Download Modern Periodic Table Periods Patterns Repeat in a group/family

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Modern Periodic Table
Chapter 11
Periodic Trends
Periods
• Horizontal Rows
• Based on Atomic Number for
order
• Based on Electron
Configuration for arrangement
Groups and/or Families p.68,69
• Vertical Column(s)
• Elements in groups/families
g p
have similar (not identical)
properties
Patterns Repeat in a group/family
because Electron Configurations
repeat.
• Focus for this relationship is the
valance electrons
• Valance = Outermost s & p electrons
• O: 1s22s22px22py12pz1
• Ga: 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104px1
• K: 1s22s22p63s23p64s1
1
Metals vs. Nonmetals
Periodic Law:
• When elements are arranged
g atomic
in order of increasing
number, their physical &
chemical properties show a
repeating (periodic) pattern
Semimetals or Metalloids
1 -Solids - dull
2 -Poor conductors of
heat & electricity
3 -most are Gases @
room temp. (low m.p.
& b.p.)
4 & 5 -Solids are brittle
6 -Form
Form negative ions
Periodic Trends
A. Atomic Radius
Increeases in Size
• B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, Po, At
• Properties:
(
)
Luster (metallic)
Brittle (nonmetallic)
Semiconductors of heat &
electricity (intermediate)
1 -Luster
2 -Good conductors of
heat & electricity
3 -Solids at room temp.
p
(High melting &
boiling points)
4 -Malleable
5 -Ductile
6 -Form positive ions
Decreases in Size
A. Atomic Radius
• Within a period the number of protons
increase (nucleus gets larger) have a
greater pull on the outer electrons
• The result is a tighter/closer hold on
outer electrons
2
B. Ionization Energy
• Energy required to remove an
electron from an atom (measure
in Joules (J) or kilojoules (Kj)
B. Ionization Energy
C. Electron Affinites
Increases
C. Electron Affinities
Decreaases
• Measures an atom’s attraction
for an electron
Decreaases
• Atoms w/ filled or 1/2 filled sublevels
are slightly more stable (less reactive)
than atoms with other arrangements.
• Octet rule: An atom with 8 electrons
in its valence shell (s & p’s) is the
MOST chemically stable
Increases
3
C. Electron Affinities
• Nonmetals (exception Noble gases) More likely the atom will gain an
electron
• Metals
l – Less likely
lik l to gain
i an
electron.
4
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