Download Chapters 16,17,19 notes

Body’s Transport System
The Cardiovascular System
Delivering Needed Materials
Most materials needed by the body’s cells (like
oxygen and food) are carried by the blood
Removing Waste Products
Waste products (like Carbon Dioxide) are picked
up by the blood and removed from the cells
Fighting Disease
White blood cells attack disease causing
1
microorganisms (“Germs”)
Body’s Transport System
The Heart
The Heart’s Structure
The Right and Left sides are
completely separated from each other
Each side has an upper chamber (Atrium)
and a lower chamber (ventricle)
Each Atrium receives blood coming back
from the body
Each Ventricle pumps blood back out of the
Heart and to the body
2
Body’s Transport System
The Heart
How the Heart Works
Heart muscles relax and the Heart
chambers fill with blood
Both Atria contract, and blood is
squeezed into the ventricles
Both ventricles contract, and blood is squeezed
out of the Heart and into the arteries
3
Body’s Transport System
Two Loops
Pattern of Blood Flow
Two different “loops” of blood vessels travel
through the body and the heart
Loop 1: To the Lungs and back
Blood from the Right Ventricle is pumped
to the lungs
Blood flows through the lungs and absorbs O2
Blood flows from the lungs back to the heart,
where it enters the Left 4Atrium
Body’s Transport System
Two Loops
Loop 2: To the Body and back
Blood from the Left Ventricle is pumped to
the body’s cells (from brain to toes!)
Blood delivers nutrients and O2 to the cells of
the body, and absorbs CO2 to take it away
Blood returns to the Right Atrium of the
Heart and enters “loop 1” .
5
Body’s Transport System
Arteries
Artery Structure
Have epithelial (skin) tissue on the inside
Middle layer is made up of smooth muscle
tissue
Outer layer is made up of flexible connective
tissue
These layers make the arteries strong and
flexible, and can withstand the pressure of the
blood pumping through them
6
Body’s Transport System
Arteries
Pulse
Your pulse is caused by the expansion and
relaxation of the artery walls
Each expansion/relaxation is caused by the
heart pumping the blood through the arteries
Regulating Blood Flow
Arteries control which organs get more blood
supply delivered based on where the oxygen is
7
needed most
Body’s Transport System
Capillaries
Materials are exchanged
Walls of the capillaries are only 1 cell thick
Nutrients and Oxygen are able to easily pass
through the wall of the capillaries
Waste products (Carbon Dioxide) are also able to
pass through the walls of the capillaries
Materials pass through the walls of the
capillaries through the process of Diffusion
8
Body’s Transport System
Veins
Back to the Heart
Blood passes out of the capillaries into larger
blood vessels called Veins
Veins carry the blood back to the heart (Right
Atrium)
Walls of the Veins are much thinner than the
walls of the Arteries, because the pressure of
the blood is much less
9
The Respiratory System
Respiratory System Functions
Taking in Oxygen
Oxygen is needed by all the cells in your body
Oxygen is for Cellular Respiration (“burning” of
glucose to release energy needed to live)
Respiration is different from Breathing!
Respiration – releasing energy in food
Breathing – movement of air into and out of
the lungs
10
The Respiratory System
Respiratory System Functions
Removing Carbon Dioxide and Water
Respiration produces waste products Carbon
Dioxide and Water
Respiratory System removes the Carbon Dioxide
and Water when you exhale
Systems Working Together
Circulatory System delivers the Oxygen inhaled
by the Respiratory System
Digestive System provides the fuel (glucose)
11
needed for cellular respiration
to occur
The Respiratory System
The Path of Air
The Nose and Nasal Cavity
Mucus in the nasal cavity helps trap dust and
microorganisms (germs)
Warms the air so it does not damage the lungs
The Trachea
Tube that connects the nasal cavity to the lungs
Mucus in the Trachea continues to trap dust and
microorganisms (germs)
12
The Respiratory System
The Path of Air
The Bronchi and the Lungs
The Bronchi create a “fork in the road” that
sends air to each lung
Inside the lungs, the bronchi continue to
divide into smaller and smaller tubes
At the end of each tube are Alveoli (tiny
sacs where gas exchange occurs)
The Alveoli are where the blood gets rid of its
Carbon Dioxide and picks up more Oxygen
13
The Respiratory System
Gas Exchange
How gas exchange occurs
Alveoli are surrounded by capillaries
carrying blood
Oxygen in the Alveoli pass into the blood
Carbon Dioxide in the blood pass into the
Alveoli
Carbon Dioxide and Oxygen pass through the
walls of the capillaries by Diffusion (molecules
move from an area of high concentration to an
14
area of low concentration)
The Respiratory System
How You Breathe
Muscles for Breathing
The Diaphragm at the bottom of the rib
cage controls your breathing
The Process of Breathing
When the Diaphragm contracts and moves
downward, air is sucked into the lungs
When the Diaphragm relaxes and moves
upwards, air is pushed out of the lungs
15
The Excretory System
The Excretory System
Removes waste products from the body
Urea – formed from the digestion of proteins
Water – formed during cellular respiration
Heat – formed during cellular respiration
Solid Wastes – formed from the digestion of food
16
The Excretory System
Filtration of Wastes
Filtering out Wastes
Kidneys filter out urea, glucose, and some water
from the blood
Formation of Urine
Urea is converted to Urine in the Kidneys
Urine is stored in the bladder until it is full
Urine is excreted (gotten rid of) through the
Urethra
17
The Excretory System
Excretion and Homeostasis
Kidneys
Help regulate the amount of water inside your
body (prevents dehydration)
Lungs and Skin
Carbon Dioxide, Water, and Heat removed
through the lungs when you exhale
Water, Urea, and Heat removed through the skin
when you sweat
18
The Excretory System
Excretion and Homeostasis
Liver
Breaks down proteins into smaller molecules that
form Urea
Breaks down old, worn out blood cells to make
Bile (used in the digestion of lipids)
19
Parts of the
Nervous System
Central Nervous System:
The “control center” of the body. Made
up of the Brain and Spinal Cord
Peripheral Nervous System:
Network of nerves that branch out and
connect to the rest of the body.
20
The Brain’s Job
1. Receives messages:
Nerves from the sense organs (ears,
eyes, nose, tongue, and skin) send
information to the Brain.
2. Interprets messages:
Brain decides what actions (if any)
is needed to protect the body and
maintain homeostasis
21
The Brain’s Job
3. Sends messages:
Sends message to the other organ
systems (muscular, digestive,
respiratory, etc) telling them how to
respond to changes in the
environment
22
The Spinal Cord’s Job
1. Connects the Brain to the
rest of the Nervous System:
A. Messages from all over the body
are sent to the Spinal Cord, then
delivered to the Brain.
B. Messages from the Brain are sent
to the Spinal Cord, then delivered
to the rest of the body.
23
The Peripheral
Nervous System
1. Sends and Receives messages:
A. Messages are sent to (and
received from) the Brain.
B. Messages travel along a series
of neurons (nerve cells) as
electrical pulses.
24