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HOW DO WE GET THE ANTIBIOTICS WE NEED? Opportunities and challenges posed and lessons learned from recent submissions Dr. Flic Gabbay Senior Partner TranScrip Partners LLP 24th Annual EuroMeeting 26-28 March 2012 Copenhagen, Denmark Disclaimer The views and opinions expressed in the following PowerPoint slides are those of the individual presenter and should not be attributed to Drug Information Association, Inc. (“DIA”), its directors, officers, employees, volunteers, members, chapters, councils, Special Interest Area Communities or affiliates, or any organization with which the presenter is employed or affiliated. These PowerPoint slides are the intellectual property of the individual presenter and are protected under the copyright laws of the United States of America and other countries. Used by permission. All rights reserved. Drug Information Association, DIA and DIA logo are registered trademarks or trademarks of Drug Information Association Inc. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. 2 How do we get the antibiotics we need? • Why do we need new antibiotics? • What is prohibiting the development of new antibiotics? – discovery – funding – regulatory hurdles – successful launch and stewardship 3 Why do we need new antibiotics? 4 Crisis in Treatment of Bacterial Infection • Infectious Diseases Society of America • US senate, GAIN act • ECDC and EMA • Focus of World Health Day 2011; April 7th 5 6 Why do we not hear more about antibiotic resistance? • If it was important the media would tell us about it wouldn’t they? – Superbugs – • MRSA is getting under control • C.difficile is still worrying but being addressed – Other diseases are perceived to be much more important • AIDs, malaria, coronary heart disease and cancer So why are all these organisations worried? 7 Incidence of disease (millions) based on WHO 2004 Diarrhoea 0-4y children – 5% mortality European figures LRTI CAP – up to 5% mortality HAP – up to 20% mortality COPD and AECB, ranked 4th in deaths in US not measurable by incidence alone a US alone, b JAMA 2007, c CDC annual, d 10 countries only 2010 EU Kock et al, e ECDC annual 8 We have been through a period of believing antibiotics are not needed for respiratory infections • Many serious respiratory infections are perceived to be caused by viruses alone, however….. – there is an increasing recognition of the interplay between viral infections and bacterial infection both needing to be treated (e.g. exacerbations of COPD and asthma) • Resistance to antibiotics is perceived by some to be controlled by antibiotic stewardship alone… – it has now been shown this is not possible for established resistance 9 Incidence of disease (millions) based on WHO 2004 MRSA – up to 20% mortality Healthcare associated infection – up to 5% mortality a US alone, b JAMA 2007, c CDC annual, d 10 countries only 2010 EU Kock et al, e ECDC annual 10 MRSA and E.coli resistance Data: 1293 hospitals in 31 countries in Europe MRSA: 5,503 excess deaths associated with resistance E.Coli: 2712 excess deaths associated with resistance Trends estimate that 97,000 resistant bloodstream infections and 17,000 associated deaths could occur in 2015. ‘…. despite anticipated gains in the control of MRSA, the persistently increasing number of infections caused by third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Gram-negative pathogens is likely to outweigh this achievement ….‘ de Kraker MEA, Davey PG, Grundmann H, BURDEN study group (2011) 11 And it is not just MRSA and E.coli it includes pneumococcus In the US S.pneumonia has >40% resistance to macrolides, 15% to penicillin and 30% to quinolones 12 • So everyone now agrees we need new antibiotics… • What is prohibiting the development of new antibiotics? 13 New classes of antibiotics in last 50y 14 Lack of antibiotics in R&D • 2009 analyses by IDSA & ECDC/EMA – Only 15-16 antibiotics in clinical development – Only 8 have activity against key G-ve bacteria – Of these, NONE has activity against bacteria resistant to all currently available drugs • 2011 – show only 10 compounds in clinical development against G-ves – and no trials running in HAP/VAP and still NONE has activity against bacteria resistant to all currently available drugs 15 Why is pharma not researching more new antibiotics? • Challenges to find novel targets • Return on investment for pharma companies is less attractive than other therapeutic areas due to the “acute” nature of the disease and the current risk and cost of a regulatory programme • Even if products are generated from discovery in small or big pharma it is hard to convince companies to fund drugs beyond Phase I 16 The Antibacterial-Target Tree Oxazolidinones Macrolides Chloramphenical Lincosamides Aminoglycosides PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 30S ribosome CELL WALL Trimethoprim Sulphonamides Mupirocin Tetracyclines tRNA SYNTHETASE Metronidazole DNA SYNTHESIS Vancomycin Penicillins Cephalosporins Carbapenems RNA POLYMERASE DNA GYRASE Rifampicin Fidaxomycin Fluoroquinolones Nitrofurantoin White and Fairhead 2012 White and Fairhead 2012 17 Novel targets… • Novel versions of existing mechanisms • Except non specific bacterial DNA inhibition (SASP) which is universally effective but the vector is bacteria specific • Faster diagnostics - to allow narrower spectrum antibiotics • Control of mobile genetic elements resistance (inhibition of plasmids) • Human Microbiome • Vaccines, therapeutic vaccines • Immunological approaches 18 But they all need to pass the regulatory hurdles 19 Regulatory submissions submitted or reviewed since 2006 in EU or US IV/IM or IV/oral 2006 • daptomycin 2008 • telavancin • oritavancin • iclaprim • doripenem 2009 • ceftobiprole 2010 • ceftaroline Oral/topical/inhaled 2006 • garenoxacin • faropenem • gemifloxacin 2007 • retapamulin 2009 • Inhaled aztreonam • cethromycin 2010 • fidaxomicin 20 Key points US and EU registration • Approvals: – 7/14 (50%) total antibiotics – 1/5 (20%) oral antibiotics* – 4/7 ( 57%) parenteral antibiotics – 2/2 (100%) approvals for topical/inhaled antibiotics *fidaxomicin was gained both EU and FDA approval for C.difficile 21 Indications Date of submission or review 2006 daptomycin faropenem garenoxacin gemifloxacin 2008 telavancin oritavancin iclaprim doripenem 2007 retapamulin 2009 ceftobiprole inhaled aztreonam cethromycin 2010 ceftaroline fidaxomicin IV/parenteral Comp skin HAP P 6 VAP CAP Endo cUTI AI O O O O O O AECB Sinus itis decol O O O O O O PO PO P P P P O Decol P O PO O O Oral/topical SITL/ ERY 6 6 6 6 6 P O P P P O P 6 = submitted and failed =registered =studied 22 Key issues – changing environment • Most antibiotics attempted registration in US first • Until 2006 most antibiotics were submitted for multiple indications but since 2007 maximum indications has been 3 • Daptomycin was the first antibiotic to submitted for a single specific indication (cSSTI) • Three of the 5* successful antibiotic submissions in last 5 years were for cSSTI • Doripenem achieved, HAP, cAIS, cUTI • Telavancin got cSSTI in US and NP in Europe *excluding topical and inhaled 23 Why did the antibiotics fail? Was this bad navigation? 24 Oral antibiotics • Change in regulatory attitude – Non inferiority changed to superiority over placebo AECB, sinusitis etc – Few investigators will do these studies – Most products didn’t reach EMA – This has paralysed development of new oral antibiotics • Safety issues – garenoxacin – rare but unexplained hypotension – gemifloxacin – rash in 0.8% subjects 25 IV Antibiotics registration failure • Four submissions failed in complicated SSTI – telavancin (EU) (based on benefit-risk) – oritavancin (lack of evidence of outcome (MRSA)) – iclaprim (study designs inadequate) – ceftobiprole (GCP issues) • One failed in HAP – telavancin (FDA) based on failure to meet new endpoint guidance of 28 day mortality 26 So why are companies and agencies so far adrift on benefit risk decisions at end of Phase III 27 Detailed FDA Recent Guidance since 2006 Note cUTI issued Feb 2012 28 EU guidance “Guideline on the evaluation of medicinal products indicated for treatment of bacterial infections” 15 December 2011 CPMP/EWP/558/95 rev 2 Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) More generic and flexible… Is this the way to go? 29 Current FDA guidance • Predominantly requires two large studies per indication based on non inferiority guidance introduced in the early1990s – Non inferiority was ironically introduced to reduce the size of studies! • Indications have been subdivided to such an extent that no company can afford to register a drug for more than two or three indications making the return on investment limited. 30 Successful launch and stewardship • Companies are concerned that restrictions on cost and use of antibiotics will struggle to cover the cost of the substantial drug development programmes • Thus it will be difficult to get large pharmas to register and launch antibiotics 31 In summary • The need for new antibiotics is critical • Governments and charity money are available in recognition of this but mainly pre-clinical • The lack of funding for Phase II/III will kill off novel compounds in Phase I • Regulatory guidance has been mainly US based and has driven large expensive studies based on principles put in place 20y ago – can we think differently? 32 Finally WHO quote: • “Antibiotic resistance is becoming a public health emergency of yet unknown proportions” IDSA quote • We could revert to infection mortality not seen since pre 1950s – we must find ways of developing and registering new antibiotics… 33 Just as a reminder that antibiotics do make a difference.. Disease Death PreAntibiotics Death With Antibiotics Change in Death Community Pneumonia ~35% ~10% -25% Hospital Pneumonia 2 ~60% ~30% -30% Heart Valve Infection 3 ~100% ~25% -75% Brain Infection 4 >80% ˂23% -60% 1 11% ˂0.5% Skin Infection 5 By comparison...treatment of myocardial infarction with aspirin or streptokinase 6 1 IDSA -10% -3% Position Paper ’08 Clin Infect Dis 47 (S3): S249-65; 2IDSA/ACCP/ATS/SCCM Position Paper ’10 Clin Infect Dis In Press; 3Kerr AJ. Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis. Springfield IL: Charles C. Thomas, 1955 & Lancet 1935 226:383-4; 4 Lancet ’38 231:733-4 & Waring et al. ’48 Am J Med 5:402-18; 5 Spellberg et al. ’09 Clin Infect Dis 49:383-91 & Madsen ’73 Infection 1:76081 34 Thank you 35