foramen;
Mandible: body, ramus, mental foramina, mental protuberance, mandibular symphysis.
Lateral aspect
Temporal fossa, superior and inferior temporal lines
Zygomatic arch (temporal porcess of zygomatic bone + zygomatic process of temporal bone)
External acoustic meatus opening (pore)
Pterion: junction of frontal, parietal, temporal and sphenoid bones
Mastoid process, styloid process
Mandible: body, ramus, angle.
Occipital aspect
Inion (junction of parietal, occipital and mastoid)
Occiput (squamous part of occipital)
External occipital protuberance
External occipital crest
Superior & inferior nuchal lines
Lambda = junction of sagittal and lambdoid sutures
Sutural bones
The Endobase
Anterior compartment
Frontal crest
Superior sagittal sinus groove
Foramen cecum
Crista galli
Cribriform plate of Ethmoid ← I
Anterior ethmoidal foramina
Posterior ethmoidal foramina
Orbital parts of Frontal
Lesser wings of Sphenoid (posterior margin of lesser wing = Moore’s Clinical Anatomy
“sphenoidal crest”)
Anterior clinoid processes
Middle compartment
Prechiasmatic sulcus
Tuberculum sellae
Sella turcica
Dorsum sellae
Posterior clinoid process
Optic canal ← II
Carotid groove
Foramen lacerum
Superior orbital fissure ← III, IV, V1, VI
Greater wing of Sphenoid
Round foramen ← V2
Oval foramen ← V3
Foramen spinosum
Hiatus and groove of the greater petrosal nerve ( → foramen lacerum)
Groove of the lesser petrosal nerve ( → oval foramen)
Tegmen tympani
Superior petrosal sinus
Posterior compartment
Clivus = basilar part of Occipital
Internal occipital crest
Internal occipital protuberance (confluence of sinuses)
Groove for inferior petrosal sinus
Internal acoustic meatus ← VII, VIII
Jugular foramen ← IX, X, XI
Groove for sigmoid sinus
Groove for transverse sinus
Cerebellar fossa
Foramen magnum
Jugular tubercles
Hypoglossal canal ← XII
The Exobase
Anterior compartment
Superior alveoli
Incisive fossa & foramen
Interpalatine suture
Posterior nasal spine
Palatine process of Maxilla
Horizontal plate of Palatine
Greater and lesser palatine foramina
Vomer
Choana
The pterygoid process: lateral and medial pterygoid plates
The pterygoid notch
The pterygoid hamulus (hanging from the medial pterygoid plate)
The pterygoid fossa
Orifice of pterygoid canal
The inferior orbital fissure
Articular tubercle ( → transverse root of the zygomatic process of Temporal)
The zygomatic process of the Temporal
The temporal process of the Zygomatic
Middle compartment
Foramen lacerum
Oval foramen ← V3
Spinous foramen
Spine of sphenoid
Groove and orifice for pharyngotympanic tube
External orifice of carotid canal
Jugular foramen ← IX, X, XI
The orifice of tympanic canaliculus ( ← tympanic nerve, branch of IX)
Styloid process
Stylomastoid foramen ← VII
Vaginal process (around base of styloid process)
Mastoid process
Opening of external acoustic meatus
Mandibular fossa
Posterior compartment
Occipital condyle
Condylar canal (posterior to the occipital condyle)
Hypoglossal canal
Occipital groove for occipital artery
Mastoid foramen
Mastoid notch ( ← digastric muscle)
External occipital protuberance
Inferior nuchal line
Superior nuchal line
External occipital crest