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Professor: Hufford/Biederman S.I. Leader: Stephanie Schneider Biology 211 (2) Week 1! ! Chapter 29! VOCABULARY:! Aerobic respiration: Referring to any metabolic process, cell, or organism that uses oxygen as an electron acceptor Anaerobic respiration: Referring to any metabolic process, cell, or organism an electron acceptor other than oxygen Anoxygenic photosynthesis: Process that does not produce oxygen, but produces elements such as sulfur Archaea: A domain that includes unicellular prokaryotes, does not have peptidoglycan in cell wall Bacteria: A domain that includes unicellular prokaryotes, has peptidoglycan in cell wall Binary Fission: The process of cell division used for asexual reproduction of many prokaryotic cells Cellular respiration: A common pathway for production of ATP, involving transfer of electrons from compounds with high potential energy through an electron transport chain and acceptor Chemolithotrophs: Gets energy from inorganic molecules Chemoorganotrophs: Gets energy from organic molecules cyanobacteria: A lineage of photosynthetic bacteria, likely the first life-forms to carry out oxygenic photosynthesis Cocci: circle shaped Conjugation: When genetic material is transferred between two cells that are temporarily joined Gram Negative: Pink, thin layer of peptidoglycan, outer phospholipid bilayer Gram Positive: Purple, thick layer of peptidoglycan, no outer phospholipid bilayer Heterotrophs: Cannot synthesize Carbon from inorganic sources, must obtain them from other organisms Microbes: Any microscopic organism, including bacteria, archaea, and various tiny eukaryotes Nitrogen Fixing: Using atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into ammonia (NH3), which can be used to make up organic compounds Oxygen Revolution: Change in the atmosphere from the proliferation of cyanobacteria Oxygenic Phototrophs: photosynthesis: When Produces ATP through organisms release photosynthesis oxygen during photosynthesis Spirochete: Spiral shaped organisms Transformation: The genetic material in a cell is altered by the uptake of foreign DNA from the cell’s surroundings Transduction: Bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria) carry bacteria genes from one host cell to the other Plasmids: a “second” genome of DNA, transferable Professor: Hufford/Biederman S.I. Leader: Stephanie Schneider Symbiotic relationship: Close, prolonged physical relationship between individuals of two different species KEY CONCEPTS:! 1. Looking at a simple phylogenetic tree of the 3 domains, which domain shares to most common ancestry with Domain Eukarya – Bacteria or Archaea? a. Archaea and Eukarya share more common ancestry. The DNA polymerases, RNA polymerases, transcription initiation proteins, and ribosomes found in Archaea and Eukarya are distinct from those in Bacteria and similar to each other. These differences have practical consequences: Antibiotics that poison bacterial ribosomes do not affect the ribosomes of archaea or eukaryotes. If all ribosomes were identical, these antibiotics would kill you along with the bacterial species. 2. What do we mean when we say bacteria are ubiquitous? Give an example of this ubiquity. a. It means they are literally everywhere. They are found even in extreme places, such as hot springs, or thousands of feet below the oceans surface. 3. How many bacteria are in an on the typical human? How does this compare with the number of cells that make up the human body? a. Approximately 10 trillion cells in your body are outnumbered ten to one by bacterial and archaeal cells. 4. What two things do ALL organisms need, metabolically? Compare and contrast phototrophs, chemoorganotrophs, chemolithotrophs, autotrophs and heterotrophs. a. They need energy and carbon. b. Phototrophs: from sunlight c. Chemoorganotrophs: from organic molecules d. Chemolithotrophs: from inorganic molecules e. Autotrophs: self synthesized from simple molecules f. Heterotrophs: from molecules produced by other organisms 5. What are the four nuances in metabolism in prokaryotes? a. ! 6. What limits reproduction in prokaryotes? a. Run out of nutrient supplies. b. Accumulate toxic metabolic wastes Professor: Hufford/Biederman S.I. Leader: Stephanie Schneider c. Competition with other microorganisms 7. List the three types of Genetic Recombination and explain. 8. Which organism(s) have circular DNA? a. Bacterial only b. Bacteria and Archaea c. Archaea only d. Archaea and Eukaryotes 9. How do prokaryotes reproduce a. Sexual reproduction b. Meiosis c. Binary fission d. Mitosis 10. Which of the following organisms are poisoned by oxygen a. Faculative anaerobes b. Obligate aerobes c. Aerotolerant anaerobes d. Obligate anaerobes 11. Obligate aerobes a. Require oxygen b. Are poisoned by oxygen c. Neither require nor are poisoned by oxygen d. CAN use oxygen, but don’t NEED it 12. Chemoorganoheterotrophs get their energy from_____and carbon from_____. a. Organic materials;organic 13. Which organism(s) have peptidogylycan in their cell wall? a. Bacteria and Archaea b. Archaea only c. Bacteria only d. Eukaryotes 14. Draw and label the four different shapes of prokaryotes. a. Bacilli (rod shape) b. Cocci (circles) c. Spirochetes (spiral) d. Vibrios (comma-shaped_ 15. What colors do Gram negative and Gram positive stain? How does the Gram negative cell wall differ from the Gram positive cell wall? Which is susceptible to penicillin? a. Gram positive have a thick layer of peptidoglycan (purple and very susceptible to penicillin b. Gram negative has a thin layer of peptidoglycan (pink and resistant to penicillin) 16. Give two examples of cyanobacteria and why they are so important a. Anabaena- a filamentous cyanobacteria, fixes nitrogen, photosynthetic b. Stromatolites: responsible for the oxygenation of the atmosphere 17. What is a symbiotic relationship? Explain the difference between parasitism and mutualism. a. Parasitism (+,-) b. Mutualism (+,+) Professor: Hufford/Biederman S.I. Leader: Stephanie Schneider 18. What are some examples of a “good” bacteria partnership? a. Human microbiome b. Decomposition c. Termite guts d. Symbiotic nitrogen fixation e. Nitrogen cycle 19. The change in the atmosphere from the proliferation of cyanobacteria is referred to as a. Global warming b. The oxygen revolution c. Ozone effect d. Carbon dioxide increase