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How big is that?
Diameter of hydrogen atom
1.06 × 10 −8 cm
3
Diameter of the Moon
3.5 × 10 km
Diameter of the Earth
1.3 × 10 4 km
Diameter of the Sun
1.4 × 106 km
5
Diameter of the Milky Way
1.7 × 10 ly
Distance to the Moon
3.8 × 10 5 km
Distance to the Sun
Distance to the next nearest
star
Distance to the center of the
Milky Way
Distance to the nearest galaxy
1.5 × 108 km
106 ly
2.8 × 10 4 ly
0.08M
1.7 × 10 5 ly
Normal star
1M
Giant star
10M
Population III star
700M
6.0 × 10 27 gm
Normal galaxy
1011 − 1012 M
1.9 × 10 30 gm
Galaxy cluster
1014 − 1015 M
7.4 × 10 25 gm
)
Mass of the Sun ( 1M )
2.0 × 10 33 gm
Mass of the Milky Way
4.6 × 1011 M
Luminosity of the Sun ( 1L )
3.8 × 10
Luminosity of the largest
stars
10 5 L
33
erg/s
Luminosity of the Milky Way
2 × 1010 L
Luminosity of quasar 3C 273
1012 L
4
Earth’s rotation period (1 day)
Moon’s revolution period
Earth’s revolution period
(1 year)
Jupiter’s revolution period
Age of the solar system
8.64 × 10 s
27.322 days
Expected life span of the Sun
1.0 × 1010 years
Halflife of 87 Rb
Age of the Universe
Earth’s equator rotation speed
Earth’s revolution speed
Sun’s speed within the Milky
Way
Milky Way’s speed within the
local Universe
1 µ m = 10 −4 cm
Distance between galaxies
Typical masses:
Smallest star
4.2 ly
Mass of the Moon
(
1.08 × 10 −7 cm
106 km
a few ly
1.67 × 10 −24 gm
Mass of Jupiter 1 M J
10 −8 cm
Normal star diameter
Distance between stars
Normal galaxy diameter
Mass of hydrogen atom
Mass of the Earth ( 1M⊕ )
Typical lengths:
Atom
Base-pair distance, between N-H
groups
Cyanobacterium diameter
365.25 days
5.2 years
4.6 × 109 years
Typical luminosities:
Normal star
10 3 − 10 5 L
Normal galaxy
109 − 1010 L
Quasar
1012 − 1013 L
Typical timespans:
Planetary revolution
Galaxy rotation
1 year
Life of giant stars
106 − 109 years
Life of normal star
Typical speeds:
Planetary orbits
Stellar motion in galaxy
Between nearby galaxies
1010 years
Other important constants:
1.37 × 1010 years
0.47 km/s
30 km/s
1 ly = 9.46 × 1012 km =
550 km/s
1L
Giant star
4.99 × 1010 years
250 km/s
10 5 ly
9.46 × 1017 cm
1 hour = 3600 s
1 year = 3.16 × 107 s
π = 3.14159265359
107 − 109 years
10 km/s
100 km/s
100 km/s
1 Mly = 106 ly
1 km = 10 5 cm
1 erg =
1 gm cm2/s2
ln 2 = 0.693147
Speed of light: c = 2.99792458 × 10 5 km/s =
2.99792458 × 1010 cm/s = 1 ly/year
Object
Sun
Mercury
Venus
Earth
Moon
Mars
Phobos
Deimos
Jupiter
Metis
Adrastea
Amalthea
Thebe
Io
Europa
Ganymede
Callisto
Saturn
Titan
Uranus
Neptune
Triton
Pluto
Charon
Orbital semimajor axis
(AU)
0.387
0.723
1.000
1.524
5.203
9.539
19.191
30.061
39.529
(cm)
5.791E+12
1.082E+13
1.496E+13
3.844E+10
2.279E+13
9.380E+08
2.350E+09
7.783E+13
1.280E+10
1.290E+10
1.815E+10
2.220E+10
4.216E+10
6.709E+10
1.070E+11
1.880E+11
1.427E+14
1.222E+11
2.871E+14
4.497E+14
3.548E+10
5.914E+14
1.960E+09
Sidereal revolution
period
(years)
Orbital
Sidereal rotation
eccentricity
period
(days)
(days)
0.241
0.615
1.000
0.206
0.007
0.017
0.055
0.093
0.018
0.002
0.048
0.000
0.000
0.003
0.010
0.004
0.010
0.002
0.008
0.056
0.029
0.046
0.010
0.000
0.248
0.000
27.322
1.881
0.319
1.262
11.862
0.295
0.298
0.498
0.674
1.769
3.551
7.155
16.689
29.458
15.94
84.014
164.793
5.877
248.540
6.387
2
25.4
58.650
-243.01
0.997
27.322
1.026
0.319
1.262
0.414
0.300
0.290
0.498
0.674
1.769
3.551
7.155
16.689
0.444
15.900
0.718
0.671
5.877
6.387
6.387
Radius
(km)
695990
2436
6053
6378
1738
3399
14x10
8x6
71370
20
12x8
135x78
50
1815
1569
2631
2400
60336
2575
25576
24300
1355
1161
595
Mass
(gm)
1.99E+33
3.30E+26
4.87E+27
5.98E+27
7.35E+25
6.42E+26
9.60E+18
2.00E+18
1.90E+30
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8.89E+25
4.79E+25
1.48E+26
1.08E+26
5.69E+29
1.35E+26
8.68E+28
1.02E+29
2.14E+25
1.29E+25
1.77E+24
Visual
albedo
0.12
0.59
0.39
0.11
0.15
0.05
0.05
0.44
0.04
0.05
0.05
0.10
0.63
0.64
0.43
0.17
0.46
0.60
0.56
0.51
0.75
0.50
0.40