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mai83686_ndx.qxd 6/13/08 11:44 AM Page I-1 Index a, an, 789. See also Articles (a, an, the) Abbreviations, 903–910 in addresses, 907 in APA documentation style, 436 capitalization in, 880, 893, 903 in CSE documentation styles, 488, 489 and documenting sources, 907–8 exercises, 909–10 and grammar checkers, 903 and hyphens, 931 identifying for readers, 905 inappropriate, 909 in informative reports, 164 in lab reports, 172 Latin, 909 in MLA documentation style, 384, 388, 393 and multilingual writers, 904 in names, 828 for parts of speech, 759, 909 periods in, 880, 905 of personal/professional titles, 903– 4 plurals of, 926 in visuals, 906, 913 See also Editing symbols ABC-CLIO databases, 300 Absolute phrases and commas, 823 in cumulative sentences, 744 defined, 560, G-1 Absolutes, 670 Abstract nouns, 535, 781, 949, G-1, G-12 Abstract words. See Words Abstracts in APA paper format, 453 citation of, APA documentation style, 443, 446, 448 citation of, MLA documentation style, 399, 400 in databases, 297, 299, 301, 448 and evaluating sources, 323 in lab reports, 173 Academic disciplines. See Disciplines Academic titles. See Titles (personal/ professional) Academic writing style, 701, 924. See also Disciplines; Informal usage Accent marks, 758 accept, except, 789, 939 Accuracy, 213, 328–29 Acknowledgements in lab reports, 175 in MLA documentation style, 412–13 Acronyms, 904, 905, 931, G-1. See also Abbreviations Action, calls for, in conclusions, 87, 88 Active voice, 749–52 and confusing shifts, 705 defined, G-1, G-19 exercises, 555, 750, 751–52 vs. passive voice, 635–36, 687, 750–52 and transitive verbs, 554–55 A.D. (in the year of our Lord), 906 adapt, adopt, 789, 939 Addresses abbreviations in, 907 commas in, 827, 829 numbers in, 913 Ad hominem fallacy, 217 Adjectival modifiers, 741– 42 Adjective clauses and commas, 817, 819 defined, 561–62, G-1 Adjective phrases, 723, 820, G-1 Adjectives, 661–73 absolutes, 670 vs. adverbs, 662, 664–65, 666 adverbs modifying, 664 and comma misuses, 811, 834 comparative/superlative forms, 541, 668–70, 671 compound, 929–30 coordinate, 810–13, 834, G-4 cumulative, 811, 954–55, G-5 defined, 531, 661, G-1 demonstrative pronouns as, 537 descriptive, 541– 42, G-6 double negatives, 543, 552, 670, 672, 982–83 exercises, 667–68, 955 function of, 663 and grammar checkers, 662 grammar review, 541– 42, 543– 44 irregular, 670, 671 and multilingual writers, 663, 954–55 nouns as, 663–64 order of, 954–55 participial phrases as, 559 past participles as, 614, 621, 960–61 in phrases, 723, 820, G-1 and prepositions, 974–75 present participles as, 614, 960–61 proper, 541, 663, 930, G-15 subject complements as, 542, 610, 642, 665–66 adopt, adapt, 789, 939 Adverb clauses and commas, 817, 819, 833 defined, 562, G-1 I-1 _ _ _ mai83686_ndx.qxd I-2 t_ _ _ 6/13/08 11:44 AM Page I-2 INDEX Adverbial modifiers, 741– 42 Adverbs, 661–73 vs. adjectives, 662, 664–65, 666 adverbs modifying, 664 in clauses, 562, 817, 819, 833, G-1 comparative/superlative forms, 542, 668–70, 671 defined, 531, 542, 661, G-1 as disruptive modifiers, 723 double negatives, 543, 552, 670, 672 ending with -ly, 542, 665, 669, 929, 937, 973 exercises, 667–68, 672–73 function of, 664 and grammar checkers, 662 grammar review, 542– 44 and helping verbs, 968 and intransitive verbs, 557 irregular, 670, 671 and multilingual writers, 968, 973 recognizing, 665 and word order, 742, 968 See also Conjunctive adverbs Advertisements citation of, MLA documentation style, 401 intentional sentence fragments in, 577 advice, advise, 789, 939 a few, few, 972 affect, effect, 789, 939 Afterwords, citation of, MLA documentation style, 395 Agreement, G-1. See also Pronoun-antecedent agreement; Subjectverb agreement agree to, agree with, 789 ain’t, 789 Aircraft names capitalizing, 897 italicizing, 918 aisle, isle, 939 a little, little, 972–73 all, and subject-verb agreement, 609 all/all of, more/more of, some/some of, 789 All caps, 13 all ready, already, 789, 939 all right, alright, 789 all together, altogether, 790 allude, elude, refer to, 790, 939 allusion, illusion, 939 -ally, as adverb ending, 937 Almanacs, 295 almost as limiting modifier, 722 vs. most, 790 along with, and subjectverb agreement, 604 a lot, alot, 790 Alphabetization in APA documentation style, 441, 442, 444 in Chicago documentation style, 468, 470 in CSE documentation styles, 488, 489 ignoring articles in, 393, 442, 444 in MLA documentation style, 390, 393 already, all ready, 789, 939 alright, all right, 789 altar, alter, 939 although comma misuses with, 832 as nonrestrictive element, 819 altogether, all together, 790 A.M., AM, a.m., 790, 906 Ambiguous modifiers, 721–23 Ambiguous pronoun references, 656–57 American Memory, 335 American Psychological Association, 454. See also APA (American Psychological Association) style among, between, 790 amoral, immoral, 790, 939 amount, number, 790 Ampersands (&) in APA documentation style, 436 in company names, 909 an, 789. See also articles (a, an, the) Analogy, 80–81, G-1 Analysis of arguments, 212–15 defined, 150, G-1 See also Analysis/interpretation in critical reading; Interpretive analyses Analysis/interpretation in critical reading, 150–57 annotation, 151–54 exercises, 153–54 questions for, 150–51 summaries, 154–57 and and pronounantecedent agreement, 654–55 and subject-verb agreement, 604 See also coordinating conjunctions and etc., avoiding, 793 and others (Chicago documentation style), 470, 471 and so on, using instead of etc., 793 Anecdotes in conclusions, 87 as evidence, 215 in introductions, 85 in oral presentations, 249 Angle brackets, 403 Animation, in multimedia writing, 263 Annotation and critical reading, 151–54 defined, G-2 and documenting sources, 349–51 for drafts in portfolios, 135 and exploring ideas, 35 Antecedents ambiguous or implied reference to, 656–57 compound, 654–55 defined, 536, 649, G-2 mai83686_ndx.qxd 6/13/08 11:44 AM Page I-3 INDEX pronoun-antecedent agreement, 536, 649–55, 980–81, G-14 pronoun reference to, 655–60, 980–81, G-15 and subject-verb agreement, 610–11 Anthologies, citation of APA documentation style, 441 Chicago documentation style, 471–72 MLA documentation style, 389, 394, 395 anxious, eager, 790 any, and subject-verb agreement, 609 anybody, any body, 790 anymore, any more, 790 anyone, any one, 790 APA (American Psychological Association) style, 427–65 captions in, 364 defined, G-2 elements diagrams, 431–33 explanatory notes in, 452 figure numbering in, 363 general guidelines, 435, 441 paper format, 452–54 on racial/ethnic groups, 897 sample papers, 165–70, 454–65 sample type charts, 428–30 sample type directories, 434, 439– 40 See also APA in-text citations; Reference list (APA style) APA in-text citations, 434–39 abstracts, 443 authors with same last name, 437 classical texts, 438 electronic sources, 435, 437–38 general guidelines, 435 indirect sources, 437 multiple authors, 435–36 multiple sources, 437, 438 organizational authors, 436 personal communications, 437 religious texts, 438 sample type directory, 434 unknown authors, 437 See also Reference list (APA style) Apostrophes, 921–27 common errors, 926–27 and contractions, 921, 924–25 exercises, 924, 925, 927 and grammar checkers, 921 in plurals, 926 to indicate possession, 536, 638, 645, 921–24, 925, 927 Application letters, 514–16, G-2 apply, in essay exams, 242 Appositives and colons, 844– 45, 847 and commas, 820, 833, 834 and dashes, 834, 864–65 defined, 560, G-2 in phrases, 560, 733 and pronoun case, 643, 644 as sentence fragments, 580 and subordination, 733 Appropriate language, 768–76 and bias, 772–75 and dialects, 769 and discourse communities, 768, 769 and doublespeak, 771 and euphemisms, 771 exercises, 771–72, 775–76 and formality, 769–70 and jargon, 770–71 and slang, 768 and tone, 33 See also Gender bias; Informal usage Archival research, 330, 332–33, 334, 335 Archives I-3 citation of, MLA documentation style, 402 defined, 330, G-2 Internet information sources on, 335 visiting, 333 Web sites for, 333, 334 ArchivesUSA, 335 are, hour, our, 939 argue, in essay exams, 242 Argumentative structures, 98 Argument papers, 210–36 and argument analysis, 212–15, 216–17 counterarguments in, 221 humanities, 230–32 purpose of, 27 research projects, 283, 285 revising, 223 rhetorical strategies in, 220–22 sample papers, 224–29, 230–36 sciences, 232–36 social sciences, 224–29 thesis in, 220, 221, 222–23 understanding the assignment, 210–12 visuals in, 219 writing beyond college, 211 writing process for, 215, 218–23 Arguments analyzing and evaluating, 212–15, 216–17, 325–28 counterarguments, 221 and critical reading, 218, 221, 223 defined, 210, G-2 in essay exams, 242 evidence in, 212–13, 215 logical fallacies, 215, 216–17, 222, 223 writing as aid to, 5 See also Argument papers; Persuasion Articles (a, an, the) as adjectives, 541 a vs. an, 789 and count/noncount nouns, 948, 950 _ _ _ mai83686_ndx.qxd I-4 t_ _ _ 6/13/08 11:44 AM Page I-4 INDEX Articles (continued) defined, G-2 definite and indefinite, 789, 950, G-2 exercises, 953–54 as function words, 715 ignoring in alphabetization, 393, 442, 444 missing, 694–95 and multilingual writers, 949–51, 953–54 and proper nouns, 951 in titles of works, 393, 442, 444, 897, 916 Articles (in periodicals). See Periodical articles Art Institute of Chicago online image collection, 322 Artworks capitalizing titles of, 897 citation of, APA documentation style, 447 citation of, Chicago documentation style, 478 citation of, MLA documentation style, 411–12 italics for, 917 and present tense, 628 as in comparisons, 693, 785 vs. like, 790 and parallelism, 714–15 and pronoun case, 644– 45 vs. since, when, because, 790 ascent, assent, 939 ASCII format, 414, 512 as cited in (APA documentation style), 437 as follows, with colon, 845 as, like, 790 assent, ascent, 939 Assignments, college case studies, 202–6 coauthored works, 33–34 critical response papers, 157–60, G-5 document design for, 125–33 essay exams, 242– 47 online delivery of, 11 oral presentations, 248–53 personal essays, 237– 41 purpose of, 26, 28 See also Argument papers; Informative reports; Interpretive analyses; Lab reports; Multimedia writing; Research projects; Understanding assignments; Writing process assistance, assistants, 939 Assumptions in arguments, 214–15 and critical reading, 150 Asterisks, in e-mail, 898, 916 as well as, and subjectverb agreement, 604 at, with where, avoiding, 791 Attachments to e-mail, 414, 503, 512 Audience and argument papers, 218, 222 and community-service writing, 499–500 and critical reading, 144, 150 defined, G-2 and document design, 125 and evaluating sources, 324–25 exercises, 33 and informative reports, 162 and networked classrooms, 14 and oral presentations, 248 and peer review, 31, 32 and portfolios, 134–35 and research projects, 283, 284 and tone, 33 and understanding assignments, 29–31, 32 Audio files citation of, MLA documentation style, 410 in multimedia writing, 263, 265 Audio recordings, citation of APA documentation style, 447 Chicago documentation style, 478 MLA documentation style, 411 Authors APA in-text citations, 434–37 APA reference entries, 438, 440, 442 Chicago notes and bibliography entries, 469–71, 473–74 and critical reading, 144, 146, 147 CSE documentation styles, 487–89 and evaluating sources, 322, 324 MLA in-text citations, 381–84, 383, 384 MLA works-cited entries, 390, 392, 397, 406 multiple, 382–83, 390, 392, 435–36, 440, 470–71, 491 multiple works by, 381–82, 390, 440, 443, 470 organizational, 384, 392, 436, 440, 446, 471, 488–89, 491 with same last name, 383, 437 See also Unknown authors, citation of AutoSummarize feature, in word-processing software, 156 Auxiliary verbs. See Helping verbs awful, awfully, 791 awhile, a while, 791 Backing up files, 64 Bandwagon fallacy, 217 bare, bear, 939 Bar graphs, 58–59, 204, 314 Base form of verb, 532, 614 B.C. (before Christ), 906 B.C.E. (before the Common Era), 906 mai83686_ndx.qxd 6/13/08 11:44 AM Page I-5 INDEX be in expletive constructions, 610, 687 as helping verb, 622, 749, 957 as linking verb, 553, 642, 749 overuse of, 749–50 and passive voice, 614 present/past-tense forms of, 599, 979 principal forms of, 614–15 and progressive tenses, 614, 624, 625 and wordiness, 687 See also helping verbs bear, bare, 939 because vs. as, 790 vs. for, 969 reason...is because, 698, 796 because of, due to, 792 Begging the question fallacy, 217 being as, being that, 791 belief, believe, 791, 939 beside, besides, 791, 939 better, for quantity, avoiding, 791 between, among, 790 Bias and appropriate language, 772–75 and argument analysis, 215 and argument papers, 218 and case studies, 205 defined, G-2 and evaluating sources, 323, 325 exercises, 775 and multilingual writers, 774 and number shifts, 701 and word choice, 114 See also Assumptions; Gender bias Bible capitalization for, 897 citation of, Chicago documentation style, 472 citation of, MLA documentation style, 388, 396, 846 colons for, 472, 846 no italics for, 916 Bibliographic software, 348 Bibliographies Chicago documentation style, 468 for reference, 295 in reference works, 322–23 working, 347– 49, G-20 Bibliomaker, 348 Biographies, 296 Block quotations in APA documentation style, 453, 853 in Chicago documentation style, 467 defined, G-7 and integrating quotations, 359 in MLA documentation style, 383, 385, 414, 852–54 and quotation marks, 852–54 spacing in, 853 Blogs (Weblogs) citation of, APA documentation style, 451 citation of, MLA documentation style, 408 defined, G-2 designing, 255, 274–75 as electronic learning tools, 14 exercises, 274–75 and multimedia writing, 255 and peer review, 275 as research source, 311 The Blue Book: A Uniform System of Citation (Harvard Law Review Association), 402 board, bored, 939 Body defined, G-2 planning, 49, 51–52 See also Rhetorical strategies Bold-faced terms, 144 Boldface type, 127, 131 Book chapters/sections citation of, CSE documentation styles, 490 titles of, 856 Books I-5 capitalizing titles of, 897 citation of, APA documentation style, 428, 431, 438, 440– 42 citation of, Chicago documentation style, 469–71, 479 citation of, CSE documentation styles, 487–90 citation of, MLA documentation style, 375, 378, 390, 392, 394–97 critical reading of, 145 indexes in, 323 italicizing titles of, 917 online, 291, 404–5, 450, 479, 489, 493 as research source, 291, 304, 306–8 Boolean operators, 295, G-2 bored, board, 939 both, and subject-verb agreement, 608 both...and as correlative conjunction, 546 and subject-verb agreement, 604 See also correlative conjunctions Boxes as design element, 131 Brackets in APA documentation style, 446 in CSE documentation styles, 492–93 and parentheses, 871 in quotations, 358, 852, 870–72, 873, 899 Brainstorming, 38, 44, G-2 brake, break, 939 Brand names, 893 break, brake, 939 bring, take, 791 British spelling, 936 Broadcast interviews, citation of, MLA documentation style, 411 Brochures citation of, APA documentation style, 447 design for, 499–500, 501 Browsers, 268, G-2 Bulleted lists, as design element, 127, 131 _ _ _ mai83686_ndx.qxd I-6 6/13/08 Page I-6 INDEX Business letters, 517 application letters, 513–15, G-2 colons in, 829, 846 and letters of protest, 519 –20 and persuasive letters, 503 Business reports/proposals, 519 but, without commas, 823. See also coordinating conjunctions but that, but what, 791 buy, by, 939 by, buy, 939 t_ _ _ 11:44 AM Call letters, capitalization of, 893 Call numbers, 304, G-2 can as helping verb, 622 vs. may, 791 can’t hardly, avoiding, 791 capital, capitol, 791, 939 Capitalization, 892–902 in abbreviations, 880, 893, 903 in APA documentation style, 441 and brackets, 871 in Chicago documentation style, 468, 472 and colons, 468, 845, 899–900 in CSE documentation styles, 489 and disciplines, 895 and ellipses, 875 exercises, 901–2 first word of sentence, 898 geographical regions, 896 and grammar checkers, 892 and hyphens, 930 and independent clauses, 899–900 in lists, 900–901 in MLA documentation style, 393 in outlines, 900 overview, 892 and parentheses, 869, 898 personal/professional titles, 895 proper adjectives, 541, 663 proper nouns, 893–95 and quotations, 850, 851, 854, 898–99 racial/ethnic groups, 896–97 sacred things, 897 scientific names, 895, 918 titles of works, 413, 897 capitol, capital, 791, 939 Captions, 84, 129, 364, 386–87, 415 Card-stacking fallacy, 216 Career-related writing, 22, 508–23 application letters, 513–15, G-2 information sources for, 520 informative reports, 162 and internships, 509–10 interpretive analyses, 184 and job interviews, 516 and multilingual writers, 514 on-the-job writing, 517–20, 751 and peer review, 364–65 and portfolios, 133, 509 résumés, 509–12, 515, G-15 CARS checklist for Web site evaluation, 328–29 Cartoons citation of, MLA documentation style, 401, 410 italicizing titles of, 917 Case, G-2. See also Pronoun case Case studies, 202–6 Catalyst, 15–16, 92–93 Causal organization, 249 Cause and effect, 81–82, 83 cc, in e-mail, 519 CD-ROMs, citation of APA documentation style, 446 Chicago documentation style, 479 MLA documentation style, 408 CDs, citation of, APA documentation style, 447 C.E. (Common Era), 906 censer, censor, censure, 791, 939 cf. (compare), avoiding in formal writing, 909 Characters, in fiction, 194 Chartjunk, 106–9, G-2 Charts abbreviations in, 906, 913 citation of, MLA documentation style, 401 See also Visuals Chat rooms, 44, 45, 311–12, G-2. See also Online communication Checking work. See Proofreading Checklists, 110–11 editing for clarity, 111, 753 editing for grammar conventions, 110, 674 editing for mechanics/ spelling, 946 editing for word choice, 111, 799 exploring ideas, 36 for multilingual writers, 984 plagiarism, 344 proofreading, 116 revising, 91, 95 sentence punctuation, 885 thesis, 46 using, 91 Chicago documentation style, 466–85 anthologies, 471–72 artwork, 478 audiovisual sources, 478 books, 469–71, 479 defined, G-2 dissertations, 477 edited works, 471–72 electronic sources, 479–80 general guidelines, 468 government documents, 476 interviews, 476 in-text citations, 467–68 later editions, 473 multiple authors, 470–71 multiple works by same author, 470 mai83686_ndx.qxd 6/13/08 11:44 AM Page I-7 INDEX multivolume works, 473 musical compositions, 477 newspaper articles, 475–76, 480 online books, 479 organizational authors, 471 paper format, 481 performances, 478 periodical articles, 474–76, 479–80 reference works, 472–73 religious texts, 472 reviews, 476 sample paper (partial), 481–85 sample type directory, 469 series, 473 unknown authors, 473–74, 475–76 unpublished works, 477 The Chicago Manual of Style, 466. See also Chicago documentation style choose, chose, 939 Choosing topics. See Topic selection Choreographic works, italicizing, 917 chose, choose, 939 Chronological organization and body of paper, 50 defined, G-3 in lab reports, 173 and narration, 72 in oral presentations, 249 and paragraph organization, 69, 72, 81 in personal essays, 240 and process analysis, 81 Circular reasoning fallacy, 217 Citation-sequence/citationname documentation styles. See CSE (Council of Science Editors) citationsequence/citationname documentation style Citations, G-3. See also Documenting sources cite, sight, site, 791, 939 Claims, 214–15, 220, G-3, G-19. See also Thesis Clarity. See Editing for clarity Classical texts, citation of, APA documentation style, 439 Classic sources, 280 Classification and case studies, 205 defined, 74, G-3 and field research, 335, 337 in informative reports, 163–64 in interpretive analyses, 185 visuals for, 75 Class notes, 3, 4 Clauses adjective, 561–62, 817, 819, G-1 adverb, 562, 817, 819, 833, G-1 and colons, 845 conditional, 634 defined, 558, 573, G-3 elliptical, 562, G-6 and mixed constructions, 696–97 nonrestrictive, 817, 819 noun, 562, G-12 restrictive, 833 separating, 589, 593 and wordiness, 687–88 See also Dependent clauses; Independent clauses Clichés avoiding, 786–87 defined, G-3 idioms as, 977 in introductions, 85 list of, 787 and quotation marks, 857, 860 Clippings (shortened words), 904, G-3 Closing paragraphs. See Conclusions Closings (letters), 504, 514, 901 clothes, cloths, 939 Clustering, for exploring ideas, 39, 40, G-3 coarse, course, 939 Coauthored works, 33–34 Cognates, 971–72, G-3 Coherence, 101–5, G-3 I-7 coincidentally, vs. ironically, 795 Collaboration coauthored works, 33–34 and community-service writing, 498 defined, G-3 and exploring ideas, 44– 45 and time management, 5 and understanding assignments, 33–34 and Web design, 273 See also Peer review Collective nouns defined, G-12 overview, 535–36 and pronoun-antecedent agreement, 653–54 and subject-verb agreement, 600, 605–7 Colloquial language, 769, G-3. See also Informal usage Colons, 844– 48 and appositives, 844– 45, 847 in biblical citations, 472, 846 in business letters, 829, 846 and capitalization, 468, 845, 899–900 common errors, 846– 47 for editing run-on sentences/comma splices, 591 exercises, 847– 48 and grammar checkers, 844 in lists, 131, 580, 842, 844– 45, 900, 901 in publication data, 846 and quotation marks, 858–59 and quotations, 825, 842, 844– 45, 851, 854 second in sentence, 847 spacing after, 130 in titles of works, 846, 897 in volume numbers, 387, 397, 473 Color and organization, 127 _ _ _ mai83686_ndx.qxd I-8 t_ _ _ 6/13/08 11:44 AM Page I-8 INDEX Color (continued) in visuals, 109 in Web design, 270 Comic strips citation of, in MLA documentation style, 401, 410 italicizing titles of, 917 Commands. See Imperative mood Commas, 806–30 and abbreviations, 903 and absolute phrases, 823 in addresses, 827, 829 in APA documentation style, 435 and appositives, 820, 833, 834 in Chicago documentation style, 470 in compound sentences, 564, 807–9 and conjunctive adverbs, 591, 822 and contrasting comments, 823 and coordinate adjectives, 810–13, 834 and coordinating conjunctions, 807–9, 832, 838–39, 841 and coordination, 730 in CSE documentation styles, 487 and dashes, 835, 866 with dates, 827 and dependent clauses, 582, 732 for editing run-on sentences/comma splices, 589, 590, 591 and grammar checkers, 808 with interjections, 824 and introductory elements, 813–15, 819, 833 in letters, 829 in MLA documentation style, 381 with nonrestrictive elements, 816–22, 824–25 in numbers, 828 with omitted elements, 829 overview, 806–7 and parentheses, 834–35, 869 and parenthetical expressions, 823, 833 in personal/professional titles, 827–28 and quotation marks, 825, 858 and quotations, 825–27, 844– 45 in series, 809–10, 834, 839 and signal phrases, 844, 850–51 spacing after, 130 with tag sentences, 824 with transitional expressions, 586, 589, 591, 822–23, 838 with words of direct address, 824 with yes and no, 824 See also Commas, misuses of; Comma splices Commas, misuses of, 830–36 after although, 832 after coordinating conjunctions, 807, 832 after like, 832 after prepositions, 832 after such as, 832 after than, 832 before parentheses, 834–35 before zip code, 827 with compound word groups, 832 and coordinate adjectives, 811, 834 between cumulative adjectives, 811 with dashes, 835 in dates, 827 with exclamation points, 826, 835, 850 exercises, 835–36 and introductory elements, 814 in inverted sentences, 833–34 overview, 831 with question marks, 826, 835, 850 and quotations, 826, 835 with restrictive elements, 816, 833 separating major sentence elements, 830 in series, 834 Comma splices, 584–96 defined, 584, G-3 diagram, 587 editing by creating a dependent clause, 589, 593 editing by creating a single independent clause, 589, 593–94 editing with colons, 591 editing with commas and coordinating conjunctions, 589, 590, 591 editing with semicolons, 589, 590–91, 837 exercises, 588, 591–92, 594–96 and grammar checkers, 586 identifying, 584–86, 588, 838 intentional, 590 separating clauses, 589, 593 Comments feature, in word-processing software, 94, 152 Common errors apostrophes, 926–27 colons, 846– 47 quotation marks, 860–61 semicolons, 841– 42 See also Commas, misuses of; Common errors for multilingual writers Common errors for multilingual writers, 971–83 adverbs, 973 cognates, 971–72 double negatives, 982–83 exercises, 974, 977–78, 979–81, 983 idioms, 976–77 phrasal verbs, 975–76 prepositions, 974–75 pronoun reference, 980–81 quantifiers, 972–73, 978 subject-verb agreement, 978–80 mai83686_ndx.qxd 6/13/08 11:44 AM Page I-9 INDEX verb tenses in quotations, 982, 983 word order, 981 Common knowledge, 342, 365 Common nouns, 534, 893–94, G-12 Community-service writing, 498–502. See also Letters (correspondence) company, Co., 909 Company names and abbreviations, 909 and subject-verb agreement, 606 Comparative degree, 541, 542, 668–69, G-3. See also Comparative/ superlative forms Comparative/superlative forms, 541, 542, 668–70, 671 compare to, compare with, 791–92 Comparison/contrast and absolutes, 670 comparative/superlative forms, 541, 542, 668–70, 671 defined, G-3 and figurative language, 785 in interpretive analyses, 185 and missing words, 693–94 and parallelism, 714–15 and pronoun case, 644– 45 as rhetorical strategy, 78–79 and vocabulary learning, 763 Complaint letters, 520–23 complement, compliment, 792, 939 Complements, G-4. See also Object complements; Subject complements Complete predicates, 551, G-14 Complete subjects, 550, G-17 Complete verbs, 572–73, 622–23, G-4 Complex sentences, 564, G-16 compliment, complement, 792, 939 Compound adjectives, 929–30 Compound antecedents, 654–55 Compound-complex sentences, 564, G-16 Compound modifiers, 929 Compound numbers, 930 Compound predicates, 551, 580, G-4 Compound sentences, 564, 807–9, G-16. See also Compound structures Compound structures and comma misuses, 832 defined, G-4 missing words in, 691–93 parallelism in, 714–15 and pronoun case, 640, 642 Compound subjects, 550, 600, 604–5, G-17 Compound words dividing, 931 hyphens in, 912, 928–30 numbers in, 912 plurals of, 929, 936 possessive case, 923 Computer software citation of, APA documentation style, 452 citation of, MLA documentation style, 410 italicizing titles, 917 See also Electronic sources Computer tools. See Electronic learning tools Concise language, G-4. See also Wordiness Conclusions in argument papers, 222–23 in case studies, 206 in complaint letters, 521 and critical reading, 144 defined, G-4 drafting, 86–89 exercises, 89 in informative reports, 164 I-9 and multilingual writers, 88 in oral presentations, 249–50 in persuasive letters, 504 planning, 49–50, 52 in praise letters, 524 and presentation software, 265 in research projects, 363 thesis in, 98 See also Closings (letters) Concrete nouns, 72–73, 535, 781–82, G-1, G-12 Concrete words. See Words Condescending tone, 32 Conditional (if) clauses, 634 Conference proceedings, citation of APA documentation style, 445 MLA documentation style, 400 Confidentiality, in primary research, 332 Congressional Record, citation of APA documentation style, 450 MLA documentation style, 399, 407 Conjecture, expressions of, 634 Conjunctions in compound predicates, 551, 580 in compound subjects, 550 correlative, 546, 604, 605, 714, 730–31, G-4 defined, 531, 545, G-4 grammar review, 545– 47 in titles of works, 897 See also Coordinating conjunctions; Subordinating conjunctions Conjunctive adverbs and commas, 591, 822 in compound sentences, 564 _ _ _ mai83686_ndx.qxd 6/13/08 11:44 AM Page I-10 I-10 INDEX t_ _ _ Conjunctive adverbs (continued) and coordination, 730 defined, 543, 547, G-4 lists of, 547, 592 and run-on sentences/ comma splices, 585, 586, 589, 591 and semicolons, 547, 838 connect, in essay exams, 242 Connections, among ideas, 4 Connotations defined, 777, G-4 dictionary use for, 780 exercises, 780–81 and multilingual writers, 780 in personal essays, 238 in poetry, 190 and thesaurus use, 761, 780 and word choice, 779–80 conscience, conscious, 792, 939 Consistency and confusing shifts, 700–709 and document design, 126, 131 and presentation software, 265 in Web design, 269–70 Consumer writing, 520–24 Context in critical reading, 144, 145, 146 in introductions to informative reports, 163 and vocabulary learning, 762–63 continual, continuous, 792 Contractions and apostrophes, 921, 924–25 defined, G-4 and helping verbs, 622 and linking verbs, 623 Contrast, 78–79. See also Comparison/contrast Contrasting comments and commas, 823 and dashes, 865 Conversational stance, 238–39 Coordinate adjectives commas with, 810–13, 834 defined, G-4 Coordinating conjunctions comma misuses with, 807, 832 commas with, 807–9, 832, 838–39, 841 in compound predicates, 551, 580 in compound sentences, 564, 807–9 in compound subjects, 604 and coordination, 730 defined, G-4 for editing run-on sentences/comma splices, 589, 590, 591 omitting in series, 810 overview, 545 and parallelism, 714 and semicolons, 838–39, 841 and subject-verb agreement, 604 in titles, 897 Coordination, 729–32 defined, 729, G-5 excessive, 731–32, G-7 exercises, 736–38, 739 faulty, 731, G-7 and grammar checkers, 729 methods for, 730–31 and multilingual writers, 968–70 and sentence length, 738–39, 743 See also Coordinating conjunctions Coordinators. See Coordinating conjunctions Copyright, 341– 42, 345– 46, G-5. See also Plagiarism Correlative conjunctions and coordination, 730–31 defined, 546, G-4 and parallelism, 714 and subject-verb agreement, 604, 605 could, as helping verb, 622 could of, avoiding, 792 council, counsel, 939 Council of Science Editors. See CSE (Council of Science Editors) name-year documentation style; CSE (Council of Science Editors) citationsequence/citationname documentation styles counsel, council, 939 Counterarguments, 221, G-5. See also Refutations Count nouns collective nouns as, 535–36 defined, G-12 list of, 535 and multilingual writers, 19, 948– 49, 951–52, 972 overview, 534–35 plurals of, 534, 948– 49 Country names, 606–7 course, coarse, 939 Course titles, capitalizing, 897 Course Web sites, 12, 14, 44, 404 Court cases, italicizing, 916 Cover letters. See Application letters Credibility and documenting sources, 353, 357 evaluating, 328 criteria, criterion, 792 Critical inquiry, in research, 280 Critical reading, 142–60 defined, G-5 fiction, 194–95 initial impressions, 147–50 and interpretive analyses, 183, 189, 194–95, 198 overview, 143 plays, 198 poetry, 189 previewing, 143– 47, G-14 as process, 142– 43 synthesis, 157–60 of visuals, 144, 145– 47, 150, 152–53, 154 writing as aid to, 5 See also Analysis/ interpretation in mai83686_ndx.qxd 6/13/08 11:44 AM Page I-11 INDEX critical reading; Evaluating sources Critical response papers, 157–60, G-5 Critical thinking. See Arguments Critiques, 210. See also Argument papers CSE (Council of Science Editors) citationsequence/citationname documentation style, 486, 487–95 books, 487–90 defined, G-5 electronic sources, 492–93 general guidelines, 489 government documents/reports, 490–91 in-text citations, 487 and lab reports, 175 periodical articles, 491–92, 493 references list, 491–95 sample type directory, 488 CSE (Council of Science Editors) name-year documentation style, 486–94 books, 487–90 defined, G-5 electronic sources, 492–93 general guidelines, 489 government documents/reports, 490–91 in-text citations, 486 and lab reports, 175 periodical articles, 491–92, 493 reference list, 487–90 sample type directory, 488 Cultural differences importance for communication, 17 and peer review, 223 and plagiarism, 345 See also Multilingual writers Cumulative adjectives defined, G-5 incorrect comma with, 811 order of, 954–55 Cumulative sentences, 744, 745, G-5 Current sources, 280 -d, -ed verb forms, 613, 621 Dangling modifiers, 725–28, 742, G-5 Dashes and appositives, 834, 864–65 for change in tone or idea, 865–66 in Chicago documentation style, 470 comma misuses with, 835 exercises, 866–67 and explanations, 864 and lists, 580, 842, 864 and nonrestrictive elements, 816, 834, 864 overuse of, 866 overview, 863–67 and quotation marks, 859, 866 with transitional expressions, 822 data, as plural, 792, 935 Databases citation of, APA documentation style, 448, 451 citation of, Chicago documentation style, 480 citation of, CSE documentation style, 493 citation of, MLA documentation style, 380 defined, G-5 formats in, 301 list of, 300–301 recording bibliographic information from, 349 as research source, 297–99, 300–301 Data collection. See Research Data distortions. See Misleading visuals Dates and abbreviations, 906 apostrophes in, 924 commas with, 827 numbers in, 913, 914 I-11 plurals of, 926 Days of the week capitalization of, 894 inappropriate abbreviation of, 909 Decades, apostrophes with, 924 Decimals, 913, 914 Declarative sentences, 549, 964–65 Decorative elements, in visuals, 78, 109 Deductive reasoning, 212, 213, 214, G-5 Defenses (type of critique), 210 Definite article (the), 950, G-2 Definition, as rhetorical strategy, 74, 76 Definitions and dashes, 864 defined, G-5 in dictionaries, 759 embedded, 763 in informative reports, 164 in introductions, 85 and jargon, 770–71 and quotation marks, 857 Degrees, academic. See Titles (personal/ professional) Degrees (comparison), 668–69. See also Comparison/contrast Demands, 634. See also Imperative mood Demographics, of audience, 31 Demonstrative pronouns, 537, G-5 Denotations defined, G-5 dictionary use for, 777 and thesaurus use, 761 and word choice, 113 Dependent clauses adjective, 561–62, 817, 819 adverb, 562, 817, 819, 833, G-1 defined, 558, 561 elliptical, 562, G-6 grammar review, 561–63 _ _ _ mai83686_ndx.qxd 6/13/08 11:44 AM Page I-12 I-12 INDEX t_ _ _ Dependent clauses (continued) and mixed constructions, 696–97 noun, 562, G-12 pronoun case in, 648 and relative pronouns, 537, 561, 581–83, 648 and run-on sentences/ comma splices, 589, 593 and semicolon errors, 841 and sentence fragments, 573, 578, 581–83 and sentence types, 564 subject pronouns in, 582 and subordinating conjunctions, 546, 561, 581–83 and subordination, 732–33 descent, dissent, 939 Description, 72–74, G-6 Descriptive adjectives, 541– 42, G-6 desert, dessert, 939 Design principles, 126–31. See also Document design Desk encyclopedias, 20 dessert, desert, 939 Details and cumulative sentences, 744 in personal essays, 240– 41 Development, strategies for. See Rhetorical strategies device, devise, 939 Dewey decimal system, 304 Diagrams, 61 Dialects and appropriate language, 769 defined, G-6 and irregular verbs, 618 Dialogue interjections in, 547 and paragraphs, 851–52 in plays, 198 quotation marks in, 850, 851–52 sentence fragments in, 577 Diction, G-6. See also Editing for word choice Dictionaries citation of, APA documentation style, 442 citation of, Chicago documentation style, 472 citation of, MLA documentation style, 394–95 ESL, 18–19, 760 of idioms, 20, 759 as research source, 296 See also Dictionary use Dictionary use for abbreviations, 880, 904 for adjectives/adverbs, 665, 973 for connotations, 780 for denotations, 777 for dividing words, 931 exercises, 761 for hyphens, 928–29, 930 and misusing words, 777 and multilingual writers, 18–20, 760 for plurals, 758, 936 for prefixes, 930 for prepositions, 557 for principal verb forms, 615, 617 for spelling, 758–59, 933 for syllables, 931 for transitive/intransitive verbs, 557 and understanding assignments, 34 for word choice, 113–14, 756–60, 761 See also Reference works different from, different than, 792 differ from, differ with, 792 Digital Object Identifier (DOI), 433, 447, 448 Direct address commas with, 824 defined, G-6 and pronoun reference, 658 Directions, lowercase for, 896 Direct objects in adjective clauses, 562 defined, 554, G-12 and object complements, 556, G-2 and phrasal verbs, 975 with phrasal verbs, 975 and pronoun case, 638 and transitive verbs, 554 using only one, 557 and word order, 556, 965 Direct questions, 707–8, 967, G-6 Direct quotations and confusing shifts, 707 defined, G-6 and documenting sources, 356–57 quotation marks in, 849, 850–54 See also Quotations Disciplines, 2–3 and argument analysis, 213, 214–15 and capitalization, 895 and case studies, 206 and commas, 810 defined, 2, G-6 and dictionaries, 760 and documentation styles, 365, 367 and essay exams, 243 and evaluating sources, 323 and exploring ideas, 41 and genres, 28 informative reports, 162 and jargon, 770–71 and note taking, 37 and past tense, 173, 629 and present tense, 628, 705 and primary research, 331 and reasoning, 213, 214 and research projects, 281 and research sources, 293, 310, 368–72 research starting points, 310 and slashes, 876 and topic narrowing, 27 and visuals, 57 mai83686_ndx.qxd 6/13/08 11:44 AM Page I-13 INDEX and voice, 636, 751 and word choice, 113 Discourse communities, 768, 769, G-6 discreet, discrete, 792, 939 Discussion lists. See Electronic mailing lists; Online communication Discussion section, in lab reports, 174–75 disinterested, uninterested, 792 Display fonts, 131 Disruptive modifiers, 723 dissent, descent, 939 Dissertations, citation of APA documentation style, 446, 451 Chicago documentation style, 477 MLA documentation style, 400 Diss. (MLA documentation style), 400 Dividing words. See Word division Division of information, 74, 75, 163–64, G-6 do as helping verb, 622 present-tense forms of, 599 See also helping verbs Documentation styles and disciplines, 365, 367 and document design, 125 and genres, 29 in lab reports, 175 and multilingual writers, 466 overview, 365–66 and plagiarism, 344 and understanding assignments, 23 See also APA (American Psychological Association) style; Chicago documentation style; CSE (Council of Science Editors) nameyear documentation style; CSE (Council of Science Editors) citation-sequence/ citation-name documentation style; MLA (Modern Language Association) style Document design academic papers, 125–33 APA style, 452–54 brochures/newsletters, 499–502 Chicago style, 481 defined, G-6 electronically submitted résumés, 511 formal outlines, 54 formatting basics, 130 and genres, 29 MLA style, 413–15 on-the-job writing, 517 sample paper, 128–29 slide formats, 263 and writing process, 22 See also Visuals; Web design Documenting sources, 347–60 and abbreviations, 907–8 and annotation, 349–51 and argument papers, 223 and common knowledge, 342, 365 and credibility, 353, 357 defined, G-6 integrating source material, 358–60 in lab reports, 175 in multimedia writing, 263 note taking, 349–57 research projects, 365–66 subscription database services, 297 and summaries, 156, 350, 355–56 and synthesis, 357–58 and visuals, 62, 84, 313, 321 and Web design, 267 working bibliography, 347– 49, G-20 See also APA (American Psychological Association) style; Chicago documentation style; CSE name-year documentation style; CSE number documenta- I-13 tion style; MLA (Modern Language Association) style; Plagiarism doesn’t, don’t, 792 DOI. See Digital Object Identifier dominant, dominate, 939 don’t vs. doesn’t, 792 present tense forms of, 599 Do/say plans, 51–52, G-6 Double comparatives, 670 Double negatives, 543, 552, 670, 672, 982–83 Doublespeak, 771, G-6 Double superlatives, 670 Drafting, 64–71 conclusions, 86–89 defined, G-6 and electronic learning tools, 64 and hypertext, 260 idea development, 4 introductions, 85–86, 89 oral presentations, 249–50 paragraphs, 65–71 and portfolios, 135 research projects, 363 and visuals, 84 and writer’s block, 65 and writing process, 21–22 See also Rhetorical strategies Drama. See Plays due to, because of, 792 DVDs, citation of APA documentation style, 447– 48 Chicago documentation style, 478 MLA documentation style, 408, 410 each and pronoun-antecedent agreement, 654–55 and subject-verb agreement, 605 each and every, avoiding, 792 each other, one another, 539, 792 eager, anxious, 790 EBSCOhost database, 300 _ _ _ mai83686_ndx.qxd 6/13/08 11:44 AM Page I-14 I-14 INDEX t_ _ _ ed./eds. APA documentation style, 440 Chicago documentation style, 471 MLA documentation style, 394 Edited works, citation of APA documentation style, 442 Chicago documentation style, 471–72 CSE documentation styles, 490 MLA documentation style, 394, 403 Editing defined, 90, G-6 e-mail, 12 exercises, 114–15, 621–22 for mechanics/spelling, 946 overview, 108–15 resources for, 115–17 for sentence punctuation, 885 and writing process, 22 See also Editing checklists; Editing for clarity; Editing for grammar conventions; Editing for word choice; Editing symbols Editing checklists, 110–11 clarity, 111, 753 grammar conventions, 110, 674 mechanics/spelling, 946 for multilingual writers, 984 sentence punctuation, 885 using, 91 word choice, 111, 799 Editing for clarity, 676–753 active voice, 749–52 checklists, 111, 753 coordination, 729–32, 736–39 dangling modifiers, 725–28 misplaced modifiers, 720–25, 727–28 missing words, 690–95 mixed constructions, 696–99 overview, 110–13 parallelism, 710–19 self-test, 676–80 subordination, 729, 732–35, 736–39 See also Sentence variety; Shifts, confusing; Wordiness Editing for grammar conventions checklists, 110, 674 overview, 109–10 self-test, 568–71 See also Adjectives; Adverbs; Comma splices; Pronouns; Run-on sentences; Sentence fragments; Subject-verb agreement; Verbs Editing for word choice, 756–99 checklists, 111, 799 dictionary use for, 113–14, 756–60, 761 glossary of usage, 789–98 overview, 113–14 and thesaurus use, 760, 761, 780 and vocabulary learning, 761–66 See also Appropriate language; Exact language Editing symbols for capitalization, 893 for coordination/ subordination, 730 for hyphenation, 928 for italics, 915 learning, 110 for mixed constructions, 697 for numbers, 911 for passive voice, 751 for spelling, 934 for variety, 741 Editions, citation of APA documentation style, 442 Chicago documentation style, 473 MLA documentation style, 396 Editorials, citation of APA documentation style, 444 Chicago documentation style, 475–76 MLA documentation style, 399, 407 Editors. See Edited works, citation of effect, affect, 789, 939 e.g. (for example), avoiding in formal writing, 793, 909 either, neither, 793 either...or as correlative conjunction, 546 and subject-verb agreement, 604, 605 See also correlative conjunctions Either/or fallacy, 217 Electronically submitted résumés, 511 Electronic journals (personal), 41 Electronic learning tools and abbreviations, 906 archives, 333, 334, 335, 402 bibliographic software, 348 blogs, 14, 255, 274–75, 311, 408, 451 and coauthored works, 34 and collaboration, 34, 44– 45 course Web sites, 12, 14, 44, 404 and document design, 126 and drafting, 64 electronic journals, 41 electronic submission of papers, 414 hypertext, 255, 259–60, 263–64, 403, 406, G-9 instant messaging, 12, 312, G-10 for multimedia writing, 254–55 networked classrooms, 13–14, G-12 online image collections, 319, 320, 322 online writing labs (OWLs), 115–17 overview, 12–16 mai83686_ndx.qxd 6/13/08 11:44 AM Page I-15 INDEX peer review software, 15–16, 92–93 and pie charts, 60 presentation software, 250, 252–53, 254, 261–65, G-14 presenting research projects, 366 and primary research, 330 and revising, 93–94 spell checkers, 112, 921, 934 spreadsheet programs, 315, 316 virtual classrooms, 13–14, G-19 “Word-a-Day” services, 762 See also Electronic sources; E-mail; Grammar checkers; Multimedia writing; Online library catalogs; Word-processing software Electronic mailing lists citation of, APA documentation style, 451 citation of, Chicago documentation style, 480 citation of, MLA documentation style, 409 defined, G-6 information sources for, 311 as research source, 291, 311 See also Online communications Electronic portfolios, 136–39 Electronic sources annotation of, 152 citation of, APA documentation style, 430, 433, 435, 437–38, 447–52 citation of, Chicago documentation style, 479–80 citation of, CSE documentation styles, 492–93 citation of, MLA documentation style, 377, 380, 383, 387, 402–10 evaluating, 145, 323–25, 326, 327, 328–29, 346 online books, 291, 404–5, 450, 479, 489, 493 online communication, 291, 309–12 online scholarly projects, 403– 4 and plagiarism, 344, 345, 346 search engines, 294, 295, 298–99, 302– 4, 305–6, 320–21, G-16 See also Electronic learning tools; Keyword searches; Online library catalogs Electronic submission of papers, 414 elicit, illicit, 793, 939 Ellipses for incomplete thoughts/ series, 875–76 overview, 872–76 in quotations, 358–59, 852, 871, 872–75 spacing after, 130 Elliptical constructions clauses, 562, G-6 and wordiness, 685–86 else, in comparisons, 693–94 elude, allude, refer to, 790, 939 E-mail attachments to, 414, 503, 511 capitalization in, 898 citation of, APA documentation style, 437 citation of, MLA documentation style, 390, 409 for coauthored works, 34 and collaboration, 44 electronic mailing lists, 291, 311, 409, 451, 480, G-6 for expert consultation, 117 italics/underlining in, 916 netiquette, 12 on-the-job, 517, 519 I-15 overview, 12 for peer review, 90 and persuasive letters, 503 and résumés, 511 subject line in, 12, 409, 503 See also Online communication; Personal communications, citation of Embedded definitions, 763 Em dashes, 863–64. See also Dashes emigrate, immigrate, 793, 939 eminent, imminent, immanent, 793, 940 Emotional appeals in argument papers, 215, 222 and critical reading, 147, 151 and exclamation points, 882 Emphasis adverbs for, 968 and capitalization, 898 colons for, 844– 45 dashes for, 864 exclamation points for, 882 italics for, 131, 919 quotation marks for, 857 repetition for, 747 Emphatic sequence, 240 Empty phrases, 684, G-6 -en, verbs ending with, 617 Enc. (enclosed), in application letters, 514 Encyclopedias, 20, 289, 294. See also Reference works Endnotes in Chicago documentation style, 467 in MLA documentation style (explanatory notes), 412–13 English as a Second Language (ESL). See Multilingual writers Entire work, citation of APA documentation style, 442 MLA documentation style, 384–85, 408 _ _ _ mai83686_ndx.qxd 6/13/08 11:44 AM Page I-16 I-16 INDEX t_ _ _ envelop, envelope, 940 -er/-est endings, 669–70 ERIC database, 300 ESL dictionaries, 18–19, 760 ESL (English as a Second Language). See Multilingual writers Essay exams, 242– 47 sample responses, 245– 47 understanding the assignment, 242 writing process for, 243– 45 Essays capitalizing titles of, 897 quotation marks for titles of, 856 Essential elements. See Restrictive elements et al. in APA documentation style, 436 avoiding in formal writing, 909 in Chicago documentation style, 470, 471 in MLA documentation style, 383, 390, 392 etc., avoiding in formal writing, 793, 909 Ethical claims, 221, 222 Ethics, in primary research, 331–32, 334 Ethnic/racial groups, capitalizing names of, 896–97 Ethnographies, 203– 4 Ethos, 222, G-11 Etymology, 759 Euphemisms, 771, G-7 Evaluating sources, 322–29 arguments, 212–15, 216–17, 325–28 electronic, 145, 323–25, 326, 327, 328–29, 346 information sources for, 324 print sources, 322–23 visuals, 8, 145– 47, 321 See also Critical reading Evaluations, job, 519–20 Evaluations (research), 279, 284, G-7 even, as limiting modifier, 722 even though, as nonrestrictive element, 819 every and pronoun-antecedent agreement, 654–55 and subject-verb agreement, 605 everybody, every body, 790 Everyday speech. See Informal usage everyone, every one, 790 Evidence and argument analysis, 212–13, 215 in argument papers, 221 and critical reading, 151 defined, G-7 in hypertext essays, 259 Exact language, 777–88 exercises, 780–81, 782, 786, 788 figurative language, 785–86 idioms, 782–84 misusing words, 777–79 specific and concrete words, 781–82, G-1, G-17 Examples in conclusions, 87 and dashes, 864 for illustration, 76–77 in informative reports, 164 and paragraph organization, 70 as sentence fragments, 579 except, accept, 789, 939 Excessive coordination, 731–32, G-7 Excessive subordination, 735, G-7 Exclamation points and abbreviations, 880 comma misuses with, 826, 835, 850 and dashes, 865 and interjections, 547 overuse of, 882 overview, 882 and parentheses, 869 and quotation marks, 385, 858, 860–61 spacing after, 130 within sentences, 883 Exclamations, 747. See also Exclamation points Exclamatory sentences, 549, G-7 Exercises abbreviations, 909–10 active/passive voice, 555, 750, 751–52 adjectives, 667–68, 955 adjectives/adverbs, 667–68, 672–73 analysis/interpretation in critical reading, 153–54 apostrophes, 924, 925, 927 appropriate language, 771–72, 775–76 articles, 953–54 audience and tone, 33 bias, 775 blogs, 275 capitalization, 901–2 choosing research questions, 283 classifying sentences, 564–65 colons, 847– 48 comma misuses, 835–36 commas, 830, 836 commas with coordinate adjectives, 812–13 commas with coordinating conjunctions, 808–9 commas with introductory elements, 814–15 commas with nonrestrictive elements, 821–22, 824–25 commas with quotations, 826–27 common errors for multilingual writers, 974, 977–78, 979–81, 983 comparative/superlative forms, 672 confusing shifts, 703, 706–7, 708–9 coordination/ subordination, 736–38, 739 critical response papers, 160 dashes, 866–67 deciding when to use visuals, 11–12 mai83686_ndx.qxd 6/13/08 11:44 AM Page I-17 INDEX dictionary/thesaurus use, 761 editing for verb form, 621–22 editing sentences, 114–15 end punctuation, 884 exact language, 780–81, 782, 786, 788 exploring ideas, 45 gerunds/infinitives following verbs, 963 hypertext essays, 260 hyphens, 931–32 identifying adjectives and adverbs, 543– 44 identifying comma splices and run-on sentences, 588 identifying dependent clauses, 563 identifying nouns and pronouns, 540 identifying phrases, 560–61 identifying sentence fragments, 574–75 identifying subjects and predicates, 551, 553 identifying verb objects and complements, 540 identifying verbs, 534 image interpretations, 256 introductions and conclusions, 89 irregular verbs, 618–19 italics, 919–20 journal writing, 42 keyword searches, 303 library research sources, 292–93 missing words, 695 misusing words, 778–79 mixed constructions, 699 modifiers, 724–25, 727–28 narrowing a topic, 26 nouns, 952–54 numbers, 914 outlines, 56–57 paragraph organization, 71 paragraph unity, 67–69 parallelism, 711, 715–17, 718–19 paraphrases, 354–55 parentheses, 870 participles, 961 parts of speech review, 547– 48 peer review software, 16 photographic stories, 258–59 predicates, 551, 553, 555, 558 presentation software, 265 previewing, 147–50 pronoun-antecedent agreement, 655 pronoun case, 643, 644, 646– 47, 649 pronoun reference, 660, 980–81 pronoun review, 660 pronouns for multilingual writers, 956 punctuation marks, 877–78 purpose of assignments, 28 quantifiers, 952–53 quotation marks, 854–55, 859–60, 861–62 reference works for multilingual writers, 20 repairing run-on sentences/comma splices, 591–92, 594–96 repairing sentence fragments, 580–81, 582–83 revising paragraphs, 105 rhetorical strategies, 82–83 semicolons, 839– 41, 842– 43 sentence fragment review, 583 sentence variety, 743, 745– 46, 748 spelling, 938, 944– 45 subject-verb agreement, 601, 607–8, 611–12, 979–80 subjunctive mood, 634–35 summaries, 156–57, 356 syllabus, 6 thesis statements, 48, 98 transitive/intransitive verbs, 620 I-17 using visuals, 62–63 verb review, 636–37 verbs for multilingual writers, 958–59, 963 verb tenses, 629–30, 632 vocabulary learning, 762, 765–66 voice, 636 Web design, 273 Web site evaluation, 328–29 wordiness, 686, 688–89 word order, 966–67, 970, 981 writing process, 22–23 expect, suppose, 793 Expert opinion, 215, 221, 337 explain, in essay exams, 242 Explanations and brackets, 871 dashes for, 864 Explanatory notes in APA documentation style, 452 in MLA documentation style, 412–13 and visuals, 84 Expletive constructions (there is/there are) defined, G-7 and subject-verb agreement, 610 and wordiness, 687 and word order, 551 explicit, implicit, 793 Exploratory structures, 98 Exploring ideas, 35– 45 checklist for, 36 and collaboration, 44–45 and disciplines, 41 exercises, 45 freewriting, 37–38 and journal writing, 40, 41– 42 and libraries, 43 listing, 38–39 and note taking, 35, 37 questions for, 39– 41 reviewing notes and annotations, 35, 37 and writer’s block, 65 External links in electronic portfolios, 139 in multimedia writing, 259, 260, 264 _ _ _ mai83686_ndx.qxd 6/13/08 11:44 AM Page I-18 I-18 INDEX Extracts. See Block quotations t_ _ _ Factiva database, 300 Facts, as evidence, 215, 221, 279, 284, G-7 Fact sheets, citation of, APA documentation style, 446 fair, fare, 940 Fairness, 151 Fair use, of copyrighted material, 315, 321, 342, 345– 46, G-7 Fallacies, logical, 215, 216–17, 222, 223, G-7 False analogy fallacy, 216 False authority fallacy, 216 False cause fallacy, 216 FAQs (frequently asked questions), 269 fare, fair, 940 farther, further, 793, 940 Faulty coordination, 731, G-7 Faulty parallelism, 711–19 defined, G-7 diagram, 713 exercises, 711, 715–17, 718–19 and function words, 715 and grammar checkers, 712 identifying, 711 items in a series, 712 in lists, 718 in outlines, 717 paired ideas, 714–15 Faulty predication, 698, G-7 Faulty subordination, 733–35 FedWorld Information Network, 309 Feedback. See Peer review few vs. a few, 972 and subject-verb agreement, 608–9 fewer, less, 793 Fiction, interpretive analyses of, 194–97 Field research, 330–31, 333–38 defined, G-7 interviews, 337 observation and notetaking for, 334–37 planning, 333–34 surveys, 337–38, 339 Fields of study. See Disciplines Figurative language, 190, 785–86, G-7 Figures, 84, 363, 415. See also Visuals Figures of speech. See Figurative language File names, for paper drafts, 64 Files (computer), 255, G-7 Films capitalizing titles of, 897 citation of, APA documentation style, 446 citation of, MLA documentation style, 410 italicizing titles of, 917 first, firstly, 793 FirstGov, 309 First page, 130. See also Title of paper First paragraphs. See Introductions First person defined, 597, 701 in oral presentations, 250 in personal essays, 238 Flaming, in e-mail, 12 flaunt, flout, 794, 940 Focused freewriting, 37–38, G-8 Focus groups, in field research, 337 Focusing thesis in essay exams, 244 in interpretive analyses, 185–86 in personal essays, 239– 40 See also Narrowing the topic Fonts defined, 127, G-7 display, 131 for Web design, 270 See also Type styles Footnotes, 467–68. See also Chicago documentation style for, vs. because, 969. See also coordinating conjunctions Foreign roots, spelling words with, 935 Foreign terms, italics for, 918 Forewords, citation of, MLA documentation style, 395 for example colon misuses with, 846– 47 as transitional expression, 103 Formality, appropriate level of, 769–70. See also Informal usage Formal outlines, 52–55, 56–57, G-7 Format of paper. See Documentation styles; Document design former, latter, 794 forth, fourth, 940 Fractions, 913, 930 Fragments, sentence. See Sentence fragments Freewriting, for exploring ideas, 37–38, G-7–8 Full text articles, in databases, 301 Function words, 715, G-8. See also Articles (a, an, the); Prepositions; Subordinating conjunctions Funnel openers, 85, G-8 further, farther, 793, 940 Fused sentences. See Runon sentences Future implications, in conclusions, 87 Future perfect progressive tense, 625 Future perfect tense, 624 Future progressive tense, 625 Future tense, 624 GDCS (Government Documents Catalog Service), 300 Gender defined, G-8 of nouns, 650 of pronouns, 956 Gender bias alternative terms, 775 and appropriate language, 772–75 diagram, 653 and generic nouns, 652 mai83686_ndx.qxd 6/13/08 11:44 AM Page I-19 INDEX and number shifts, 701 and pronoun-antecedent agreement, 650, 651–53 and word choice, 114 Generalizations and argument papers, 221 defined, G-8 hasty, 217 and informative reports, 163 and person shifts, 701 General reference works, 289–90, 294 General Science Index (database), 300 General-to-specific organization, 70 General words, 781, G-8 Generic he, avoiding, 773 Generic nouns, 652, 951, G-8 Generic pronoun (one), 658, 774 Genres, 28–29 defined, 28, G-8 and disciplines, 28 list of common, 29 and purpose, 30 See also Assignments, college; specific genres Geographical regions, capitalization of, 896 Gerund phrases defined, 559, 611, G-8 and subject-verb agreement, 601, 611 Gerunds and comma misuses, 814 defined, G-8 vs. infinitives, 960, 962–63 and multilingual writers, 959, 960, 962–63, 978 in phrases, 559, 601, 611, G-8 and prepositions, 960 and pronoun case, 645 and subject-verb agreement, 978 verbs following, 962–63 get, avoiding colloquial uses of, 794 GIF (Graphics Interchange Format), 268, G-10 Glossaries, 144 Glossary of usage, 789–98 gone, went, 617 good, well, 794 Google, 43, 299, 302– 4, 305, 321 gorilla, guerrilla, 940 Government documents capitalizing titles of, 897 citation of, APA documentation style, 445, 450 citation of, Chicago documentation style, 476 citation of, CSE documentation styles, 490–91 citation of, MLA documentation style, 386, 399, 402, 407 as research source, 308–9 GPO Access (database), 300, 308 Grammar, 530–31, G-8. See also Editing for grammar conventions; Grammar checkers; Grammar review Grammar checkers and abbreviations, 903 and adjectives/adverbs, 662 and apostrophes, 921 and capitalization, 892 and colons, 844 and commas, 808 and confusing shifts, 700 and coordination/ subordination, 729 and dangling modifiers, 727 and faulty parallelism, 712 and hyphens, 928 and italics, 915 and misplaced modifiers, 721 and missing words, 690 and mixed constructions, 697 and numbers, 914 and pronoun-antecedent agreement, 652 and pronoun case, 642 pros and cons of, 112 I-19 and punctuation marks, 863 and quotation marks, 850 and run-on sentences/ comma splices, 586 and semicolons, 837 and sentence fragments, 575 and sentence variety, 741 and subject-verb agreement, 603 and voice, 749 and wordiness, 681 Grammar review, 526– 48 adjectives, 541– 42, 543– 44 adverbs, 542– 44 conjunctions, 545– 47 dependent clauses, 561–63 interjections, 547 nouns, 534–36 parts of speech list, 531 phrases, 558–61 prepositions, 544– 45 pronouns, 536– 40 self-test, 526–29 and syntax, 530 verbs, 532–34 See also Sentences Grammatical terms, abbreviations for, 759 Graphics. See Visuals Graphs, 10, 11 abbreviations in, 906, 913 bar, 58–59, 204, 314 in case studies, 204 in lab reports, 173, 174 line, 60, 108, 314 misleading, 9 See also Visuals Greetings (letters), 503, 514, 521, 524, 829, 901 Grid lines, in tables, 106 Grounds, in arguments, 214, G-8, G-19. See also Evidence guerrilla, gorilla, 940 Guide words, in dictionaries, 758 Guilt by association fallacy, 216 half, a half, half a, 794 hanged, hung, 794 _ _ _ mai83686_ndx.qxd 6/13/08 11:44 AM Page I-20 I-20 INDEX t_ _ _ Hanging indents, 393, 441, 468 hard, hardly, 973 Hasty generalization fallacy, 217 have as helping verb, 622, 957 in perfect form of infinitives, 631 and perfect tenses, 614, 624 present-tense forms of, 599 and progressive tenses, 625 and wordiness, 687 See also helping verbs Headings in APA paper format, 453 and critical reading, 144 and document design, 126, 127, 128, 129, 131–33 and evaluating sources, 323 Health, 6 hear, here, 940 Helping verbs and adverbs, 968 be as, 622, 749, 957 and complete verbs, 572–73 defined, 622, G-8 grammar review, 532–33 and implied subjects, 550–51 missing, 622, 960 and multilingual writers, 957–59 and subject-verb agreement, 979 in verb phrases, 558 and word order, 964–65, 966, 968 Help sheets, 288, G-8 he or she/his or her, 652, 701, 773 here, hear, 940 here is, here are, 551 herself, himself, myself, 795–96 he/she, his/her, 774 Hierarchical structure, for Web sites, 266, 267 Highlighting for annotation, 351 for drafts in portfolios, 135 and listing, 38 himself, herself, myself, 795–96 his, biased use of, 114 his/her, he/she, 774 his or her/he or she, 652, 701, 773 Historical documents, citation of, MLA documentation style, 389 Hits, on websites, 302, G-8 hole, whole, 940 Holidays, capitalizing names of, 894 Home page citation of, MLA documentation style, 404 defined, 268, G-8 for electronic portfolios, 138–39 as introduction, 87 and navigation, 271 Homonyms, 925, 933, 938, 939– 41, G-8 hopefully, misuses of, 794 hour, are, our, 939 HTML/XML (hypertext markup language/ extensible markup language), 268, 301, 916, G-8 HTTP (hypertext transfer protocol), 268, G-8 Hub structure, for Web sites, 266, 267 Humanities argument papers in, 230–32 informative reports in, 179–82 See also Disciplines; Interpretive analyses in the humanities; Literary works Humanities Index (database), 300 Humor, in e-mail, 12 hung, hanged, 794 Hyperbole, 785, G-9 Hypertext defined, 255 hypertext essays, 259–60, G-9 in multimedia writing, 263–64 and URLs, 403, 406 and writing process, 260 See also Links Hypertext essays, 259–60, G-9 Hyphenated words, 897 Hyphens in compound words, 912, 928–30 in CSE documentation styles, 487 exercises, 931–32 and grammar checkers, 928 in MLA documentation style, 390 in numbers, 912, 930 overview, 928–32 with prefixes and suffixes, 930, 936 suspended, 930 two to make a dash, 864 unnecessary use with -ly adverbs, 929 and URLs, 406 for word division, 931 Hypotheses in case studies, 206 defined, 26, G-9 in introductions, 85 in lab reports, 173, 174 in research projects, 282–83 working, 85 I capitalization of, 896 vs. me, 639, 640, 642, 643 See also first person i before e, 934 Ibid. (in the same place) (Chicago documentation style), 468 Idea development. See Rhetorical strategies Identification numbers, numerals for, 913 Identification questions, in essay exams, 243– 44 Idioms, 782–84 defined, 18, G-9 in dictionaries, 20, 759 lists of, 783–84, 976–77 and multilingual writers, 976–77 i.e. (that is), avoiding in formal writing, 793, 909 mai83686_ndx.qxd 6/13/08 11:44 AM Page I-21 INDEX if (conditional) clauses, 634 if...then, avoiding, 794 illicit, elicit, 793, 939 illusion, allusion, 939 Illustration, as rhetorical strategy, 76–78 Illustrations, 61–62. See also Visuals Image interpretations, 255–56, G-9 Imagery, in poetry, 190 Images. See Visuals IM (instant messaging), 12, 312, G-10 immanent, imminent, eminent, 793, 940 immigrate, emigrate, 793, 939 imminent, immanent, eminent, 793, 940 immoral, amoral, 790, 939 Imperative mood and confusing shifts, 705 defined, 633, G-9, G-11 and implied subjects, 550–51, 692 and quotations, 967 and sentence fragments, 575 and sentence purpose, 549, G-9 and word order, 966, 967 Imperative sentences, 549, G-9 implicit, explicit, 793 Implied pronoun references, 657–58 Implied subjects, 550–51, 692 imply, infer, 794 Imprints (publisher’s), citation of, MLA documentation style, 395 in, in to, into, 794 in addition to, and subjectverb agreement, 604 including, colon misuses with, 846– 47 Inclusive numbers, 930 incredible, incredulous, 794–95 Indefinite articles (a, an), 789, 950, G-2 Indefinite pronouns case, 638 defined, 538–39, G-9 and plurals, 539, 651 possessive case, 638, 922 and pronoun-antecedent agreement, 650–51 and subject-verb agreement, 600, 608–9, 978 Indents in APA documentation style, 441, 453 in block quotations, 853 in Chicago documentation style, 467, 468 and document design, 130 in formal outlines, 54 hanging, 393, 441, 468 in MLA documentation style, 393, 414 for paragraphs, 65 and word-processing software, 385 See also Block quotations Independent clauses and capitalization, 899–900 and colons, 845, 847 comma misuses in, 830 commas and coordinating conjunctions with, 807–9, 832, 838–39, 841 and dashes, 864, 865 defined, 558 and run-on sentences/ comma splices, 589, 593–94 and semicolons, 837–38 and sentence fragments, 573 and sentence types, 563, 564 transitional expressions connecting, 822–23 Indexes, periodical, 296, G-9 Indexes (in books), 323 Indicative mood, 633, 704–5, G-9, G-11 Indirect objects defined, 555, G-12 and word order, 555, 556, 965 Indirect questions, 707–8, 967, G-6, G-9 Indirect quotations I-21 and capitalization, 898 and commas, 826 and confusing shifts, 707 defined, G-9 and question marks, 882 and quotation marks, 860 and verb tenses, 982, 983 and word order, 967 See also Paraphrases Indirect sources, citation of APA documentation style, 438 MLA documentation style, 389 Inductive reasoning, 212–13, G-9 infer, imply, 794 Infinitive phrases, 559–60, G-9 Infinitives defined, G-9 vs. gerunds, 960, 962–63 have in perfect form of, 631 in phrases, 559–60, G-9 and pronoun case, 645 split, 721, 724, G-17 and subject-verb agreement, 978 in titles of works, 897 to in, 631, 715, 897, 960 as verbals, 573, 960 verbs following, 962–63 and verb tenses, 631 Informal outlines, 50–52 Informal usage adjectives/adverbs, 664–65 apostrophes, 924 avoiding, 768 defined, G-17 and pronoun case, 640, 647 and quotation marks, 857, 860 sentence fragments, 577 their to avoid gender bias, 652 verb mood, 633 Informative reports, 161–82 defined, G-9 humanities, 179–82 introductions in, 86 _ _ _ mai83686_ndx.qxd 6/13/08 11:44 AM Page I-22 I-22 INDEX t_ _ _ Informative reports (continued) literature reviews, 170–71 purpose of, 26 research projects, 283, 285 sample papers, 165–70, 180–82 sciences, 171, 172 social sciences, 165–70 topic selection for, 161–62 understanding the assignment, 161 writing beyond college, 162 writing process for, 161–64 See also Lab reports Informative structures, 98 Informed consent, in primary research, 332 InfoTrac Web (database), 300 -ing verbs. See gerunds; participial phrases; verbals Inseparable phrasal verbs, 976 inside of, avoiding, 795 Instant messaging (IM), 12, 312, G-10 Institution names, 606–7 Intellectual frameworks, 184–85 Intellectual property, 341, 342, G-10 Intensifiers, and redundancy, 685 Intensive pronouns, 537, G-10 Interjections commas with, 824 defined, 531, 547, G-10 grammar review, 547 Interlibrary loan, 290 Internal links in electronic portfolios, 139 in multimedia writing, 259, 260, 263–64 Internet cautions for research on, 305, 311 evaluating sources on, 145, 323–25, 326, 327, 328–29, 346 exploring topics on, 43 netiquette, 12 newspaper access on, 407, 449, 480, 503, 504 online learning tools, 12–16 primary research on, 330 research in the disciplines, 310 search engines on, 294, 295, 298–99, 302– 4, 305–6, 320–21, G-16 searching for visuals, 314–15, 318–21 and understanding assignments, 34 See also Electronic learning tools; Electronic sources; Keyword searches Internet addresses. See URLs Internships, 509–10 interpret, in essay exams, 242, G-10 Interpretation and case studies, 205 defined, 150, G-10 in essay exams, 242 image interpretations, 255–56, G-9 and research, 279, 283, 284 See also Analysis/ interpretation in critical reading Interpretive analyses, 183–209 case studies, 202–6 defined, G-10 introductions in, 86, 186–87 in lab reports, 172 in multimedia writing, 255–56 present tense in, 705 purpose of, 27, 185–86 research projects, 283, 285 sample papers (sciences), 207–9 sciences, 206–9 understanding the assignment, 183 writing beyond college, 184 writing process for, 183–87 See also Interpretive analyses in the humanities Interpretive analyses in the humanities, 187–202 fiction, 194–97 overview, 187–89 plays, 198–202 poetry, 189–94 sample papers, 191–94, 195–97, 199–202 visual arts, 188 Interrogative pronouns, 537–38, G-10 Interrogative sentences, 549, G-10 Interruptions, 824, 825–26, 850–51, 899 Interviews citation of, Chicago documentation style, 476 citation of, MLA documentation style, 390, 400– 401, 411, 412 conducting, 337 In-text citations APA style, 434–39, 443 Chicago style, 467–68 CSE citation-sequence/ citation-name style, 487 CSE name-year style, 486 defined, G-10 See also MLA in-text citations in to, into, in, 794 Intransitive verbs defined, 554, 556–57, G-10 easily-confused pairs, 619–20 Introductions in arguments, 221 in case studies, 205–6 citation of, MLA documentation style, 395 in complaint letters, 521 and critical reading, 144 defined, G-10 drafting, 85–86, 89 exercises, 89 in interpretive analyses, 86, 186–87 in lab reports, 173 mai83686_ndx.qxd 6/13/08 11:44 AM Page I-23 INDEX and multilingual writers, 88 in oral presentations, 249 in persuasive letters, 504 planning, 49, 51 in praise letters, 524 and presentation software, 265 rhetorical questions in, 747 for Web sites, 87 Introductory elements, commas with, 813–15, 819, 833. See also Signal phrases Invention techniques, G-10. See also Exploring ideas Inverted sentences, 814 commas in, 814, 833–34 defined, G-10 and sentence variety, 746 and subject-verb agreement, 609–10 Invisible writing, 38 ironically, misuses of, 795 Irony defined, G-10 exclamation points for, 882 question marks for, 881 irregardless, regardless, 795 Irregular adjectives, 670, 671 Irregular adverbs, 670, 671 Irregular verbs defined, G-10 exercises, 618–19 list of, 615–16 and multilingual writers, 618 overview, 617–19 and perfect tenses, 624 and present participles, 960 principal forms of, 613–14 and subject-verb agreement, 599 isle, aisle, 939 Issue numbers in APA documentation style, 443 in Chicago documentation style, 474 in CSE documentation style, 489, 492 in CSE number documentation style, 493 in MLA documentation style, 397–98, 405, 406 is when/is where, 698 it, and pronoun reference, 658 Italics (underlining), 915–20 added to quotation, 919 in APA documentation style, 441, 443 in APA paper format, 453 in e-mail, 916 for emphasis, 131, 919 exercises, 919–20 and fonts, 127 for foreign words, 918 and grammar checkers, 915 for letters of the alphabet, 919, 926 in MLA documentation style, 383, 390, 393, 401, 403, 406, 410, 411, 915, 926 for scientific names, 918 for ship/aircraft names, 918 for titles of works, 441, 443, 916–17 for words as words, 857, 918–19 it is/there is/there are (expletive constructions), 551, 610, 687, G-7 it’s, its, 795, 921, 925, 940 Jargon, 770–71, G-10 Job interviews, 516 Joint ownership, 923 Journal articles. See Periodical articles Journalism, series commas in, 810 Journalist’s questions, for exploring ideas, 39 Journal writing and coauthored works, 33 and critical reading, 143 defined, G-10 exercises, 42 and exploring ideas, 40, 41– 42 I-23 and internships, 509 and multilingual writers, 18, 42 and personal essays, 239 research, 352 JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) format, 268, G-10 JSTOR (database), 300 just, as limiting modifier, 722 Justification of margins, 130, 453 Key terms and abbreviations, 905 and coherence, 101–2 in informative reports, 164 and jargon, 770–71 in lab reports, 174 in oral presentations, 250 repetition of, 747 See also Definitions Keyword searches cautions for, 305 defined, 294, G-10 exercises, 303 and general reference works, 289–90 help for, 298 in online library catalogs, 306–9 popular search engines, list of, 306 refining, 295, 302–4, 305 and scholarly research sources, 299 and sponsored links, 299 for visuals, 320–21 wildcards in, 295 kind, kinds, 795 know, no, 940 Koran (Qu’ran), citation of, MLA documentation style, 388 Labeling (visuals), 109 Laboratory research, 331, 338– 40. See also Lab reports Lab reports, 171–79, 338–39 sample paper, 175–79 Language biased, 772–75 _ _ _ mai83686_ndx.qxd 6/13/08 11:44 AM Page I-24 I-24 INDEX t_ _ _ Language (continued) clichés, 85, 786–87, 857, 860, 977, G-3 connotations, 190, 238, 761, 777, 779–81, G-4 cultural differences in communication, 17 denotations, 113, 761, 777, G-5 doublespeak, 771, G-6 euphemisms, 771, G-7 in fiction, 195 figurative, 190, 785–86, G-7 formality, levels of, 769–70 jargon, 770–71, G-10 neutral, 338 pretentious/stilted, 770, G-14 sexist language, G-16 See also Appropriate language; Editing for word choice; Exact language; Gender bias; Idioms; Nonstandard expressions Last paragraphs. See Conclusions Later editions, citation of APA documentation style, 442 Chicago documentation style, 473 MLA documentation style, 396 Latin abbreviations, 909 latter, former, 794 Law cases. See Legal sources lay, lie, 619–20, 795, 940 lead, led, 940 Learning in college, 2–6 least, in superlative forms, 669–70 Lecture notes, 3, 4 Lectures. See Oral presentations led, lead, 940 Legal sources citation of, MLA documentation style, 399, 402 no italics for, 916 less in comparative forms, 669–70 vs. fewer, 793 lessen, lesson, 940 Letters (correspondence) business, 503, 514–16, 518, 521, 829, 846 capitalization in, 901 citation of, APA documentation style, 437 citation of, Chicago documentation style, 477 citation of, MLA documentation style, 390, 401 commas in, 829 complaint, 520–23 job application, 514–16 and multilingual writers, 18 persuasive, 503–8, 520–24 praise, 523–24 See also Addresses Letters (of the alphabet) in formal outlines, 54 italics for, 919, 926 and lists, 810, 868 with parentheses, 868 plurals of, 926 Letters to the editor citation of, APA documentation style, 444 citation of, MLA documentation style, 399, 407 writing, 503–5 Lexis-Nexis Academic (database), 300 Libraries databases, 296, 300–301 and exploring ideas, 43 finding books in, 304, 306–8 help sheets, 288 online catalogs, 290, 304, 306–9, 349, 350 and research sources, 288, 289, 292–93, 294 touring, 290 Web sites for, 288, 289 Library of Congress, 267, 319, 320 Library of Congress call numbers, 304 lie, lay, 619–20, 795, 940 lightning, lightening, 940 like vs. as, 790 comma misuses with, 832 in comparisons, 785 Limiting modifiers, 722–23, G-10 Limiting sentences, 70, G-11 Line graphs, 60, 108, 314 Line numbers, in poetry, 388 Linking verbs and adjectives, 665–66, 954 be as, 553, 642, 749 and contractions, 623 defined, 610, G-11 missing, 578, 623 and multilingual writers, 958 and parts of sentences, 553 pronouns following, 642 and subject-verb agreement, 610 Links defined, 255, G-11 in electronic portfolios, 136, 138–39 in hypertext essays, 259–60 in MLA documentation style, 406 sponsored, 299 and underlining, 916 in Web design, 267 See also Hypertext Listing and document design, 126, 129, 131 for exploring ideas, 38–39 in interpretive analyses, 185 See also Lists List of works cited (MLA documentation style). See Works-cited list (MLA style) Lists capitalization in, 900–901 colons in, 131, 580, 842, 844– 45, 900, 901 and dashes, 580, 842, 864 and document design, 131 mai83686_ndx.qxd 6/13/08 11:44 AM Page I-25 INDEX numbers/letters for, 810, 868 parallelism in, 129, 131, 718, 901 and parentheses, 868 and semicolon errors, 842 and sentence fragments, 580 See also Listing; Word/phrase lists literally, misuses of, 795 Literary analyses. See Interpretive analyses in the humanities Literary nonfiction, citation of, MLA documentation style, 388 Literary present, 628, 705 Literary works citation of, MLA documentation style, 388 and present tense, 628, 705 Literature reviews, 170–71, 205, G-16 little, a little, 972–73 Logical fallacies, 215, 216–17, 222, 223, G-7 Logos, 222, 500, G-11 loose, lose, 795, 940 lose, loose, 795, 940 -ly adverbs vs. -ally, 937 and comparative/superlative forms, 669 and hyphens, 929 and recognizing adverbs, 542, 665, 973 Magazines, citation of APA documentation style, 444, 449 Chicago documentation style, 474–75, 480 CSE documentation styles, 492 italicizing titles, 917 MLA documentation style, 398 See also Periodical articles Mailing addresses. See Addresses Main point and critical reading, 147 and drafting paragraphs, 65–66 and paragraph unity, 100–101 See also Thesis; Topic sentences Main topic. See Thesis; Topic selection Main verbs, 532, G-11 man, generic, 774 Manuscripts, citation of, MLA documentation style, 402 many, and subject-verb agreement, 608–9 Mapping. See Clustering Maps, citation of, MLA documentation style, 401, 410. See also Visuals Margins in APA documentation style, 453 and document design, 127, 128, 130 in MLA documentation style, 414 may vs. can, 791 as helping verb, 622 maybe, may be, 795 me, I, 639, 640, 642, 643 Measurements, numbers for, 868, 912, 913 Measurement units inappropriate abbreviations for, 909 and subject-verb agreement, 605, 607 meat, meet, 940 Mechanics, 888–932 abbreviations, 903–10 apostrophes, 921–27 defined, G-11 editing for, 946 hyphens, 928–32 italics, 915–20 numbers, 911–14 self-test, 888–91 See also Capitalization Mediated search engines, 306 meet, meat, 940 Memory, writing as aid to, 3 Memos, 518, 751 Metaphors, 190, 785–86, G-11 Meta search engines, 306 Meter, in poetry, 190 I-25 Methodology, in case studies, 206 Methods-and-materials section, in lab reports, 173 Microfiche/microform/ microfilm, citation of, MLA documentation style, 402 Microsoft Excel, 315, 316 Microsoft Word, 94, 95, 126 might, as helping verb, 622 Minimal risk, in primary research, 332 Misleading visuals, 8, 9, 108, 109, 315, 317–18 Misplaced modifiers, 720–25, 727–28 ambiguous, 721–23 defined, G-11 diagram, 722 disruptive, 723 exercises, 724–25 and grammar checkers, 721 limiting, 722–23, G-10 split infinitives, 721, 724, G-17 squinting, 721, G-17 Misreading, commas to prevent, 829 Missing words, 690–95 articles, 694–95 in comparisons, 693–94 in compound structures, 691–93 diagram, 691 exercises, 695 and grammar checkers, 690 helping verbs, 622, 960 linking verbs, 578, 623 and multilingual writers, 578 subjects, 578 that, 693 verbs, 622 See also Omitted elements Misusing words, 777–79 Mixed constructions, 696–99 defined, G-11 and grammar checkers, 697 Mixed metaphors, 785–86, G-11 _ _ _ mai83686_ndx.qxd 6/13/08 11:44 AM Page I-26 I-26 INDEX t_ _ _ MLA Bibliography (database), 300 MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 384. See also MLA (Modern Language Association) style MLA in-text citations, 381–90 absent page numbers, 387 anthologies, 389 authors with same last name, 383 block quotations, 383, 385, 414, 852–54 electronic sources, 383, 387 ellipses in, 873 entire works, 384–85 general guidelines, 383 government documents, 386 historical documents, 389 literary works, 388 multiple authors, 382–83 multiple sources, 389 multiple works by same author, 381–82 multivolume works, 387–88 numbered paragraphs/ screens, 387 one-page sources, 385–86 organizational authors, 384 paraphrased/summarized sources, 385 personal communications, 390 religious texts, 388 sample type charts, 375–77 sample type directory, 382 unknown authors, 384 visuals, 386–87 MLA (Modern Language Association) style, 374– 426 on apostrophes in plurals, 926 captions in, 364, 386–87, 415 defined, G-11 elements diagrams, 378–80 explanatory notes/ acknowledgements, 412–13 figure numbering in, 363 general guidelines, 383, 393, 406 italics in, 383, 390, 393, 401, 403, 406, 410, 411, 915, 926 paper format, 413–15 sample paper, 415–26 sample type charts, 375–77 sample type directory, 382 See also MLA in-text citations; Works-cited list (MLA style) Modal verbs, 533, 957–58, G-11 Modern Language Association (MLA), 384. See also MLA (Modern Language Association) style; Works-cited list (MLA style) Modifiers, 720–28 ambiguous, 721–23 compound, 929 dangling, 725–28, 742, G-5 defined, G-11 disruptive, 723 exercises, 724–25, 727–28 and grammar checkers, 721, 727 limiting, 722–23, G-10 misplaced, 720–25, 727–28, G-11 and redundancy, 685 and sentence fragments, 577–81 as sentence openers, 741– 43 squinting, 721, G-17 subordinate clauses, 594 See also Adjectives; Adverbs; Dependent clauses Money, numbers for, 913 Monster.com, 512 Monthly Catalog of U.S. Government Publications, 308 Monthly magazines, citation of, MLA documentation style, 398 Months abbreviations for, 393 capitalization of, 894 Mood of verbs, 633–35 defined, G-11 imperative, 549, 550–51, 633, 692, 705, 966, 967, G-9, G-11 indicative, 633, 704–5, G-9, G-11 shifts in, 704–5 subjunctive, 633–35, 705, G-11, G-18 MOOs (object-oriented multiuser dimensions), 312 moral, morale, 795, 940 more, in comparative forms, 669–70 more important, more importantly, 795 more/more of, all/all of, some/some of, 789 most vs. almost, 790 and subject-verb agreement, 609 in superlative forms, 669–70 MP3 files, citation of, APA documentation style, 452 MUDs (multiuser dimensions), 312 Multilingual writers, 948–84 abbreviations, 904 adjectives, 663, 954–55 adverbs, 968, 973 articles, 949–51, 953–54 bias, 774 capitalization of I, 896 career-related writing, 515 cognates, 971–72 count/noncount nouns, 19, 948– 49, 951–52, 972, 978 and cultural differences, 17, 223, 345 dependent clauses, subject in, 582 direct/indirect objects, 556 mai83686_ndx.qxd 6/13/08 11:44 AM Page I-27 INDEX documentation styles, 466 double negatives, 543, 552, 982–83 editing checklist for, 984 gender of nouns, 650 gerunds, 959, 960, 962–63, 978 helping verbs, 957–59 idioms, 976–77 introductions and conclusions, 88 irregular verb forms, 618 job applications, 515 journal writing, 18, 42 learning in college, 17–20 and letters (correspondence), 18 linking verbs, 958 and missing words, 578 modal verbs, 957–58 modifiers, 742 nouns, 948–54 numbers, 828, 914 obligatory words, 692 participles, 959, 960–61 peer review, 93, 223 persuasive letters, 505 phrasal verbs, 975–76 plagiarism, 345 prepositions, 974–75 progressive tenses, 625 pronoun-antecedent agreement, 980–81 pronoun reference, 980–81 pronouns, 955–56 quantifiers, 948, 951–53, 972–73, 978 redundancy, 685 reference works for, 18–20, 760, 780 relative pronouns, 968–69 sentence fragments, 578, 960 and spelling, 936 subject-verb agreement, 978–80 subordination/ coordination, 968–70 using only one direct object, 557 verbals, 959–63 verbs, 957–59 vocabulary learning, 780 Web design, 273 word order, 552, 556, 742, 964–70, 981 Multimedia writing, 254–75, 256–59 defined, 254, G-11 hypertext essays, 259–60, G-9 image interpretations, 255–56, G-9 key concepts in, 255 and oral presentations, 250, 252–53 photographic stories, 256–59 presentation software, 250, 252–53, 254, 261–65 and presenting research projects, 366 tools for, 254–55 and visuals, 11 See also Visuals; Web design Multiple authors, citation of APA documentation style, 435–36, 440 Chicago documentation style, 470–71 CSE documentation styles, 488 MLA documentation style, 382–83, 390, 392 Multiple media, citation of, MLA documentation style, 402 Multiple sources, citation of APA documentation style, 437, 438 MLA documentation style, 389 Multiple works by same author, citation of APA documentation style, 439, 441, 443 Chicago documentation style, 470 MLA documentation style, 290, 381–82 Multiuser dimensions (MUDs), 312 Multivolume works, citation of I-27 APA documentation style, 442 Chicago documentation style, 473 MLA documentation style, 387–88, 396 Musical compositions capitalizing, 897 citation of, Chicago documentation style, 477 citation of, MLA documentation style, 411 italicizing, 917 and present tense, 628 myself, himself, herself, 795–96 Name-year style. See CSE (Council of Science Editors) name-year documentation style Narration, 71–72, G-11 Narrowing the topic, 25–26, 27 in critical response papers, 158 in interpretive analyses, 185–86 in research projects, 281–82 National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) (online image collection), 322 National Archives Digital Classroom (online image collection), 322 National Institutes of Health, 309 National Park Service Digital Image Archive, 322 Navigation in electronic portfolios, 137, 138–39 in Web sites, 87, 269, 271–72, G-11 Navigation bars, 271, G-11 N.B., avoiding in formal writing, 909 n.d. (no date), 438, 446 nearly, as limiting modifier, 722 Negatives. See Double negatives neither vs. either, 793 _ _ _ mai83686_ndx.qxd 6/13/08 11:44 AM Page I-28 I-28 INDEX t_ _ _ neither (continued) and subject-verb agreement, 608, 609 neither...nor as correlative conjunction, 546 and pronoun agreement, 654 and subject-verb agreement, 604, 605 See also correlative conjunctions Nervousness, 251–52 Netiquette, 12, G-12 Networked classrooms, 13–14, G-12 Neutral language, 338 never, in double negatives, 543, 670, 672 News groups citation of, APA documentation style, 451 citation of, MLA documentation style, 409 defined, G-19 information sources for, 312 as research source, 291, 311 See also Online communication Newsletters, 499–500, 502 Newspaper articles, citation of APA documentation style, 444, 449 Chicago documentation style, 475–76, 480 CSE documentation styles, 492 MLA documentation style, 398, 407 Newspapers Internet access to, 407, 449, 480, 503, 504 italicizing titles of, 917 letters to the editor, 399, 407, 444, 503– 4, 508 See also Newspaper articles, citation of New York Public Library online image collection, 322 Nicknames, 857 no commas with, 824 in double negatives, 543, 670, 672 vs. know, 940 nohow, nowheres, 796 Noncount nouns defined, G-12 list of, 535 and multilingual writers, 19, 948– 49, 951–52, 972, 978 overview, 534–35 and subject-verb agreement, 978 none, and subject-verb agreement, 608, 609 Nonessential elements. See Nonrestrictive elements Nonprint sources, citation of APA documentation style, 430 MLA documentation style, 410–12 Nonrestrictive elements commas with, 816–22, 824–25 and dashes, 816, 834, 864 defined, G-12 Non sequitur fallacy, 216 Nonstandard expressions, 618, 769. See also Dialects; Informal usage nor and compound antecedents, 654 and subject-verb agreement, 604, 605 See also coordinating conjunctions not in double negatives, 543, 670, 672 and helping verbs, 533 Note cards, 348, 362 Notes. See Chicago documentation style; Footnotes; MLA (Modern Language Association) style Note taking, 349–57 annotation, 35, 135, 151–54, 349–51, G-2 on cards, 348, 362 and disciplines, 37 and exploring ideas, 35, 37 field notes, 334–37 laboratory notebooks, 338– 40 paraphrasing, 350, 353–55 and primary research, 334–37, 338– 40 research journals/logs, 352 summarizing, 350, 355–56 for working bibliography, 348 not only...but also, 546. See also correlative conjunctions Noun clauses, 562, G-12 Noun phrases, 558, G-12 Nouns abstract, 535, 781, 949, G-1, G-12 as adjectives, 663–64 adjectives modifying, 541, 663 capitalization of, 893–95 collective, 535–36, 605–7, 653–54, G-12 and comma misuses, 834 common, 534, 893–94, G-12 compound, 928–30 concrete, 72–73, 535, 781–82, G-1, G-12 count vs. noncount, 19, 534–36, 948– 49, 951–52, 972, 978, G-12 defined, 531, 534, G-12 demonstrative pronouns as, 537 exercises, 952–54 gender of, 650 generic, 652, 951, G-8 gerund phrases as, 559 grammar review, 534–36 and multilingual writers, 948–54 possessive case, 536, 645, 694, 921–24, G-14 present participles as, 614 proper, 534, 893–95, 923, 951, G-12 See also Antecedents; Appositives; Gerunds; Plurals; Verbals mai83686_ndx.qxd 6/13/08 11:44 AM Page I-29 INDEX Novels, citation of, MLA documentation style, 388 nowheres, nohow, 796 Number confusing shifts in, 701, 703 defined, 597, G-12 and main verbs, 532 pronoun-antecedent agreement, 650–55 of pronouns, 956 and sexist language, 701, 773 and subject-verb agreement, 978 See also Subject-verb agreement number vs. amount, 790 and subject-verb agreement, 606, 607 Numbered lists, 131 Numbered paragraphs, 387 Numbering, of visuals, 84, 363 Numbers, 911–14 and abbreviations, 906 apostrophes in, 924 commas in, 828 exercises, 914 in formal outlines, 54 and grammar checkers, 914 hyphens in, 912, 930 italics for, 919 in lab reports, 172 and lists, 810, 868 and multilingual writers, 828, 914 in names, 828 with parentheses, 868 plurals of, 926 spelling out, 172, 911–13 See also Page numbers Numerals. See Numbers Object complements, 556, G-12 Objective case, 638, 639, G-15. See also Pronoun case (e.g. I vs. me) Objective stance and case studies, 205 defined, G-12 and informative reports, 162–63 Object-oriented multiuser dimensions (MOOs), 312 Objects and colon misuses, 846 defined, G-12 direct, 554, 556, 557, 562, 638, 965, 975, G-12 indirect, 555–56, 965, G-12 and phrasal verbs, 975 of prepositions, 545, 846, G-12 and transitive/ intransitive verbs, 554, 619 and word order, 555, 556, 965 Observation, 3– 4, 204–5, 334–37 of vs. off, 940 for possessive case, 922 in proper nouns, 951 off of, avoiding, 796 Omitted elements commas with, 829 coordinating conjunctions, 810 and ellipses, 358–59, 852, 871, 872–76 in elliptical clauses, 562, 685–86, G-6 See also Contractions; Missing words; Sentence fragments one another, each other, 792 one (generic pronoun), 658, 774 one of the, 610–11 One-page sources, 385–86 One-word modals, 533 Online addresses. See URLs Online books citation of, APA documentation style, 450 citation of, Chicago documentation style, 479 citation of, CSE documentation styles, 493 citation of, MLA documentation style, 404–5 as research source, 291 I-29 Online communications citation of, APA documentation style, 451–52 citation of, Chicago documentation style, 480 citation of, MLA documentation style, 409 information sources for, 311, 312 privacy issues, 13, 274, 519 as research source, 291, 309–12 synchronous communication, 311–12, 409, G-18 Online databases. See Databases Online image collections, 319, 320, 322 Online library catalogs call numbers in, 304 keyword searches in, 306–9 and library tour, 290 recording bibliographic information from, 349, 350 Online newspapers, citation of APA documentation style, 449 MLA documentation style, 407 Online postings. See Blogs; Electronic sources; Newsgroups Online scholarly projects, citation of, MLA documentation style, 403– 4 Online sources. See Electronic sources Online tools. See Electronic learning tools Online writing labs (OWLs), 115–17 only, as limiting modifier, 722–23 only one of the, 610–11 On-the-job writing, 517–20, 751 Opening paragraphs. See Introductions Opening screen, in Web sites. See Home page _ _ _ mai83686_ndx.qxd 6/13/08 11:44 AM Page I-30 I-30 INDEX t_ _ _ Online newspapers (continued) Opposing viewpoints. See Counterarguments or and compound antecedents, 654 and subject-verb agreement, 604, 605 See also coordinating conjunctions orally, verbally, 798 Oral presentations, 248–53 citation of, MLA documentation style, 412 drafting, 249–50 on-the-job, 520 planning, 248– 49 and presentation software, 250, 252–53, 261–62 See also Multimedia writing Organization in argument papers, 221–22 in case studies, 205 and document design, 126, 127, 128, 129 in essay exams, 244– 45 in informative reports, 163–64 in interpretive analyses, 187 in oral presentations, 249 in paragraphs, 69–71 in personal essays, 240 planning, 50 in portfolios, 135, 137–39 in research projects, 362–63 revising, 98 and Web design, 265–66, 267 Organizational authors, citation of APA documentation style, 436, 440, 446 Chicago documentation style, 471 CSE name-year documentation style, 488 CSE number documentation style, 491 MLA documentation style, 384, 392 other, in comparisons, 693–94 our, hour, are, 939 Outlines and argument papers, 221–22 capitalization in, 900 and class notes, 3, 4 exercises, 56–57 formal, 52–55, 56–57, G-7 formatting rules for, 54 and headings, 132 informal, 50–52 and listing, 38 parallelism in, 717 and research projects, 362 and revising, 98 scratch, 50–51, G-16 sentence, 52, 53, 54, G-16 storyboards, 56 topic, 52–53, 54, 132, G-19 tree diagrams, 54, 55, G-19 outside of, avoiding, 795 Oversimplification, 155 OWLs (online writing labs), 115–17 Oxford English Dictionary (OED), 757 Page numbers absent, 387, 438, 493 in APA documentation style, 435, 438, 441, 443 in APA paper format, 453 in Chicago documentation style, 474–75 and Chicago paper format, 485 in CSE name-year documentation style, 486 and document design, 130 hyphens in, 930 in MLA documentation style, 381, 383, 385–86, 393, 397 in MLA paper format, 414 numerals for, 913 Paired ideas, and parallelism, 714–15 PAIS International (database), 300 Pamphlets citation of, APA documentation style, 446 citation of, MLA documentation style, 399 italicizing titles of, 917 Paragraph numbers, 438 Paragraphs coherence in, 101–5 defined, 65, G-12 development of, 99–100 and dialogue, 851–52 drafting, 65–71 exercises, 67–69, 71 introductions, 85–86 length of, 99 main points in, 65–66, 100–101 numbered, 387 organization in, 69–71 pronoun reference in, 658–59 revising, 99–105 topic sentences, 66–69, 70, 78, 100, G-19 transitions, 103–5 unity in, 67–69, 100–101 for Web design, 266 Parallelism, 710–19 and coherence, 102–3 and comparison/ contrast, 714–15 in compound structures, 714–15 defined, G-12 diagram, 713 effective, 710–11 exercises, 711, 715–17, 718–19 faulty, defined, G-7 and function words, 715 and grammar checkers, 712 items in a series, 712 in lists, 129, 131, 718, 901 in outlines, 717 paired ideas, 714–15 and sentence variety, 747 and verbals, 577 and vocabulary learning, 763 mai83686_ndx.qxd 6/13/08 11:44 AM Page I-31 INDEX See also Faulty parallelism Paraphrases and commas, 826 and confusing shifts, 707 defined, G-12 and documenting sources, 350, 353–55 exercises, 354–55 integrating, 359–60 in introductions, 85 MLA documentation style, 385 and note taking, 350, 353–55 and plagiarism, 341, 343, 344, 353–54 and present tense, 628 Parentheses in APA documentation style, 441, 442, 443, 445 and brackets, 871 and capitalization, 869, 898 and commas, 834–35, 869 and ellipses, 873 exercises, 870 and nonrestrictive elements, 816 overuse of, 868 overview, 867–70 and question marks, 869, 881 and quotation marks, 870 sentences within, 825, 869, 880–81, 898 and transitional expressions, 822 See also Parenthetical citations Parenthetical citations APA documentation style, 434–35, 435 defined, G-10 MLA documentation style, 381–90 See also In-text citations Parenthetical expressions, and commas, 823, 833 Participial phrases in cumulative sentences, 744 defined, 559, G-13 as sentence openers, 741– 42 and verb tenses, 631–32 Participles in absolute phrases, 560, 823 -d, -ed forms, 621 defined, 532, 614, G-13 exercises, 961 and multilingual writers, 959, 960–61 in phrases, 559, 631–32, 741– 42, 744, G-13 and verb tenses, 614, 624, 631–32 Parts of speech abbreviations for, 759, 909 defined, 531, G-13 in dictionaries, 758 list of, 531 review exercises, 547–48 See also specific parts of speech passed, past, 940 Passive voice vs. active voice, 635–36, 687, 750–52, G-19 and confusing shifts, 705 defined, G-13, G-19 exercises, 555, 750, 751–52 overuse of, 749–50 and past participles, 614 and transitive verbs, 555 and wordiness, 687 past, passed, 940 Past participles as adjectives, 614, 621, 960–61 -d, -ed forms, 621 defined, 532, 614 and multilingual writers, 960–61 in perfect tenses, 624 as verbals, 573 Past perfect progressive tense, 625 Past perfect tense, 627 Past progressive tense, 625 Past tense -d, -ed forms, 613, 621 defined, 532, 614 discipline-specific uses, 173, 629 in lab reports, 173 I-31 and narration, 72 vs. past perfect, 627 simple, 623–24, 627 and subject-verb agreement, 599 Pathos, 222, G-11. See also Emotional appeals patience, patients, 940 PDAs (personal digital assistants), 16, 41 PDF format, 301, 437 peace, piece, 940 Peer review and audience, 31, 32 and blogs, 275 defined, 15, G-13 and exploring ideas, 44 guidelines for, 92 and multilingual writers, 93, 223 for portfolios, 136 and presentation software, 261 research projects, 364–65 and revising, 90–93 software for, 15–16, 92–93 and Web design, 272–73 Percentages, 913 Perfectionism, 65 Perfect progressive tenses, 625 Perfect tenses defined, G-18 and infinitives, 631 overview, 624 and past participles, 614 Performances, citation of Chicago documentation style, 478 MLA documentation style, 412 Periodical Abstracts (database), 301 Periodical articles citation of, APA documentation style, 429, 432–33, 443– 44, 447– 48 citation of, Chicago documentation style, 474–76, 479–80 citation of, CSE documentation styles, 491–93 _ _ _ mai83686_ndx.qxd 6/13/08 11:44 AM Page I-32 I-32 INDEX t_ _ _ Periodical articles (continued) citation of, MLA documentation style, 376, 379, 397–99, 405–7 critical reading of, 145 italicizing titles of, 917 online, citation of, 380, 405–7, 447– 48, 479–80, 489, 493 quotation marks for titles of, 856 reprinted, 395 as research source, 291, 296–98, 299, 300 Periodicals, G-13. See also Periodical articles Periodic sentences, 744– 46, G-13 Periods in abbreviations, 880, 905 in APA documentation style, 441 in biblical citations, 846 in Chicago documentation style, 467, 468 and conjunctive adverbs, 547 and dashes, 866 and ellipses, 873–74 in lists, 131, 901 in MLA documentation style, 381, 385, 390, 393, 396, 398 in outlines, 900 overview, 879–81 and parentheses, 869 and quotation marks, 826, 858 spacing after, 130 and URLs, 493 in volume numbers, 398 Person and apostrophe errors, 927 confusing shifts in, 701 defined, 597, 701, G-13 and main verbs, 532 in oral presentations, 250 in personal essays, 238 and s, -es verb forms, 620–21 and subject-verb agreement, 978 personal, personnel, 940 Personal communications, citation of APA documentation style, 437 MLA documentation style, 390 Personal digital assistants (PDAs), 16, 41 Personal essays, 28, 237– 41 understanding the assignment, 237–39 writing process for, 239– 41 Personal/professional titles. See Titles (personal/ professional) Personal pronouns, 536, G-13. See also Pronoun case (e.g. I vs. me) Personification, 785, G-13 personnel, personal, 940 Persuasion persuasive letters, 503–8, 519–23 and visuals, 6, 8 See also Argument papers Persuasive letters, 503–8, 520–24 Photographic stories, 256–59 Photographs, 8, 10, 61–62, 256–59. See also Visuals Phrasal modals, 533, 957 Phrasal verbs, 782–84, 975–76, G-13 Phrases absolute, 560, 744, 823, G-1 adjective, 723, 820, G-1 appositive, 560, 733 defined, G-13 empty, 684, G-6 gerund, 559, 601, 611, G-8 grammar review, 558–61 infinitive, 559–60, G-9 introductory, comma with, 813–15 nonrestrictive, 820 noun, 558, G-12 participial, 559, 631–32, 741– 42, 744, G-13 prepositional, 544– 45, 579, 696, 820, G-14 quoting, 875 and semicolon errors, 841– 42 and sentence fragments, 577–81 verb, 558, 957–63, G-19 verbal, 559–60, 577–78, 631–32, 741– 42, 744, G-13, G-19 word order in, 552 piece, peace, 940 Pie charts, 59–60, 107, 314 Place names capitalization of, 896 inappropriate abbreviations, 909 Plagiarism, 341– 46 avoiding, 343– 45 checklist for, 344 and common knowledge, 342 and copyright, 341– 42, 345– 46 costs of, 341 defined, G-13 and direct quotations, 357 and electronic sources, 344, 345, 346 and e-mail, 12 and fair use, 315, 321, 342, 345– 46 inadvertent, 344 information sources for, 343 and intellectual property, 341, 342 and multilingual writers, 345 and paraphrasing, 341, 343, 344, 353–54 and summarizing, 156, 344, 355–56 See also Documenting sources plain, plane, 940 Planning defined, G-13 for essay exams, 243 field research, 333–34 oral presentations, 248– 49 and presentation software, 261 research, 284, 286–87 research projects, 361–63 rhetorical strategies, 51–52 mai83686_ndx.qxd 6/13/08 11:44 AM Page I-33 INDEX thesis development, 45– 49 visuals, 57–63, 71, 78 and writing process, 21 See also Exploring ideas; Structure; Understanding assignments Plays capitalizing titles of, 897 citation of, MLA documentation style, 388 interpretive analyses of, 198–202 italicizing titles of, 917 numbers for divisions in, 913 Pleasure reading, 761–62 Plot, in fiction, 195 Plurals and apostrophes, 926 and collective nouns, 605–7 and compound subjects, 604–5 of compound words, 929, 936 of count nouns, 534, 948– 49 defined, G-13 and dictionary use, 758, 936 and gender bias, 773 and indefinite pronouns, 539, 651 overview, 535 and possessive case, 922–23 -s, -es forms, 929, 935–36 spelling, 935–36 and subject-verb agreement, 598, 978 See also Number; Pronoun-antecedent agreement plus, misuses of, 796 P.M./p.m., 906 Podcasts, APA documentation style, 452 Poetry block quotations, 853–54 and capitalization, 897 citation of, MLA documentation style, 388, 853 and ellipses, 875 interpretive analyses of, 189–94 italicizing titles of, 917 quotation marks for titles of, 856 slashes for line divisions in, 852, 876 Point-by-point comparison pattern, 78–79, G-13–14 Point of view confusing shifts in, 701, 703 in fiction, 194 See also Person Policy papers. See Proposals (policy papers) Pompous tone, 32 Popular research sources, 293 Portfolios, 133–39 and career-related writing, 133, 508–9 defined, 125, 133, G-14 electronic, 136–39 print, 134–36 Positive degree, 668, G-3 Possessive case and apostrophes, 536, 638, 645, 921–24, 925, 927 in comparisons, 694 defined, G-15 and gerunds, 645 nouns, 536, 645, 694, 921–24, G-14 overview, 536 and plurals, 922–23 pronouns, 536–37, 638, 639, 925, 927, G-14 Posters, designing, 499–500 Post hoc fallacy, 216 PowerPoint, 250, 252–53 practicable, practical, 796, 940 Praise, letters of, 523–24 precede, proceed, 796, 940 Predicates, 551–58, 698 complete, 551, G-14 compound, 551, 580, G-4 defined, 551, G-14 exercises, 551, 553, 555, 558 faulty predication, 698, G-7 simple, 551, G-14 and verb types, 553–57 I-33 and word order, 552 See also Verbs Prefaces, citation of, MLA documentation style, 395 Prefixes, 764–65, 930, 936 Prejudice. See Bias; Gender bias Premises, in critical thinking, 212, 213, G-14 Prepositional phrases defined, 544– 45, G-14 and mixed constructions, 696 restrictive vs. nonrestrictive, 820 as sentence fragments, 579 Prepositions in adjective phrases, 820 colon misuses with, 846 comma misuses with, 832 defined, 531, G-14 and direct/indirect objects, 965 as function words, 715 and gerunds, 960 grammar review, 544– 45 and intransitive verbs, 557 list of, 544 and multilingual writers, 974–75 objects of, 545, 846, G-12 in phrasal verbs, 782–84, 975–76 in phrases, 544– 45, 579, 696, 820, G-14 and sentence fragments, 579 in titles of works, 897 presence, presents, 940 Presentation software, 250, 252–53, 254, 261–65, G-14 Present participles as adjectives, 614, 960–61 defined, 532, 614 and multilingual writers, 960–61 and progressive tenses, 614, 624–25 as verbals, 573 Present perfect progressive tense, 625 Present perfect tense, 705 _ _ _ mai83686_ndx.qxd 6/13/08 11:44 AM Page I-34 I-34 INDEX t_ _ _ Present progressive tense, 624 presents, presence, 940 Present tense and apostrophe errors, 927 defined, 614 discipline-specific uses, 628, 705 in personal essays, 341 -s, -es forms, 532, 598, 620–21 simple, 623 and subject-verb agreement, 598–99 Pretentious language, 770, G-14 Previewing, in critical reading, 143– 47, G-14 previous to, prior to, 796 Prewriting. See Exploring ideas Primary research, 330– 40 archival, 330, 332–33 defined, G-14 and disciplines, 331 ethics in, 331–32, 334 field research, 330–31, 333–38, G-7 laboratory research, 331, 338– 40 vs. secondary research, 278–79, 330, G-14, G-16 sources for, 291–93, G-14 types of, 330–31 principal, principle, 796, 940 prior to, previous to, 796 Privacy issues, in online communication, 13, 274, 519 Problem-solution organization, 50, 249 proceed, precede, 796, 940 Process analysis, 81, 82 in case studies, 204 Professional/personal Web sites, citation of, MLA documentation style, 404 Professional support, 6 Professional writing. See Career-related writing Progressive tenses defined, G-18 overview, 624–25 and present participles, 614, 624–25 Pronoun-antecedent agreement, 536, 649–55 and collective nouns, 653–54 with compound antecedents, 654–55 defined, 649–50, G-14 diagram, 653 exercises, 655 and gender bias, 650, 651–53 with generic nouns, 652 and grammar checkers, 652 and indefinite pronouns, 650–51 and multilingual writers, 980–81 Pronoun case (e.g. I vs. me), 537, 638– 49 in appositives, 643, 644 in comparisons, 644– 45 in compound structures, 640, 642 defined, G-15 diagram, 641 exercises, 643, 644, 646– 47, 649 and gerunds, 645 and grammar checkers, 642 and infinitives, 645 and informal usage, 640, 647 objective, 638, 639, G-15 possessive, 536–37, 638, 639, 925, 927, G-14 and relative pronouns, 537 in subject complements, 642 subjective, 638, 639, G-15 we vs. us, 643– 44 who vs. whom, 642, 647– 49 Pronoun reference, 655–60 ambiguous, 656–57 defined, G-15 exercises, 660, 980–81 implied, 657–58 and multilingual writers, 980–81 in paragraphs, 658–59 who/whom vs. that/which, 659 Pronouns, 638–60 adjectives modifying, 541, 663 capitalization of, 896 and coherence, 102 defined, 531, 638, G-14 demonstrative, 537, G-5 as direct objects, 965 duplicating subject, 964 gender of, 956 generic, 658, 774 grammar review, 536– 40 indefinite, 538–39, 600, 608–9, 638, 650–51, 922, 978, G-9 intensive, 537, G-10 interrogative, 537–38, G-10 list of, 538–39 and multilingual writers, 955–56 personal, 536, G-13 pronoun-antecedent agreement, 536, 649–55, 980–81, G-14 reciprocal, 539, G-15 reference, 655–60, 980–81, G-15 reflexive, 537, G-15 and run-on sentences/ comma splices, 586 See also Pronoun case (e.g. I vs. me); Relative pronouns Pronunciation, 758 Proofreading checklist, 116 defined, G-15 for essay exams, 245 for hypertext essays, 260 overview, 115 for résumés, 511 and writing process, 22 Proper adjectives, 541, 663, 930, G-15 Proper nouns and articles, 951 capitalization, 893–95 defined, 534, G-12 examples of, 893–94 possessive case, 923 Proposals (policy papers), 211–12, 220. See also Argument papers mai83686_ndx.qxd 6/13/08 11:44 AM Page I-35 INDEX ProQuest (database), 297–98, 301 Protocols, Web, 268, G-15 Provinces, abbreviations for, 907 Pseudonyms, citation of authors using, MLA documentation style, 404 PsycInfo (database), 301 Publication data in APA documentation style, 435, 441, 442, 443 in Chicago documentation style, 475 colons in, 846 and critical reading, 144 in CSE documentation styles, 486, 492 and evaluating sources, 322, 323 in MLA documentation style, 390, 393, 396–97, 397, 403, 406 Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. See APA (American Psychological Association) style Publishers. See Publication data Publisher’s imprints, citation of, MLA documentation style, 395 Punctuation. See Sentence punctuation; specific punctuation marks Purpose and blogs, 274 and critical reading, 144, 151 defined, G-15 and document design, 125 and evaluating sources, 324–25 and fair use, 345 and field research, 338 and genres, 30 and interpretive analyses, 27, 185–86 and research projects, 283, 285 and revising, 94–96 of sentences, 549 and thesis development, 46 and title of paper, 97 and understanding assignments, 26, 28 of visuals, 61–62 Qualifying thesis in argument papers, 221 in interpretive analyses, 184 Quantifiers and count/noncount nouns, 948, 951–53 defined, G-15 exercises, 952–53 and quantity scale, 972–73 and subject-verb agreement, 978 Question-answer format, in oral presentations, 249 Question marks and abbreviations, 880 comma misuses with, 826, 835, 850 and dashes, 865 overview, 881–82 and parentheses, 869, 881 and quotation marks, 385, 858, 860–61 spacing after, 130 within sentences, 883 Questionnaires, in field research, 337–38, 339, G-15 Questions for analysis, 150–51 and argument papers, 218 and blogs, 274 in conclusions, 87 for critical reading, 144, 145, 150–51 direct vs. indirect, 707–8, 967, G-6, G-9 for exploring ideas, 39– 41 in imperative mood, 550–51 for internships, 510 and interpretive analyses, 185, 190, 194–95, 198 for interviews, 337 in introductions, 85 I-35 journalist’s, 39 in oral presentations, 249 for peer review, 92 pronoun case in, 648– 49 and question marks, 881–82 rhetorical, 746– 47, G-16 series of, 881, 899–900 for surveys, 338, 339 tag, 824 and thesis development, 49, 361 in title of paper, 97 for topic selection, 25, 27, 185, 218 word order in, 965–66, 967 quotation, quote, 796 Quotation marks, 849–62 and block quotations, 852–54 and colons, 858–59 and commas, 825, 858 common errors, 860–61 and dashes, 859, 866 in dialogue, 850, 851–52 in direct quotations, 849, 850–54 and documenting sources, 344, 352, 358 exercises, 854–55, 859–60, 861–62 and grammar checkers, 850 in MLA documentation style, 381, 383, 393, 403, 406 omitted closing, 849 and parentheses, 870 punctuation marks with, 381, 857–60 and quotations within quotations, 852, 854 and semicolons, 858–59 sentences within, 825, 880–81 and signal phrases, 850–51 for subject lines, 409 for titles of works, 383, 393, 403, 406, 411, 856, 861, 917 for words as words, 857, 918 for words used in special ways, 857 _ _ _ mai83686_ndx.qxd 6/13/08 11:44 AM Page I-36 I-36 INDEX t_ _ _ Quotations in APA documentation style, 436 brackets in, 358, 852, 870–72, 873, 899 and capitalization, 850, 851, 854, 898–99 in Chicago documentation style, 467 and colons, 825, 842, 844– 45, 851, 854 and comma misuses, 826, 835 and commas, 825–27, 844– 45 in conclusions, 87 defined, G-15 direct-indirect shifts, 707 and documenting sources, 352, 356–57 ellipses in, 358–59, 852, 871, 872–75 as evidence, 221 forming sentences, 825, 880–81 integrating, 358–59, 851, 871, 899 interrupted, 825–26, 850–51, 899 in introductions, 85 italics in, 919 in MLA documentation style, 385 in oral presentations, 249 overuse of, 357 and present tense, 628 and run-on sentences/ comma splices, 593 and semicolon errors, 842 sic in, 872 signal phrases with, 358 in title of paper, 97 and verb tenses, 982, 983 within quotations, 852, 854 and word order, 967 See also Block quotations; Indirect quotations quote, quotation, 796 Qu’ran (Koran), citation of, MLA documentation style, 388 Racial/ethnic groups, capitalizing names of, 896–97 Radio Program Archive, 335 Radio programs citation of, APA documentation style, 447 citation of, MLA documentation style, 411 italicizing titles of, 917 quotation marks for, 856 rain, reign, rein, 940 raise, raze, rise, 619–20, 796, 940 Ratios, colons with, 846 raze, raise, rise, 619–20, 796, 940 Readers. See Audience Reading. See Critical reading Reading aloud, 91 real, really, 796 Reasonableness, criterion for Web site evaluation, 329 Reasonable stance, 218, 220 Reasoning deductive, 212, 213, 214, G-5 inductive, 212–13, G-9 logical fallacies, 215, 216–17, 222, 223, G-7 Toulmin method, 214–15, 220, G-19 reason...is because, 698, 796 Reciprocal pronouns, 539, G-15 Recommendations in business writing, 519–20 and internships, 510 subjunctive mood for, 634 Red herring fallacy, 217 Redundancy, 684–85, G-15 Refereed sources, 293 Reference list (APA style), 439–52, 450 abstracts, 443, 446 anthologies, 441 audiovisual sources, 446– 47 blog postings, 451 books, 428, 431, 438, 440– 42 brochures/pamphlets/ fact sheets, 446 computer software, 452 conference proceedings, 445 dissertations, 446 editorials, 444 electronic sources, 430, 433, 447–52 elements diagrams, 431–33 general guidelines, 441 government documents, 445, 450 later editions, 442 letters to the editor, 444 multiple authors, 435–36, 440 multiple works by same author, 440, 443 newspaper articles, 444, 449 nonprint sources, 430 organizational authors, 440, 446 periodical articles, 429, 432–33, 443– 44, 447– 48 reference works, 442 reports/working papers, 445 republished books, 442 reviews, 444 sample, 464–65 sample type directory, 439– 40 television programs, 447 translations, 441 unknown authors, 442, 450–51 unpublished works, 445, 446 visuals, 447, 449 Reference list (CSE documentation styles, 175, 487–95 Reference works citation of, APA documentation style, 442, 451 citation of, Chicago documentation style, 472–73 citation of, MLA documentation style, 394–95 for multilingual writers, 18–20, 760, 780 mai83686_ndx.qxd 6/13/08 11:44 AM Page I-37 INDEX overview, 294–96 as research source, 289–91, 294–96 thesaurus, 19, 34, 113–14, 760, 761, 780, 933 See also Dictionaries; Dictionary use refer to, allude, elude, 790 Reflective essays/letters, 135–36, 139 Reflexive pronouns, 537, G-15 Refutations, 210, 221. See also Counterarguments regardless, irregardless, 795 Regionalisms, 769, G-15. See also Dialects Regions, capitalizing names of, 896 Regular verbs, 613, G-15 Rehearsing oral presentations, 251 reign, rain, rein, 940 rein, rain, reign, 940 relation, relationship, 796 Relative adverbs, 561 Relative clauses. See Adjective clauses Relative pronouns and adjective clauses, 561, 817 case of, 642, 647– 49 defined, 537, G-15 and dependent clauses, 537, 561, 581–83, 648 list of, 734 and multilingual writers, 968–69 and noun clauses, 562 as subjects, 582 and subject-verb agreement, 600, 610–11 and subordination, 732 Relevance of evidence, 213 of sources, 294, 305, 323, 325 Religious terms, capitalization of, 897 Religious texts, citation of APA documentation style, 439 Chicago documentation style, 472 and italics, 916 MLA documentation style, 388, 396 Repetition and coherence, 101–2 in compound structures, 692–93 intentional, 686 and parallelism, 712, 715 redundancy, 684–85, G-15 and sentence variety, 747 and wordiness, 684–86 Reported speech. See Quotations Reports, citation of APA documentation style, 445 CSE documentation styles, 490–91 Repositories of Primary Sources, 335 Representative evidence, 213 Reprinted articles, citation of, MLA documentation style, 395 Republished books, citation of APA documentation style, 442 MLA documentation style, 396–97 Requests, 634 Research archival, 330, 332–33, 334, 335 and argument papers, 218, 221 and case studies, 204–5 literature reviews, 170–71 planning, 284, 286–87 primary vs. secondary, 278–79, 330, G-14, G-16 working bibliography, 347– 49 See also Primary research; Research projects; Research sources Research journal/log, 352, G-15 Research projects, 278–87 I-37 defined, G-15 drafting, 363 planning, 361–63 presenting, 366 revising, 363, 364–65 time management for, 286–87 topic selection, 280–83 understanding the assignment, 283–86 visuals in, 363–64 writing, 361–66, 629 See also Documenting sources; Plagiarism; specific documentation styles Research sources, 288–312 classic vs. current, 280 discipline-specific, 293, 310, 368–72 evaluating, 322–29 government documents, 308–9 library, 288, 289, 292–93, 294 online communication, 291, 309–12 periodical articles, 291, 296–98, 299, 300 popular, 293 reference works, 289–91, 294–96 scholarly, 293, 294, 299 search engines, 294, 295, 298–99, 302– 4, 305–6, G-16 types of, 288–93 See also Keyword searches; Online library catalogs; Primary research; Visuals Reserve service (library), 290 respectfully, respectively, 797, 940 Restraint and document design, 126, 133 and Web design, 270 Restrictive elements comma misuses with, 816, 833 defined, G-15 Results section, in lab reports, 173–75 Résumés, 519–15, G-15 _ _ _ mai83686_ndx.qxd 6/13/08 11:44 AM Page I-38 I-38 INDEX t_ _ _ Reviews as assignments, 211 citation of, APA documentation style, 444 citation of, Chicago documentation style, 476 citation of, MLA documentation style, 398, 408 See also Argument papers Reviews of the literature, 170–71, 205, G-16 Revising, 90–109 argument papers, 223 checklist, 91, 95 and consulting instructor, 117–18 defined, 90, G-16 and electronic learning tools, 93–94 hypertext essays, 260 laboratory notes, 340 oral presentations, 251 paragraphs, 99–105 and peer review, 90–93 and purpose, 94–96 research projects, 363, 364–65 resources for, 115–17 as re-visioning, 91 sample paper, 118–24 structure, 98 thesis, 96–98 visuals, 106–9 and writing process, 22 Rev. (review of) (MLA documentation style), 398 Rhetoric, G-16 Rhetorical questions, 746– 47, G-16 Rhetorical strategies, 71–83 analogy, 80–81, G-1 in argument papers, 220–22 cause and effect, 81–82, 83 classification, 74, 75, 163–64, 185, 205, 335, 337, G-3 and critical reading, 151 definition, 74, 76 description, 72–74, G-6 exercises, 82–83 illustration, 76–78 in interpretive analyses, 187 narration, 71–72, G-11 planning, 51–52 process analysis, 81, 82, 205 in research projects, 362 See also Comparison/ contrast Rhythm in oral presentations, 250 in poetry, 190 and repetition, 747 right, rite, write, 940 rise, raise, raze, 619–20, 796, 940 rite, right, write, 940 road, rode, 940 rode, road, 940 RTF format, 414, 512 Run-on sentences, 584–96 defined, 584, G-16 diagram, 587 editing by creating a dependent clause, 589, 593 editing by creating a single independent clause, 589, 593–94 editing with commas and coordinating conjunctions, 589, 590, 591 editing with semicolons, 589, 590–91, 837 exercises, 588, 591–92, 594–96 and grammar checkers, 586 identifying, 584–86, 588 separating clauses, 589, 593 -s, -es plurals, 929, 935–36 -s, -es verb forms, 532, 598, 614, 620–21 Sacred texts. See Religious texts Sacred things, capitalization of, 897 Sample papers APA style, 165–70, 454–65 application letter, 516 argument papers, 224–29, 230–36 case study, 202–3 Chicago style (partial), 481–85 critical response paper, 158–60 document design, 128–29 essay exam responses, 245– 47 informative report in the humanities, 180–82 informative report in the social sciences, 165–70 interpretive analyses in the humanities, 191–94, 195–97, 199–202 interpretive analyses in the sciences, 207–9 lab report, 175–79 MLA style, 415–26 persuasive letters, 506–8 résumés, 513 revising, 118–24 Sans serif typefaces, 127, 270 Sarcastic tone, 31, 32 Saving work. See Backing up saw, seen, 617 Scanning images, 321 scene, seen, 940 Scheduling. See Time management Scholarly research sources, 293, 294, 299 Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, 319, 320 Sciences argument papers in, 232–36 capitalization in, 895, 918 inductive reasoning in, 213 informative reports in, 171, 172 interpretive analyses in, 206–9 italics in, 918 lab reports, 171–79, 338–39 passive voice in, 636, 751 See also Disciplines mai83686_ndx.qxd 6/13/08 11:44 AM Page I-39 INDEX Scientific facts, 628 Scientific method, 213, G-16 Scientific names capitalization for, 895, 918 italics for, 918 Scores. See Musical compositions Scores, numbers for, 913 Scratch outlines, 50–51, G-16 Screen numbers, citation of, 387 Scroll bars, 266 Search engines defined, 294, G-16 help for, 298 list of, 306 refining searches, 295, 302– 4, 305 and searching for visuals, 320–21 and sponsored links, 299 Searching online databases, 297–99 search engines, 294, 295, 298–99, 302– 4, 305–6, 320–21, G-16 subject directories, 302, 305, G-17 for visuals, 314–15, 318–21 See also Keyword searches Secondary research, 278–79, 330, G-16 Second person, 597, 701, 956 seen, saw, 617 seen, scene, 940 self, pronouns ending with, 537, 795–96 Self-contradiction fallacy, 216 Self-tests editing for clarity, 676–80 editing for grammar conventions, 568–71 grammar review, 526–29 mechanics, 888–91 sentence punctuation, 802–5 spelling, 888–91 Semicolons, 837– 43 in APA documentation style, 437 common errors, 841– 42 in compound sentences, 564 and conjunctive adverbs, 547, 838 and coordinating conjunctions, 838–39, 841 and coordination, 730 in CSE number documentation style, 493 and dashes, 866 for editing run-on sentences/comma splices, 589, 590–91, 837 exercises, 839– 41, 842– 43 and grammar checkers, 837 with joined clauses, 808 with link citations, 406 in MLA documentation style, 388, 406 and parentheses, 869 and quotation marks, 858–59 in series, 810, 839 spacing after, 130 in titles of works, 897 and transitional expressions, 822–23, 838 sense, since, 940 Sentence fragments, 572–83 appositives as, 580 and colons, 847 and compound predicates, 580 defined, 572, G-16 dependent-clause fragments, 573, 578, 581–83 and end punctuation, 883 examples as, 579 exercises, 574–75, 580–81, 582–83 and grammar checkers, 575 and helping verbs, 960 identifying, 572–75 intentional, 577 lists as, 580 I-39 and multilingual writers, 578, 960 phrase fragments, 577–81 and prepositions, 579 repairing, 575–76, 580–81 and semicolons, 841 and transitional expressions, 579 Sentence length and coordination/ subordination, 738–39, 743 editing, 111–12 variety in, 743– 44 and wordiness, 688 Sentence order. See Word order Sentence outlines, 52, 53, 54, G-16 Sentence punctuation, 802–85 brackets, 870–72 checklist, 885 colons, 844– 48 dashes, 863–67 editing for, 885 ellipses, 872–76 end punctuation, 879–84 exclamation points, 882 parentheses, 867–70 periods, 879–81 question marks, 881–82 self-test, 802–5 semicolons, 837– 43 slashes, 876 See also Commas, misuses of; Commas; Quotation marks Sentences basic patterns, 554 capitalizing first words of, 898 combining, 688, 738–39, 743 defined, G-16 in laboratory notes, 340 limiting, 70, G-11 numbers beginning, 912–13 predicates, 551–58, 580, 698, G-4, G-14 purposes of, 549 within parentheses, 825, 869, 880–81, 898 _ _ _ mai83686_ndx.qxd 6/13/08 11:44 AM Page I-40 I-40 INDEX t_ _ _ Sentences (continued) within quotation marks, 825, 880–81 See also Editing; Sentence fragments; Sentence punctuation; Sentence structure; Sentence types; Sentence variety; Subjects (of sentences); Topic sentences Sentence structure and coherence, 102–3 mixed constructions, 696–97, G-11 in oral presentations, 250 and plagiarism, 344 and quotations, 358 types of, 563–65 variety in, 743– 44 and wordiness, 687–88 See also Word order Sentence types complex, 564, G-16 compound, 564, 807–9, G-16 compound-complex, 564, G-16 cumulative, 744, 745, G-5 declarative, 549, 964–65 exclamatory, 549, G-7 imperative, 549, G-9 interrogative, 549, G-10 periodic, 744– 46, G-13 simple, 563–64, 639, G-16 transitional, 104–5, G-19 Sentence variety, 740– 48 and cumulative sentences, 744, 745 and exclamations, 747 exercises, 743, 745– 46, 748 and grammar checkers, 741 and inverted sentences, 746 length/structure, 743– 44 and periodic sentences, 744– 46 and rhetorical questions, 746– 47 and semicolons, 842 and sentence openers, 741– 43 Separable phrasal verbs, 975–76 Sequence of tenses, 623, 982, G-16 Serial numbers, numerals for, 913 Series (books in), citation of Chicago documentation style, 473 MLA documentation style, 396 Series (of sentence elements) articles in, 695 commas in, 809–10, 834, 839 dashes with, 864 ellipses for incomplete, 875–76 parallelism in, 712 questions, 881, 899–900 semicolons in, 810, 839 suspended hyphens in, 930 Serif typefaces, 127 Serious tone, 31–32 Servers, G-16 set, sit, 619–20, 797 Setting, in fiction, 195 several, and subject-verb agreement, 608–9 Sexist language, G-16 See also Gender bias shall as helping verb, 622 vs. will, 797 s/he, 774 Shifts, confusing, 700–709 diagram, 702 between direct and indirect quotations/ questions, 707–8 exercises, 703, 706–7, 708–9 and grammar checkers, 700 in mood, 704–5 in number, 701, 703 in person, 701 in verb tense, 704, 705 in voice, 705 Ship names capitalizing, 897 italicizing, 918 Short stories, titles of, 856 should, as helping verb, 622 should of, avoiding, 792 sic, 872 sight, site, cite, 791, 939 Signal phrases and capitalization, 850, 899 and commas, 844, 850–51 defined, G-17 and integrating paraphrases/summaries, 360 and integrating quotations, 358 list of, 359 in MLA documentation style, 383, 384, 385 in oral presentations, 250 and quotation marks, 850–51 and run-on sentences/ comma splices, 593 Significance, of thesis, 47– 48 Silent e, 937 Similes, 190, 785, G-17 Simple future tense, 624 Simple past tense, 623–24, 627 Simple predicates, 551, G14 Simple present tense, 623 Simple sentences, 563–64, 639, G-16 Simple subjects, 550, G-17 Simple tenses, 623–24, 627, G-18 since vs. as, 790 vs. sense, 940 Single quotation marks, 852, 854 Singular nouns, 535, G-17. See also Number sit, set, 619–20, 797 site, sight, cite, 791, 939 Site maps, in Web sites, 55, 270 Sketching, for exploring ideas, 35, 36 Slang avoiding, 768 defined, G-17 and ESL dictionaries, 19 and quotation marks, 857, 860 See also Informal usage mai83686_ndx.qxd 6/13/08 11:44 AM Page I-41 INDEX Slashes in abstract citations, 443 as editing mark for lowercase, 893 overview, 876 in poetry quotations, 852, 876 in URLs, 403, 406, 876, 931 Slide formats, 263 so, See also coordinating conjunctions Social Science Index (database), 301 Social sciences argument papers in, 224–29 case studies in, 202–6 informative reports in, 165 literature reviews in, 170–71 Software. See Electronic learning tools some, and subject-verb agreement, 609 some, somewhat, 797 some/some of, more/more of, all/all of, 789 somewheres, 797 Song titles, quotation marks for, 856 Sound recordings, citation of. See Audio recordings, citation of Sources. See Research sources “So what?” question, 87, 164, 186 Spaceship names, italicizing, 918 Spacing in APA documentation style, 441, 453 in block quotations, 853 in business letters, 514 in Chicago documentation style, 467, 468 in CSE documentation styles, 489 and document design, 130, 413 in MLA documentation style, 393, 413, 414 and punctuation marks, 130 Spatial organization, 69–70, G-17 Specialized reference works, 290–91 Specialized terms. See Key terms Specificity in peer review, 92 in research questions, 281–82 in thesis, 46– 47 Specific-to-general organization, 70–71 Specific words, 72–73, 781–82, G-17 Speeches, citation of, MLA documentation style, 412. See also Oral presentations Spell checkers, 112, 921, 934 Spelling, 933– 45 British, 936 commonly misspelled words, 933, 938, 941– 44 dictionary use for, 758–59, 933 editing for, 946 exercises, 938, 944– 45 homonyms, 933, 938, 939– 41 i before e rule, 934 and multilingual writers, 936 and plurals, 935–36 and prefixes, 936 self-test, 888–91 spell checkers, 112, 921, 934 and suffixes, 936–37 Split infinitives, 721, 724, G-17 Sponsored links, 299 Spreadsheet programs, 315, 316 Squinting modifiers, 721, G-17 Stacking the deck fallacy, 216 Stacks, library, 290 Stage directions, in plays, 198 Stage fright, in oral presentations, 251–52 Stance in argument papers, 218, 220 in case studies, 205 conversational, 238–39 I-41 and critical reading, 150 in informative reports, 162–63 in interpretive analyses, 184 objective, 162–63, 205, G-12 in personal essays, 238–39 reasonable, 218, 220 subjective, 163, G-18 thoughtful, 184 unbiased, 205 Standard English, 769, G-17 Standard headings, 132 Statements contrary to fact, subjunctive mood for, 634 States, abbreviations for, 907 stationary, stationery, 797, 940 Statistics as evidence, 215 numbers for, 913 in oral presentations, 249 Stereotypes, 772–73, G-17 Stilted language, 770, G-14 Stories. See Anecdotes Storyboards, 56, G-17 straight, strait, 940 Stress, tips for dealing with, 6 Strong verbs. See Active voice Structure, 49–57 organizational schemes, 50 in poetry, 190 revising, 98 in Web design, 266, 267 See also Organization; Outlines Student papers. See Sample papers Style. See Language Style manuals, 367. See also Documentation styles Subheadings. See Headings Subject-by-subject comparison pattern, 78, G-17 _ _ _ mai83686_ndx.qxd 6/13/08 11:44 AM Page I-42 I-42 INDEX t_ _ _ Subject complements as adjectives, 542, 610, 642, 665–66 and colon misuses, 846 defined, 553, G-17 and mixed constructions, 696 and parts of sentence, 553 and pronoun case, 642 and subject-verb agreement, 600, 610 Subject directories, 302, 305, G-17 Subjective case, 638, 639, G-15. See also Pronoun case (e.g. I vs. me) Subjective stance, 163, G-18 Subject line (e-mail), 12, 409, 503 Subject pronouns, 582 Subjects (of papers). See Topic selection Subjects (of sentences) and case, 642 and comma misuses, 814, 830 complete, 550, G-17 compound, 550, 600, 604–5, G-17 and dangling modifiers, 725–28, 742 defined, G-17 and dependent clauses, 582 implied, 550–51, 692 missing, 578 and mixed constructions, 696–97, 698 omission of, 578, 692 overview, 550–51 and sentence fragments, 573 simple, 550, G-17 stated, 964 and word order, 551, 964 See also Subject-verb agreement Subject-verb agreement, 597–612 and collective nouns, 600, 605–7 common reasons for, 599–601 and compound subjects, 600, 604–5 defined, 597, G-18 diagram, 602 exercises, 601, 607–8, 611–12, 979–80 and gerund phrases, 601, 611 and grammar checkers, 603 and indefinite pronouns, 600, 608–9, 978 and multilingual writers, 978–80 and plurals, 598, 978 and relative pronouns, 600, 610–11 and separated subject and verb, 600, 603– 4 standard subject-verb combinations, 598–99 and subject complements, 600, 610 and word order, 600, 609–10 Subject-verb order. See Word order Subjunctive mood, 633–35 and confusing shifts, 705 defined, G-11, G-18 exercises, 634–35 Subordinate clauses. See Dependent clauses Subordinating conjunctions and adverb clauses, 817 defined, G-4 and dependent clauses, 546, 561, 581–83 as function words, 715 lists of, 546, 734 and multilingual writers, 968–69 overview, 546 and sentence fragments, 573, 581–83 and subordination, 733 Subordination defined, 729, G-18 excessive, 735, G-7 exercises, 736–38, 739 faulty, 733–35 and grammar checkers, 729 methods for, 732–33 and multilingual writers, 968–70 repairing comma splices and run-ons, 589, 593 and sentence length, 738–39, 743 Subordinators. See Relative pronouns; Subordinating conjunctions Subscription database services, 297 citation of, MLA documentation style, 408–9 such as colon misuses with, 846– 47 comma misuses with, 832 Sufficient evidence, 213 Suffixes, 765–66, 930, 936–37 Summaries in conclusions, 87 and critical reading, 154–57, 158 defined, 154, G-18 and documenting sources, 156, 350, 355–56 and evaluating sources, 323 exercises, 156–57, 356 integrating, 359–60 and interpretive analyses, 185 MLA documentation style, 385 and note taking, 350, 355–56 and plagiarism, 156, 344, 355–56 and present tense, 628 Superlative/comparative forms, 541, 542, 668–70, 671 Superlative degree, 669, G-3. See also Superlative/comparative forms Superscript letters/numbers in Chicago documentation style, 467, 468 in CSE documentation style, 487 and visuals, 84 Support for thesis. See Rhetorical strategies mai83686_ndx.qxd 6/13/08 11:44 AM Page I-43 INDEX Support (Web site), criterion for Web site evaluation, 329 suppose, expect, 793 sure, vs. surely, 797 sure and, sure to, 797 surprisingly, vs. ironically, 795 Surveys, in field research, 337–38, 339, G-18 Suspended hyphens, 930 Suspenseful sequence, 240 s.v., 472 Syllables, 931. See also Word division Syllabus, 5, 6, 7 Symbols, 906, 909. See also Abbreviations; Editing symbols Synchronous communication, 311–12, 409, G-18 Synonyms, 353, 780, G-18 Syntax, 530, G-18 Synthesis in critical reading, 157–60 defined, G-18 and documenting sources, 357–58 Table of contents in electronic portfolios, 138 and evaluating sources, 323 Tables, 57–58 grid lines in, 106 in MLA paper format, 415 numbering, 84 See also Visuals Tag sentences commas with, 824 defined, G-18 take, bring, 791 Taking notes. See Note taking Technical terms. See Key terms Telephone numbers, numerals for, 913 Television News Archive, 335 Television programs citation of, APA documentation style, 447 citation of, MLA documentation style, 411 italicizing titles of, 917 quotation marks for, 856 Templates, for design, 132, 263, 500, G-18 Tenses. See Verb tenses Territories, abbreviations for, 907 than comma misuses with, 832 and parallelism, 714–15 and pronoun case, 644– 45 vs. then, 940 that and adjective clauses, 817 and multilingual writers, 968–69 omission of, 693 and pronoun reference, 657–58, 659–60 and restrictive/nonrestrictive elements, 819 and subject-verb agreement, 610–11 vs. which, 797 that is, colon misuses with, 847 that there, them there, 797 the rules for using, 950 in titles, 897, 916 See also articles (a, an, the) the fact is, as empty phrase, 684 the following, with colon, 845 their, there, they’re, 797, 925, 940 their, to avoid gender bias, 652 Thematic organization, 50 Theme in fiction, 195 in poetry, 190 them there, that there, 797 then, than, 940 the process of, as empty phrase, 684 there number of, 978 vs. their, they’re, 797, 925, 940 I-43 the reason...is because, avoiding, 698, 796 there is/there are/it is (expletive constructions), 551, 610, 687, G-7 Thesaurus use, 113–14 and connotations, 761, 780 exercises, 761 for multilingual writers, 19, 760 for spelling, 933 and understanding assignments, 34 and word-processing software, 761, 780 these here, this here, 797 Thesis in argument papers, 220, 221, 222–23 checklist for, 46 defined, 45, G-18 development of, 45– 49, 361, 363 focusing, 185–86, 239– 40, 244 and informative reports, 163 and interpretive analyses, 185–86 qualifying, 184, 221 in research projects, 361, 363 revising, 96–98 strong vs. weak, 46 in Toulmin method, 214, 220 working, 97, 189, 361 See also Thesis statements Thesis statements in case studies, 206 in critical response papers, 157 defined, 45, G-18 exercises, 48, 98 in formal outlines, 54 in informative reports, 163 in interpretive analyses, 186 in introductions, 85 preliminary, 45, 47 they, and pronoun reference, 658 they’re, there, their, 797, 925, 940 _ _ _ mai83686_ndx.qxd 6/13/08 11:44 AM Page I-44 I-44 INDEX t_ _ _ Third person and apostrophe errors, 927 defined, 597, 701 and -s, -es verb forms, 620–21 this, and pronoun reference, 657–58 this here, these here, 797 thorough, through, threw, 941 though, as nonrestrictive element, 819 Thoughtful stance, 184 threw, through, thorough, 941 through, thorough, threw, 941 Time abbreviations for, 906 helping verbs showing, 532–33 Timelines, 10 Time management and dealing with stress, 6 and essay exams, 243 and internships, 510 and job applications, 515 for oral presentations, 248– 49 for research projects, 286–87 responsibility for, 5 Times of day abbreviations for, 906 colons in, 846 and numbers, 913 Title of paper APA style, 453 Chicago style, 481 and document design, 128, 129 MLA style, 413 and quotation marks, 856, 861 selecting, 97 Title pages. See Title of paper Titles, for visuals, 84, 109 Titles of works in APA documentation style, 441, 442, 444 articles in, 393, 442, 444, 897, 916 capitalization in, 413, 897 colons in, 846, 897 and critical reading, 144 in CSE number style, 493 italics for, 441, 443, 916–17 in MLA documentation style, 383, 390, 393, 401, 406, 410 punctuation marks following, 916 quotation marks for, 383, 393, 403, 406, 411, 856, 861, 917 and subject-verb agreement, 606 titles within, 397 underlining for, 383, 390, 393, 401, 406, 410, 411 Titles (personal/ professional) abbreviations of, 903– 4 capitalization of, 895 commas with, 827–28 in MLA documentation style, 393 to as function word, 715 in infinitives, 631, 715, 897, 960 in modals, 957 vs. too, two, 797, 941 to all intents and purposes, as empty phrase, 684 to form of verb. See infinitives Tone defined, G-18 and evaluating sources, 323 exercises, 33 in poetry, 190 and understanding assignments, 31–33 and word choice, 114 See also Voice too, to, two, 797, 941 Toolbars, computer, 126 Topical organization, 249 Topic outlines, 52–53, 54, 132, G-19 Topics, G-18. See also Topic selection Topic selection for argument papers, 218 for case studies, 204 for informative reports, 161–62 for interpretive analyses, 183–84, 185 narrowing, 25–26, 27, 158, 185–86, 281–82 questions for, 25, 27, 185, 218 for research projects, 280–83 and understanding assignments, 23–26, 27 Topic sentences and comparison/ contrast, 78 defined, G-19 drafting, 66–69 and paragraph organization, 70 and paragraph unity, 67–69, 100 Toulmin method, 214–15, 220, G-19 Track Changes feature, for revising on computer, 94, 95, 365 Train names, italicizing, 918 trans., 396, 471 Transition, G-19. See also Transitional expressions Transitional expressions and coherence, 103–5 commas with, 586, 589, 591, 822–23, 838 defined, G-19 lists of, 103, 592 and run-on sentences/ comma splices, 585, 586, 589, 591, 838 and semicolons, 822–23, 838 and sentence fragments, 579 Transitional sentences, 104–5, G-19 Transitive verbs, 554–55, 556 defined, G-19 easily-confused pairs, 619–20 Translations, citation of APA documentation style, 441 mai83686_ndx.qxd 6/13/08 11:44 AM Page I-45 INDEX Chicago documentation style, 471 MLA documentation style, 396 Tree diagrams, 54, 55, G-19 try and, try to, 797 two, too, to, 797, 941 Two-word verbs. See Phrasal verbs Typefaces, 127, 131, G-19. See also Type styles Typescripts, citation of, MLA documentation style, 402 Type styles inappropriate use, 128 overview, 126, 127, 130 for Web design, 270 Unbiased stance, 205 Uncertainty, use of question marks to convey, 881–82 Underlining and links, 916 and type styles, 131 See also Italics Underscore marks, in e-mail, 916 Understanding assignments, 21–34 argument papers, 210–12 and audience, 29–31, 32 and collaboration, 33–34 essay exams, 242 and genres, 28–29 informative reports, 161 interpretive analyses, 183 personal essays, 237–39 and purpose, 26, 28 research projects, 283–86 and revising, 91 and scanning the assignment, 23 and tone, 31–33 tools for, 34 and topic selection, 23–26, 27 and writing process, 21–23 Understatement, 785, G-19 uninterested, disinterested, 792 United States, U.S., 905 Units of measurement. See Measurement units Unity defined, G-19 in paragraphs, 67–69, 100–101 in slide presentations, 265 See also Consistency Unknown authors, citation of APA documentation style, 436, 442, 445, 450–51 Chicago documentation style, 473–74, 475–76 MLA documentation style, 384, 397, 398 Unpublished works citation of, APA documentation style, 445, 446 citation of, Chicago documentation style, 477 citation of, MLA documentation style, 400 quotation marks for titles of, 856, 917 Unsigned articles, citation of APA documentation style, 450–51 Chicago documentation style, 475–76 MLA documentation style, 398 Upanishads, citation of, MLA documentation style, 388, 396 URLs in APA documentation style, 448 changes in, 305 in Chicago documentation style, 479 in CSE documentation styles, 493 defined, 268, G-19 dividing between lines, 403, 931 and evaluating sources, 324 and hyperlinks, 403, 406 in MLA documentation style, 383, 403, 406 and plagiarism, 345 I-45 slashes in, 403, 406, 876, 931 U.S., United States, 905 us, we, 643– 44 Usage glossary, 789–98 U.S. Census Bureau, 309 use, utilize, 798 Usenet news groups. See News groups U.S. Government Periodicals Index, 308 U.S. National Archives and Record Administration (NARA), 335 utilize, use, 798 verbally, orally, 798 Verbal phrases defined, 559, G-19 as fragments, 577–78 gerund, 559, 601, 611, G-8 infinitive, 559–60 overview, 559–60 participial, 559, 631–32, 741– 42, 744, G-13 Verbals in adjective phrases, 820 defined, 559, G-19 and multilingual writers, 959–63 and sentence fragments, 573, 577–78 and verb tenses, 631–32 Verb phrases, 558, 957–63, G-19. See also Helping verbs; Linking verbs; Modal verbs; Verbs Verbs, 613–37 adverbs modifying, 664 and colon misuses, 846 and comma misuses, 830 complete, 572–73, 622–23, G-4 -d, -ed forms, 621 defined, 531, G-19 grammar review, 532–34 missing, 622 and multilingual writers, 957–59 often-confused pairs, 619–20 omission of, 578, 622–23, 692 _ _ _ mai83686_ndx.qxd 6/13/08 11:44 AM Page I-46 I-46 INDEX t_ _ _ Verbs (continued) and prepositions, 974–75 principal forms of, 613–15 review exercises, 636–37 -s, -es forms, 532, 598, 614, 620–21 and sentence fragments, 572–73 standard subject-verb combinations, 598–99 See also Linking verbs; Subject-verb agreement; Verb tenses; Verb types; Voice Verb tenses, 623–32 confusing shifts in, 704, 705 defined, G-18 exercises, 629–30, 632 and helping verbs, 957 and infinitives, 631 in lab reports, 173 and main verbs, 532 and participles, 614, 624, 631–32 in personal essays, 241 progressive, 614, 624–25, G-18 and quotations, 982, 983 sequence of, 623, 982, G-16 summary, 626–27 and verbals, 631–32 Verb types active vs. passive, 635–36, 687, 749–52 irregular, 599, 613–19, 624, 960, G-10 main, 532, G-11 modals, 533, 957–58, G-11 phrasal, 782–84, 975–76, G-13 regular, 613, G-15 transitive and intransitive, 554–55, 556–57, 619–20, G-10, G-19 See also Helping verbs; Linking verbs Video citation of, APA documentation style, 446, 452 citation of, Chicago documentation style, 478 citation of, MLA documentation style, 410 in multimedia writing, 263 Virtual classrooms, 13–14, G-19 Virtual communities, 312 Virtual Library Museums Page, 335 Virus scanning, 414 Visual aids. See Visuals Visual arts, interpretive analyses of, 188 Visuals, 313–21 abbreviations in, 906, 913 for analogy, 80 in APA paper format, 454 in argument papers, 219 bar graphs, 58–59, 204, 314 captions for, 84, 129, 364, 386–87, 415 for cause and effect, 83 citation of, APA documentation style, 447, 449 citation of, MLA documentation style, 386–87, 401, 409–10 for classification, 75 and common knowledge, 342 for comparison/contrast, 79 critical reading of, 144, 145– 47, 150, 152–53, 154 deciding when to use, 11–12, 21–22, 314 decorative elements in, 78, 109 for definition, 76 for description, 73 diagrams, 61 and document design, 128, 129 and drafting, 84 evaluating, 8, 145– 47, 321 exercises, 11–12, 62–63 for illustration, 77 image interpretations, 255–56, G-9 in laboratory notes, 338 in lab reports, 173, 174 line graphs, 60, 108, 314 misleading, 8, 9, 108, 109, 315, 317–18 and MLA paper format, 415 for narration, 72 numbering, 84, 363 online sources, 319, 320, 409–10 in oral presentations, 250 and organization, 127 overview, 6–12 photographic stories, 256–59 photographs and illustrations, 8, 10, 61–62, 256–59 pie charts, 59–60, 107, 314 planning, 57–63, 71, 78 and presentation software, 250, 252–53, 263 previewing, 144, 145– 47, 150 for process analysis, 82 for quantitative data, 313–18 in research projects, 363–64 revising, 106–9 searching for, 314–15, 318–21 and spreadsheet software, 315, 316 tables, 57–58, 84, 415 text in, 146– 47 text references to, 83, 84, 129, 173 titles for, 84, 109 and understanding assignments, 34 in Web design, 268–69, 271–72 and writing process, 21–22 See also Document design; Multimedia writing viz., avoiding in formal writing, 909 mai83686_ndx.qxd 6/13/08 11:44 AM Page I-47 INDEX Vocabulary learning, 761–66 and context, 762–63 exercises, 762, 765–66 for multilingual writers, 780 and pleasure reading, 761–62 and prefixes/suffixes, 763–66 See also Editing for word choice Voice, 635–36 active, 554–55, 635–36, 687, 705, 749–52, G-19 confusing shifts in, 705 and critical reading, 150 defined, G-19 exercises, 636 and grammar checkers, 749 passive, 555, 614, 635–36, 687, 705, 749–52, G-13, G-19 and wordiness, 687 See also Active voice; Tone Volume numbers in APA documentation style, 441, 443 in Chicago documentation style, 473, 474 in CSE documentation styles, 491–92 in MLA documentation style, 387–88, 396, 397, 405, 406 numerals in, 913 VRoma: A Virtual Community for Teaching and Learning Classic, 322 Vulnerable group protection, in primary research, 332 waist, waste, 941 wait for, wait on, 798 Warrants, in arguments, 214–15, G-19. See also Assumptions waste, waist, 941 we, us, 643– 44 weak, week, 941 wear, where, were, 941 weather, whether, 798, 941 Web design, 255, 265–75 blogs, 255, 274–75 consistency in, 269–70 content, 266–67 exercises, 273 and interest, 268–69 and multilingual writers, 273 navigation, 87, 269, 271–72, G-11 organization, 265–66, 267 and peer review, 272–73 resources for, 271 See also Document design; Multimedia writing Weblogs. See Blogs Web pages, G-19. See also Web design Web sites annotation of, 351 for archives, 333, 334 citation of, APA documentation style, 449–50 citation of, Chicago documentation style, 480 citation of, CSE documentation styles, 493 citation of, MLA documentation style, 403– 4 for courses, 12, 14, 44, 404 defined, G-20 evaluating, 145, 323–25, 326, 327, 328–29 introductions for, 87 italicizing titles of, 403, 917 for libraries, 288, 289 for newspapers, 407, 503, 504 parts of, quotation marks for, 856 as research source, 291 site maps, 55, 270 and working bibliography, 349 See also Electronic learning tools; Electronic sources; Web design week, weak, 941 I-47 Weekly magazines, citation of, MLA documentation style, 398 well as adjective, 666 vs. good, 794 went, gone, 617 were, wear, where, 941 what, as subject, 978 when and adjective clauses, 817 vs. as, 790 where and adjective clauses, 817 with at, avoiding, 791 vs. wear, were, 941 whereas, as nonrestrictive element, 819 whether, weather, 798, 941 which and adjective clauses, 817 and pronoun reference, 657–58, 659–60 and restrictive/ nonrestrictive elements, 819 and subject-verb agreement, 610–11 vs. that, 797 vs. who, whose, 798 vs. witch, 941 White space, in design, 127, 129, 270, G-20 who and adjective clauses, 817 and pronoun reference, 659–60 and subject-verb agreement, 610–11 vs. whom, 642, 647– 49 who, whose, which, 798 whole, hole, 940 whom and adjective clauses, 817 and pronoun reference, 659–60 whom (continued) vs. who, 642, 647– 49 who’s, whose, 925, 941 whose and adjective clauses, 817 _ _ _ mai83686_ndx.qxd 6/13/08 11:44 AM Page I-48 I-48 INDEX t_ _ _ whose (continued) and pronoun reference, 659–60 vs. who, which, 798 vs. who’s, 925, 941 why, and adjective clauses, 817 Wikis, 311, G-20 Wildcards, in keyword searches, 295 will and future tenses, 624 as helping verb, 622 vs. shall, 797 Wishes, 633 witch, which, 941 Women Writers Project, 335 “Word-a-Day” services, 762 Word choice. See Editing for word choice Word division dictionary use for, 758 hyphens for, 931 URLs, 403, 931 Word endings, 759 Wordiness, 112–13, 681–89 and clauses, 687–88 diagram, 682 and elliptical constructions, 685–86 empty phrases, 684, G-6 exercises, 686, 688–89 and grammar checkers, 681 and passive voice, 687 and redundancy, 684–85, G-15 and repetition, 684–86 and sentence length, 688 and sentence structure, 687–88 wordy phrases, 682–83 Word order and adverbs, 742, 968 of cumulative adjectives, 954–55 in declarative sentences, 964–65 and dependent clauses, 562 and descriptive adjectives, 542 and direct/indirect objects, 555, 556, 965 exercises, 966–67, 970, 981 and helping verbs, 964–65, 966, 968 and imperative mood, 966, 967 inverted sentences, 610, 746, 814, 833–34, G-10 misplaced modifiers, 720–25, 727–28, G-11 and multilingual writers, 552, 556, 742, 964–70, 981 and prepositions, 545 in questions, 965–66, 967 and quotations, 967 and subjects of sentences, 551, 964 and subject-verb agreement, 600, 609–10 Word origins, 759 Word/phrase lists clichés, 787 cognates, 971–72 commonly misspelled words, 941– 44 comparative/superlative forms, 671 conjunctive adverbs, 547, 592 count/noncount nouns, 535 gender-neutral terms, 775 homonyms, 939– 41 idioms, 783–84, 976–77 irregular verbs, 615–16 prefixes, 764–65 prepositions, 544 pronouns, 538–39 proper and common nouns, 893–94 separable/inseparable phrasal verbs, 976 signal phrases, 359 subordinating conjunctions, 546, 734 suffixes, 766 transitional expressions, 103, 592 verbs followed by gerunds or infinitives, 962–63 Web design terminology, 268 Web jargon, 268 wordy phrases and alternatives, 682–83 Word-processing software and annotation, 152 automatic hyperlinking, 403, 406 AutoSummarize feature, 156 Comments feature, 94, 152 dashes, 863–64 and document design, 126 and hypertext essays, 259–60 and image interpretations, 255–56 indents, 385 and invisible writing, 38 and journal writing, 41 and lists, 131 and multimedia writing, 254, 255–60 outline feature in, 55 and photographic stories, 256–59 and résumés, 511 and revising, 93–94, 365 spell checkers, 112, 921, 934 and superscript letters/ numbers, 468 and tables, 58 and thesaurus use, 761, 780 Track Changes feature, 94, 95, 365 and understanding assignments, 34 and working bibliography, 348 See also Grammar checkers Words abstract, 535, 781, 949, G-1, G-12 mai83686_ndx.qxd 6/13/08 11:44 AM Page I-49 INDEX compound, 912, 923, 928–30, 929, 931, 936 concrete, 72–73, 535, 781–82, G-1, G-12 connotations, 190, 238, 761, 777, 779–81, G-4 denotations, 113, 761, 777, G-5 general vs. specific, 72–73, 781–82, G-8, G-17 origins of, 759 synonyms, 353, 780, G-18 usage glossary, 789–98 See also Dictionaries; Language; Thesaurus Words, learning new. See Vocabulary learning Words as words italics for, 857, 918–19 plurals of, 926 quotation marks for, 857, 918 and subject-verb agreement, 606 Wordy phrases, 682–83 Working bibliography, 347– 49, G-20 Working hypotheses, 85 Working papers, citation of, APA documentation style, 445 Working thesis, 97, 189, 361 Works-cited list (MLA style), 390– 412 abstracts, 399, 400 advertisements, 401 anthologies, 389, 394, 395 artwork, 411–12 audiovisual sources, 408, 410 blog postings, 408 books, 375, 378, 390, 392, 394–97 cartoons, 401, 410 CDs/DVDs, 408 computer software, 410 conference proceedings, 400 databases, 380 dissertations, 400 edited works, 394, 403 editorials, 399, 407 electronic sources, 377, 380, 402–10 elements diagrams, 378–80 general guidelines, 393, 406 government documents, 399, 402, 407 indirect sources, 389 interviews, 400– 401, 411, 412 legal sources, 402 letters, 401 letters to the editor, 399, 407 manuscripts/typescripts/archives, 402 microfiche/microform/ microfilm, 402 miscellaneous print sources, 399– 402 multiple authors, 390, 392 multiple media, 402 multiple works by same author, 390 multivolume works, 396 musical compositions, 411 newspaper articles, 398, 407 nonprint sources, 410–12 online books, 404–5 online communications, 409 online periodical articles, 405–7 online scholarly projects, 403– 4 oral presentations, 412 organizational authors, 392 pamphlets, 399 periodical articles, 376, 379, 397–99, 405–7 personal communications, 390 prefaces/forewords/ introductions/ afterwords, 395 pseudonyms, 404 publisher’s imprints, 395 reference works, 394–95 religious texts, 396 reprinted articles, 395 I-49 republished books, 396–97 reviews, 398, 408 sample, 425–26 sample type directory, 391–92 series, 396 sound recordings, 411 subscription database services, 408–9 television/radio programs, 411 titles within titles, 397 translations, 396 unknown authors, 397, 398 visuals, 401, 409–10 Web sites, 403– 4 works of art. See Artworks WorldCat (database), 301 would of, avoiding, 792 write, rite, right, 940 Writer. See Author Writer’s block, 65 Writer’s notebook, 18, 239. See also Journal writing Writing and disciplines, 2–3 as learning tool, 3–5, 18 practice in, 5 process of, 21–23 for Web design, 266 Writing beyond college argument papers, 211 community-service writing, 498–502 consumer letters, 520–24 and genres, 30 informative reports, 162 interpretive analyses, 184 personal essays, 237 persuasive letters, 503–8, 520–24 See also Career-related writing Writing centers, 44, 115 Writing process for argument papers, 215, 218–23 defined, G-20 for essay exams, 243– 45 exercises, 22–23 and hypertext, 260 _ _ _ mai83686_ndx.qxd 6/13/08 11:44 AM Page I-50 I-50 INDEX Writing process (continued) for informative reports, 161–64 for interpretive analyses, 183–87 overview, 21–23 for personal essays, 239– 41 and presentation software, 261 See also Drafting; Editing; Planning; t_ _ _ Proofreading; Revising Writing situation, G-20 See also Understanding assignments; Writing process XML/HTML (extensible markup language/ hypertext markup language), 268, 301, 916, G-8 yes, commas with, 824 yet. See coordinating conjunctions you in imperative mood, 550–51, 633, 692 plural of, 956 and pronoun reference, 658 understood, 633, 692 your, you’re, 798, 925, 941 your, yours, plurals of, 956
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