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GOAL 4 | LESSON PLAN | HIGH SCHOOL
Life At War
GRADES: High School
APPROXIMATE LENGTH OF TIME: 50 minutes
GOAL: Students will be able to discuss the life of a Civil War soldier, analyzing his role within
society and the military.
OBJECTIVES:
1. Assuming the role of an investigative reporter, students will be able to write an article
through which they will describe the daily life of a Civil War soldier, discuss the
challenges soldiers faced, and describe a soldier’s role within the military.
2. Students will be able to describe the effects of weapons technology on soldiers and
medical treatments used for wounded and sick soldiers.
3. Students will be able to discuss the African American soldier’s experience.
MATERIALS:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Life at War Power Point Presentation
Classroom Read/Share
Writing Assignment: A Soldier’s Life Editorial
The Civil War Soldier
A Soldier’s Life Editorial Rubric
ANTICIPATORY SET/HOOK
Civil War soldiers lived hard lives in a world very different from the world of the 21st century.
Ask students what they think soldiers’ lives were like. What did they eat and wear? What did
they do for fun? What kind of help was available to them if they got sick?
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Life At War
PROCEDURE:
Print out the PowerPoint with notes prior to class. There are notes included with the slides that
can be on the printed slides, but won’t be seen by your students during the presentation.
Activity 1
1. Whole-class instruction with the Life at War PowerPoint presentation and
associated discussion questions.
Activity 2
2. Place students into several small groups.
3. Provide each group with a Classroom Read/Share sheet. Students will read the
information on their sheet and then construct a brief answer to the question at the
top of that page.
4. Call on each group to share their question and answer with the class.
Activity 3
5. Hand out Writing Assignment: A Soldier’s Life Editorial, The Civil War Soldier (for
reference material) and A Soldier’s Life Editorial Rubric.
CLOSURE:
1.
2.
3.
4.
What role did the average Civil War soldier play during the war?
Do you think soldiers were thought of as individuals?
What were common challenges that soldiers faced during the war?
How do you think technology affected a soldier’s experience?
ASSESSMENT IN THIS LESSON
1.
2.
3.
4.
Informal assessment through the PowerPoint discussion questions
Informal assessment through the Read/Share discussion
Editorial
Informal assessment through the closure questions
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Name: _________________
Date: _________________
The Civil War Curriculum, Goal 4
Life At War
Classroom Read/Share
THE CIVIL WAR SOLDIER: What was life as a soldier like in 1863?
By the National Park Service
Each of the following pages contains a read/share sheet.
Organize your class into several small groups. Ideally, there should be a group for each
numbered read/share sheet.
Everyone in each group should work together to develop a response to the question at the top
of the page, based on the reading.
Give the groups approximately 10 minutes to read and share within their groups.
When time is up, call on a member of each group to share their information with the class.
Be sure to provide students with a copy of the article in its entirety for reference.
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The Civil War Curriculum, Goal 4
Life at War
(1) What challenges did men face once they were in the
army?
The life of a soldier in the 1860s was an arduous one and for the thousands of young Americans
who left home to fight for their cause, it was an experience none of them would ever forget.
Military service meant many months away from home and loved ones, long hours of drill, often
inadequate food or shelter, disease, and many days spent marching on hot, dusty roads or in a
driving rainstorm burdened with everything a man needed to be a soldier as well as baggage
enough to make his life as comfortable as possible. There were long stretches of boredom in
camp interspersed with moments of sheer terror experienced on the battlefield. For these
civilians turned soldiers, it was very difficult at first getting used to the rigors and demands of
army life. Most had been farmers all of their lives and were indifferent to the need to obey
orders. Discipline was first and foremost a difficult concept to understand, especially in the
beginning when the officer one had to salute may have been the hometown postmaster only a
few weeks before. Uniforms issued in both armies were not quite as fancy as those worn by the
hometown militias and soldiering did not always mean fighting. There were fatigue duties such
as assignments to gather wood for cook fires. Metal fittings had to be polished, horses groomed
and watered, fields had to be cleared for parades and drill, and there were water details for the
cook house. Guard duty meant long hours pacing up and down a well-trod line, day or night,
rain or shine, always on watch for a foe who might be lurking anywhere in the hostile
countryside. A furlough was hard to come by as every man was needed in the field and few men
had a chance to ever visit home.
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Life at War
(2) What kind of shelters were available to soldiers? How
did they live?
A soldier's home in camp was a rectangular piece of canvas buttoned to another to form a small
two-man tent, or dog tent, as the soldiers called them. First introduced in 1862, every Union
soldier was issued one for use during active campaign and the men joked that only a dog could
crawl under it and stay dry from the rain. The tent could be easily pitched for the evening by
tying each end to a rifle stuck in the ground by the bayonet or by stringing it up to fence rails.
Confederates did not receive shelter tents though some Confederate units were issued a
variation of the tent, which they pitched as a lean-to or shelter. As the war progressed it was
very common for a Confederate camp to be filled with captured Union tents as well as captured
blankets, canteens, and haversacks. Confederates especially prized the Union rubber blankets,
which were not manufactured in the South and were ideal as a ground cloth or overhead
shelter.
Army camps were like a huge bustling city of white canvas, sometimes obscured by smoke from
hundreds of campfires. Camps were considered temporary throughout the year until the winter
months when the armies would establish winter quarters. The soldiers would construct log
huts that were large enough to accommodate several men, made of trees taken from any nearby
source. The logs were laid out on stones underneath the bottom log, in a rectangle and notched
to fit tight at the corners and stones, brick, or mud-covered logs were formed into a small
fireplace in one end. Mud filled the gap between the logs and inside of the chimney over the
fireplace. A roof made from tents or sawn boards and wooded bunks built inside finished the
hut. Soldiers often named their winter huts after well-known hotels or restaurants back home
such as "Wiltshire Hotel" or "Madigan's Oyster House." The armies quartered in these small
huts through the winter months and then it was back to the field and dog tents.
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Life at War
(3) What was drill? What kind of activities were part of
drill? Why did the soldiers spend so much time drilling?
Marching and fighting drill was part of the daily routine for the Civil War soldier. Infantry
soldiers drilled as squads and in company formations, each man getting accustomed to orders
and formations such as marching in column and in a "company front", how to face properly,
dress the line, and interact with his fellow soldiers. After an hour of drill on that level, the
company moved onto regimental level drills and parades. The soldier practiced guard mount
and other procedures such as the Manual of Arms, which infantrymen learned for the riflemusket. Veterans of the war often remarked how they could recite the steps of loading and
priming for many years after the war, thanks to the continual drill. The drill was important for
the infantry for they used tactics that had changed little since the time of the American
Revolution or the age of Napoleon: infantry fought in closely knit formations of two ranks (or
rows) of soldiers, each man in the rank standing side by side. This formation was first devised
when the single-shot, muzzle-loading musket became the normal weapon on the battlefield, the
close ranks being a necessity because of the limitations of the musket. Yet, by 1861, new
technology had made the old-fashioned smoothbore musket nearly obsolete with the
introduction of the rifle musket. By the time of the Gettysburg Campaign, the rifle musket
made up the majority of infantry weapons in both the Union and Confederate armies though it
took much longer for the tactics to change. Even with the advance of the rifle musket, the
weapons were still muzzle loaders and officers believed that the old-fashioned drill formations
were still useful to ensure a massing of continuous firepower that the individual soldier could
not sustain. The result of this slow change was a much higher than anticipated rate of
casualties on the battlefield. Cavalrymen drilled with their sabers, both on foot and horseback,
while artillerymen drilled with their cannons limbered up to the team of horses and
unlimbered, ready to fire. Oddly enough, marksmanship on a rifle range did not take
precedence over other drill the soldiers learned for several reasons—the military believed that
each man would shoot accurately when told to and the war departments did not wish to waste
ammunition fired on random targets.
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(4)
Life at War
What were musical instruments used for? What were the two
most important instruments in battle and why?
For the infantry, drums were used to announce daily activities, from sunrise to sunset. Reveille
was sounded to begin the day at 5 AM, followed by an assembly for morning roll call and
breakfast call. Sick call was sounded soon after breakfast, followed by assemblies for guard
duty, drill, or to begin the march. Drummers were also important on the march to keep soldiers
in step during parades and to call them to attention. In battle, drums were sometimes used to
signal maneuvers and give signals for the ranks to load and fire their weapons. The artillery
and cavalry relied solely on buglers who were as important in their roles as the drummers were
to the infantry. When not playing for their respective regiments, musicians were often
combined with regimental or brigade bands to play marching tunes or provide field music for
parades, inspections, and reviews.
Soldiers loved to sing and there were many tunes popular in both armies. A variety of
instruments were available to musically minded soldiers, including guitars, banjos, flutes, and
harmonicas. More industrious soldiers fashioned string instruments such as fiddles out of
wooden cigar boxes. Regimental or brigade bands often played during the evening hours and
there were instances of army bands being heard to play favorite tunes for the opposition when
the armies were separated by a river or siege line. Some of the more popular tunes for
southerners were "Lorena," "Maryland My Maryland," and "The Bonnie Blue Flag." Union
soldiers had "The Battle Cry of Freedom," "Battle Hymn of the Republic," and "Tenting on the
Old Campground" as favorites. The men of both sides also enjoyed minstrel tunes such as "My
Old Kentucky Home," "The Arkansas Traveler," and "Dixie."
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(5)
Life at War
What did Northern soldiers wear? What did Southern soldiers
wear? What were some similarities? What were some
differences?
The soldier of 1863 wore a wool uniform; a belt set that included a cartridge box, cap box,
bayonet, and scabbard; a haversack for rations; a canteen; and a blanket roll or knapsack,
which contained a wool blanket, a shelter half, and perhaps a rubber blanket or poncho. Inside
was a change of socks, writing paper, stamps and envelopes, ink and pen, razor, toothbrush,
comb, and other personal items. The amount of baggage each soldier carried differed from man
to man. The Southern soldier was highly regarded for traveling with a very light load basically
because he did not have the extra items available to him that the Northern soldier had.
Southern uniforms were quite different from the Northern uniforms, consisting of a shortwaisted jacket and trousers made of "jean" cloth—a blend of wool and cotton threads that was
very durable. Dyed by different methods, the uniforms were a variation of greys and browns.
Northern soldiers called Confederates "butternuts" because of the tan-grey color of the
uniforms. Vests were also worn and were often made of jean material as well. Shirts and
undergarments were universally of cotton material and often sent to the soldiers from home.
Southern-made shoes were of very poor quality and difficult to obtain. Union uniforms were
universally of better quality because of numerous mills throughout the North that could
manufacture wool cloth and the steady import of material from Europe. The Union soldier's
blouse and trousers were wool and dyed a dark blue until 1862, when the trouser color was
altered to a lighter shade of blue. The floppy-crowned forage cap, made of wool broadcloth with
a leather visor, was either loved or loathed, but universally worn by most soldiers in the Army
of the Potomac. Each soldier would adorn his cap with brass letters of the regiment and
company to which he belonged. Beginning in 1863, corps badges were designed for the
different army corps and these were universally adopted for the top of the cap. Like their
Confederate counterparts, most Union soldiers disdained the itchy wool flannel army shirt for
cotton shirts and undergarments sent from home.
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Life at War
What did soldiers do in their spare time? What do you think was
the most meaningful activity to them?
Leisure activities were similar in either army and most of it was spent writing letters home.
Soldiers were prolific letter writers and wrote at every opportunity. It was the only way for
them to communicate with loved ones and inform the home folks of their condition and where
they were. Thrifty soldiers sent their pay home to support their families and kept only a small
amount to see them through until the next payday. The arrival of mail in camp was a cause for
celebration no matter where the soldiers were and there was sincere grumbling when the mail
arrived late. The lucky soldiers who received a letter from home often read and re-read them
many times. Packages from home contained baked goods, new socks or shirts, underwear, and
often soap, towels, combs, and toothbrushes. Union soldiers often spent their free time at the
sutler's store, comparable to the modern post exchange, where they could purchase toiletries,
canned fruit, pocketknives, and other supplementary items, but usually at exorbitant prices. A
private's salary amounted to $13.00 per month in 1863 and those unfortunates who owed the
sutler watched as most of their pay was handed over to the greedy businessman on pay day.
Confederates did not have the luxury of sutlers, who disappeared soon after the war began.
Instead they depended on the generosity of folks at home or farmers and businessmen near the
camps.
Free time was also spent in card games, reading, pitching horseshoes, or team sports such as
the fledgling sport of baseball, a game which rapidly gained favor among Northern troops. Rule
booklets were widely distributed and the game soon became a favorite. Soldiers also played a
form of football that appeared more like a huge brawl than the game we know today, and often
resulted in broken noses and fractured limbs. Holidays were celebrated in camp with feasts,
foot races, horse racing, music, boxing matches, and other contests. But while on active
campaign, the soldiers were limited to writing, cleaning uniforms and equipment, and sleeping.
Religion was very important in the soldier's daily routine. Many of the men attended church
services on a regular basis and some even carried small testaments with the rest of their
baggage. Union and Confederate armies had numerous regimental and brigade chaplains.
These loyal officers also acted as assistants in field hospitals, comforting the sick and wounded
and writing letters home for those who could not write. Chaplains held field services for their
respective units and most accompanied the soldiers as they marched onto the battlefield.
Father William Corby, the chaplain of the Irish Brigade, is best remembered for his granting of
unconditional absolution to the members of the brigade before they marched into battle in the
Wheatfield on July 2nd. Father Corby was immensely popular with the men and in the postwar era became president of Notre Dame University.
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Life at War
What did soldiers eat? What were some favorites? What were
some differences between the diets of Union and Confederate
soldiers?
By far, the food soldiers received has been the source of more stories than any other aspect of army life.
The Union soldier received a variety of edibles. The food issue, or ration, was usually meant to last
three days while on active campaign and was based on the general staples of meat and bread. Meat
usually came in the form of salted pork or, on rare occasions, fresh beef. Rations of pork or beef were
boiled, broiled, or fried over open campfires. Army bread was a flour biscuit called hardtack, re-named
"tooth-dullers," "worm castles," and "sheet iron crackers" by the soldiers who ate them. Hardtack could
be eaten plain though most men preferred to toast the biscuits over a fire, crumble them into soups, or
crumble and fry them with their pork and bacon fat in a dish called skillygalee. Other food items
included rice, peas, beans, dried fruit, potatoes, molasses, vinegar, and salt. Baked beans were a
Northern favorite when the time could be taken to prepare them and a cooking pot with a lid could be
obtained. Coffee was a most desirable staple and some soldiers considered the issue of coffee and
accompanying sugar more important than anything else. Coffee beans were distributed green so it was
up to the soldiers to roast and grind them. The task for this most desirable of beverages was worth every
second as former soldier John Billings recalled: "What a Godsend it seemed to us at times! How often
after being completely jaded by a night march... have I had a wash, if there was water to be had, made
and drunk my pint or so of coffee and felt as fresh and invigorated as if just arisen from a night's sound
sleep!"
Soldiers often grouped themselves into a "mess" to combine and share rations, often with one soldier
selected as cook or split duty between he and another man. But while on active campaign, rations were
usually prepared by each man to the individual's taste. It was considered important for the men to cook
the meat ration as soon as it was issued, for it could be eaten cold if activity prevented cook fires. A
common campaign dinner was salted pork sliced over hardtack with coffee boiled in tin cups that each
man carried.
The Southern soldier's diet was considerably different from that of his Northern counterpart and
usually of much less quantity. The average Confederate subsisted on bacon, cornmeal, molasses, peas,
tobacco, vegetables and rice. Soldiers also received a coffee substitute which was not as desirable as the
real coffee Northerners had. Trades of tobacco for coffee were quite common throughout the war when
fighting was not underway. Other items for trade or barter included newspapers, sewing needles,
buttons, and currency.
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Life at War
(8) What were some ways soldiers were disciplined? Do you think
that discipline was effective? Could these methods be used
today? Are they?
Discipline in the military was very strict. The Provost Marshal of the army was responsible for
enforcing military rules, but regimental commanders also had the authority to dole out
punishments for minor offenses. Petty offenses such as shirking camp duty or not keeping
equipment in good order were usually treated with extra duties such as digging latrines,
chopping wood, or standing extra hours on guard duty. Insubordination, thievery, cowardice,
or other offenses were more serious and the guilty party was usually subjected to embarrassing
punishments such as carrying a log, standing on a barrel, or wearing a placard announcing his
crime. "Bucking and gagging" was also a common punishment- the soldier's limbs were bound
and he was gagged so he could not speak. In the artillery, the guilty person might be tied to the
spare wheel on the back of a caisson. Desertion, spying, treachery, murder, or threats on an
officer's life were the most serious offenses to which the perpetrator was condemned to military
prison or shot by a firing squad. Crimes committed against civilians were also punishable by
the army and felons were executed by hanging before a formation of soldiers.
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The Civil War Curriculum, Goal 4
(9)
Life at War
What were the most common types of arms and ammunition
used? What components made up the army and what were the
responsibilities of each of these in battle?
The singular purpose of the soldier was to fight a battle and win. There were a variety of small
arms used during the Civil War. The average infantryman carried a muzzle-loading riflemusket manufactured in American arsenals or one purchased from foreign countries such as
England. The bayonet was an important part of the rifle and its steel presence on the muzzle of
the weapon was very imposing. When not in battle, the bayonet was a handy candle holder and
useful in grinding coffee beans. The typical rifle-musket weighed eight and one-half pounds
and fired a conical shaped bullet called the Minie Ball. Bullets were made of very soft lead and
caused horrible wounds that healed with difficulty. The artillery was composed of both rifled
and smoothbore cannon, each gun served by a crew of 14 men including the drivers. The role of
the artillery was to support the infantry while the infantry role was to either attack or defend,
depending on the circumstances. Both components of the army worked together to coordinate
their tactics on the field of battle. Cavalrymen were armed with breech-loading carbines,
sabers, and pistols. Cavalry was initially used for scouting purposes and to guard supply trains.
The role of mounted troops had expanded by the time of Gettysburg, with cavalry divisions
acting as skirmishers and fighting mounted and on foot in pitched battles such as Brandy
Station, Virginia on June 9, 1863. Other components of the armies included the signal corps,
engineers, and medical and hospital corps, as well as supply organizations, including the
quartermasters.
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Life at War
(10) What caused the most fatalities during the Civil War? Why?
What was the most common treatment of battle wounds? Why?
Sickness and disease were the scourge of both armies and more men died of disease than in
battle. Sanitation in the camps was very poor. Germs and the existence of bacteria had not yet
been discovered, and medical science was quite primitive by today's standards. Morning sick
call was played in camp and ailing soldiers trudged to the surgeon's tent, where the "sawbones"
examined the sick. Quinine or other stimulants were administered, including an elixir called
"Blue Mass." Whiskey was universally given for most ailments as was brandy and other
stimulants. Extremely ill soldiers were sent to brigade hospitals, where most were further
affected by disease. Thousands of men in both armies died without ever firing a shot in battle.
Most wounds to the arms or legs had to be treated with amputation if there was any hope of
saving a soldier’s life. For every four deaths in the Civil War three were from disease or
infection and one was from battle wounds.
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The Civil War Curriculum, Goal 4
Life At War
Name: _________________
Date: _________________
Writing Assignment: A Soldier’s Life Editorial
You are a reporter who has been sent by your home-town newspaper to a winter
camp of either the Army of the Potomac or the Army of Northern Virginia.
Folks back home are eager to know how their sons, fathers, brothers, and
sweethearts are doing. You are in charge of investigating and gathering
information about the soldier’s daily lives, meals, and the camp. You will then
prepare an editorial that will be dispatched to your newspaper.
Be sure to include pertinent and accurate facts about what you are witnessing. It
is your responsibility to inform the people at home about the daily lives of their
loved ones.
Be sure to also include your opinion of whether the soldiers are being treated well
and, fed well, and what folks back home can do to help their soldiers.
Your editorial dispatch should be structured as a four-paragraph essay. It must
have an introduction (first paragraph), a body (two middle paragraphs that can
describe three aspects of a soldiers life) and a conclusion (your opinion about
what folks back home can do to help support the soldiers and why they should).
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TThe Civil War C
Curriculum, Go
oal 4 LLife At War Nam
me: __________________
Daate: __________________
THE
E CIVIL WAR S
SOLDIE
ER
Wh
hat was life as a soldie
er like iin 1863
3?
t Natio
onal Parrk Servicee
By the
The life
l of a sold
dier in the 1860s
1
was aan arduous one and fo
or the thoussands of
young American
ns who left home
h
to figght for theirr cause, it w
was an expeerience
nonee of them wo
ould ever fo
orget. Militaary service meant man
ny months away
from home and loved ones, long hourrs of drill, offten inadeq
quate food o
or
shelteer, disease, and many days spentt marching on hot, dussty roads orr in a
drivin
ng rainstorm burdened with everrything a m
man needed to be a sold
dier as
well as
a baggage enough to make
m
his liffe as comfo
ortable as possible. There
were long stretcches of boreedom in cam
mp interspeersed with m
moments of sheer
terror experiencced on the battlefield.
b
F
For these ccivilians turrned soldierrs, it
was very
v
difficullt at first geetting used to the rigorrs and demands of arm
my life.
(Hardtack and Coffee)
C
Mostt had been farmers
f
all of their livees and weree indifferen
nt to the neeed to
obey orders. Disscipline wass first and fforemost a d
difficult con
ncept to
u
understand
d, especially
y in the begiinning when the officeer one had tto salute maay have beeen the
h
hometown postmaster
p
r only a few
w weeks befo
ore. Uniform
ms issued i n both arm
mies were no
ot quite
aas fancy as those
t
worn
n by the hom
metown millitias and so
oldiering diid not alwayys mean fig
ghting.
T
There were fatigue dutties such as assignmen
nts to gatheer wood for cook fires. Metal fittin
ngs had
tto be polish
hed, horses groomed an
nd watered
d, fields had
d to be clearred for paraades and drrill, and
tthere were water
w
details for the co
ook house. Guard dutyy meant lon
ng hours paacing up and
d down
a well-trod line, day orr night, rain
n or shine, always
a
on w
watch for a ffoe who miight be lurk
king
aanywhere in
n the hostile countrysiide. A furlou
ugh was haard to comee by as everyy man was n
needed
iin the field and
a few meen had a chance to eveer visit hom
me.
TThe Civil War C
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TThe Civil War C
Curriculum, Go
oal 4 Life At War
A soldier's home
h
in cam
mp was a reectangular piece
p
of can
nvas
b
buttoned to
o another to
o form a sm
mall two-man tent, or d
dog
ttent, as the soldiers callled them. First
F
introd
duced in 186
62,
eevery Union
n soldier wa
as issued on
ne for use during
d
activve
ccampaign and
a the men
n joked thatt only a dog
g could craw
wl
u
under it and
d stay dry frrom the raiin. The tentt could be eeasily
p
pitched for the evening
g by tying each
e
end to a rifle stuck
k in
tthe ground by the bayo
onet or by stringing
s
it up to fencee rails.
A "dog" tent.
(Hardttack and Coffee)
C
Confederatees did not receive
r
shelter tents th
hough somee
C
Confederatee units weree issued a variation
v
off the tent, w
which they p
pitched as a lean-to or shelter.
A
As the war progressed
p
it was veryy common for
f a Confed
derate camp
p to be filleed with capttured
U
Union tentss as well as captured bllankets, can
nteens, and
d haversack
ks. Confederrates especcially
p
prized the Union
U
rubber blanketss, which werre not man ufactured iin the South
h and were ideal as
a ground clo
oth or overh
head shelteer.
M
Marching and fighting
g drill was part
p of the daily
d
routin e for the Ciivil War solldier. Infanttry
ssoldiers drillled as squa
ads and in company
c
fo
ormations, eeach man ggetting accu
ustomed to orders
aand formatiions such as marching
g in column
n and in a "ccompany front", how tto face prop
perly,
d
dress the lin
ne, and inteeract with his
h fellow so
oldiers. Afteer an hour o
of drill on tthat level, th
he
ccompany moved
m
onto regimental
r
level drills and paradees. The sold
dier practicced guard m
mount
aand other procedures
p
such
s
as the Manual off Arms, whicch infantryymen learneed for the riiflem
musket. Vetterans of th
he war often
n remarked
d how they ccould recitee the steps o
of loading aand
p
priming forr many yearrs after the war,
w thankss to the con
ntinual drilll. The drill w
was importtant for
tthe infantry
y for they ussed tactics that
t
had ch
hanged littlee since the ttime of the American
R
Revolution or the age of
o Napoleon
n: infantry fought in cl
closely knit formationss of two ran
nks (or
rrows) of solldiers, each man in thee rank stand
ding side byy side. Thiss formation
n was first d
devised
w
when the single-shot, muzzle-load
m
ding muskeet became tthe normal weapon on
n the battleffield, the
cclose ranks being a neccessity beca
ause of the limitations
l
s of the mussket. Yet, byy 1861, new
w
ttechnology had made the
t old-fash
hioned smo
oothbore mu
usket nearlly obsolete with the
iintroduction
n of the riflle musket. By
B the timee of the Getttysburg Cam
mpaign, thee rifle musk
ket
m
made up the majority of
o infantry weapons in
n both the U
Union and C
Confederate armies th
hough it
ttook much longer
l
for the
t tactics to change. Even
E
with th
he advancee of the riflee musket, th
he
w
weapons weere still muzzle loaderss and officeers believed
d that the olld-fashioneed drill form
mations
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w
were still usseful to ensure a massiing of contiinuous firep
power that the individ
dual soldier could
n
not sustain.. The resultt of this slow
w change was
w a much h
higher than
n anticipateed rate of
ccasualties on
o the battleefield. Cava
alrymen driilled with th
heir sabers,, both on fo
oot and horsseback,
w
while artilleerymen drillled with their cannonss limbered up to the teeam of horsses and
u
unlimbered
d, ready to fire.
f
Oddly enough,
e
ma
arksmanshiip on a riflee range did not take
p
precedence over other drill the so
oldiers learn
ned for seveeral reasons—the milittary believeed that
eeach man would
w
shoott accuratelyy when told to and the war departtments did not wish to
o waste
aammunition
n fired on random
r
targ
gets.
C
Cavalrymen
n drilled witth their sab
bers, both on foot and h
horseback, while artilllerymen drrilled
w
with their cannons lim
mbered up to
o the team of horses an
nd unlimbeered, readyy to fire. Odd
dly
eenough, ma
arksmanshiip on a rifle range did not
n take preecedence ovver other d
drill the sold
diers
llearned for several rea
asons- the military
m
beliieved that eeach man w
would shoott accuratelyy when
ttold to and the war dep
partments did
d not wish
h to waste aammunitio
on fired on rrandom tarrgets.
For the in
nfantry, dru
ums were u
used to announce dailyy activities, from
sunrise to sunset. Reveille
R
wass sounded to
o begin the day at 5 AM
M,
followed by an assem
mbly for m orning roll call and brreakfast calll. Sick
call was sounded
s
so
oon after breeakfast, folllowed by asssemblies ffor
guard du
uty, drill, orr to begin th
he march. D
Drummers w
were also
importan
nt on the march
m
to keeep soldiers iin step duriing paradess and to
call them
m to attentio
on. In battlee, drums w
were sometim
mes used to
o signal
(Hardtack and
a Coffee)
maneuveers and givee signals forr the ranks to load and
d fire their
weapons. The artilleery and cavvalry relied solely on bu
uglers who were as
iimportant in their rolees as the dru
ummers weere to the in
nfantry. Wh
hen not playying for theeir
rrespective regiments,
r
musicians
m
were
w
often combined
c
w
with regimeental or brig
gade bandss to play
m
marching tu
unes or provide field music
m
for pa
arades, insp
pections, an
nd reviews.
A
Army camp
ps were like a huge busstling city off white canvvas, sometiimes obscu
ured by smo
oke from
h
hundreds off campfiress. Camps weere consideered temporrary througghout the yeear until thee winter
m
months wheen the armiies would establish win
nter quarteers. The sold
diers would
d construct log
h
huts that weere large en
nough to acccommodatee several m
men, made o
of trees takeen from anyy nearby
ssource. Thee logs were laid
l
out on stones und
derneath thee bottom lo
og, in a recttangle and n
notched
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tto fit tight at
a the corneers and ston
nes, brick, or
o mud-coveered logs w
were formed
d into a smaall
ffireplace in one end. Mud
M filled th
he gap betw
ween the loggs and insid
de of the ch
himney overr the
ffireplace. A roof made from tents or sawn bo
oards and w
wooded bun
nks built insside finisheed the
h
hut. Soldierrs often nam
med their winter
w
huts after
a
well-k
known hoteels or restau
urants back
k home
ssuch as "Wiiltshire Hottel" or "Mad
digan's Oysster House" . The armiees quartered in these ssmall
h
huts throug
gh the winteer months and
a then it was back to
o the field aand dog ten
nts.
The soldiier of 1863 wore a woo
ol uniform; a belt set that includeed a
cartridgee box, cap box,
b
bayoneet, and scabbard; a havversack for rations;
a canteen
n; and a bla
anket roll orr knapsack,, which con
ntained a wo
ool
blanket, a shelter ha
alf, and perrhaps a rubb
ber blankett or poncho
o. Inside
was a cha
ange of sock
ks, writing paper, stam
mps and en
nvelopes, ink
k and
pen, razo
or, toothbru
ush, comb, and other p
personal iteems. The am
mount
of baggag
ge each sold
dier carried
d differed frrom man to
o man. The
Southern
n soldier wa
as highly reegarded for traveling w
with a very llight
load basiically becau
use he did n
not have thee extra item
ms availablee to him
that the Northern
N
so
oldier had. Southern u
uniforms were quite diifferent
(Battles & Leaders)
from the Northern uniforms,
u
cconsisting o
of a short-w
waisted jack
ket and
trousers made of "jeean" cloth—
—a blend of wool and ccotton threaads that
w
was very du
urable. Dyed
d by differeent methodss, the unifo
orms were a variation o
of greys and
d
b
browns. No
orthern sold
diers called Confederattes "buttern
nuts" becau
use of the taan-grey colo
or of the
u
uniforms. Vests
V
were also
a worn an
nd were oftten made off jean mateerial as welll. Shirts and
d
u
undergarmeents were universally
u
of
o cotton material
m
and
d often sentt to the sold
diers from h
home.
S
Southern-m
made shoes were of verry poor qua
ality and diffficult to ob
btain. Union
n uniforms were
u
universally of better qu
uality becau
use of numeerous mills throughou
ut the North
h that could
d
m
manufacturre wool clotth and the steady
s
impo
ort of materrial from Eu
urope. The Union sold
dier's
b
blouse and trousers weere wool an
nd dyed a da
ark blue un
ntil 1862, wh
hen the trouser color w
was
aaltered to a lighter sha
ade of blue. The floppyy-crowned fforage cap, made of wo
ool broadclo
oth with
a leather vissor, was either loved or
o loathed, but
b universsally worn b
by most sold
diers in thee Army
o
of the Potom
mac. Each soldier
s
wou
uld adorn hiis cap with brass letterrs of the reg
giment and
d
ccompany to
o which he belonged.
b
Beginning
B
in
n 1863, corp
rps badges w
were design
ned for the
d
different arm
my corps an
nd these weere universally adopteed for the to
op of the cap. Like theiir
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C
Confederatee counterpa
arts, most Union
U
soldiers disdain
ned the itchyy wool flannel army sh
hirt for
ccotton shirtts and undeergarments sent from home.
h
Leisure activities
a
weere similar in either arrmy and mo
ost of it wass spent
writing leetters homee. Soldiers w
were prolifi
fic letter wriiters and w
wrote at
every opp
portunity. It
I was the o
only way forr them to co
ommunicatte with
loved onees and inform the hom
me folks of ttheir condittion and wh
here
they weree. Thrifty so
oldiers sentt their pay h
home to su
upport theirr
families and
a kept on
nly a small amount to see them th
hrough unttil the
(Hardtack and
a Coffee)
next payd
day. The arrrival of maail in camp w
was a causee for celebraation no
matter where
w
the so
oldiers weree and there was sincerre grumblin
ng when
tthe mail arrrived late. The
T lucky so
oldiers who
o received a letter from
m home ofteen read and
d re-read
tthem many times. Pack
kages from
m home conttained bakeed goods, neew socks orr shirts,
u
underwear, and often soap,
s
towells, combs, and
a toothbrrushes. Uniion soldierss often spen
nt their
ffree time at the sutler'ss store, com
mparable to
o the moderrn post exch
hange, wherre they cou
uld
p
purchase to
oiletries, can
nned fruit, pocketkniv
ves, and oth
her supplem
mentary item
ms, but usu
ually at
eexorbitant prices.
p
A prrivate's sala
ary amounteed to $13.0 0 per montth in 1863 aand those
u
unfortunatees who owed the sutlerr watched as
a most of th
heir pay waas handed o
over to the g
greedy
b
businessma
an on pay day. Confedeerates did not
n have thee luxury of sutlers, wh
ho disappeaared
ssoon after th
he war bega
an. Instead
d they depen
nded on thee generosityy of folks att home or faarmers
aand businesssmen nearr the campss.
F
Free time was
w also speent in card games,
g
read
ding, pitchin
ng horsesh
hoes, or team
m sports su
uch as
tthe fledgling sport of baseball,
b
a game
g
which
h rapidly gaained favor among Norrthern troop
ps. Rule
b
booklets weere widely distributed
d
and the gam
me soon beecame a favo
orite. Soldiers also plaayed a
fform of foottball that ap
ppeared mo
ore like a hu
uge brawl th
than the gam
me we know
w today, an
nd often
rresulted in broken
b
nosses and fracctured limbss. Holidayss were celeb
brated in caamp with feasts,
ffoot races, horse
h
racing
g, music, bo
oxing match
hes, and otther contestts. But whille on active
ccampaign, the
t soldierss were limitted to writin
ng, cleaningg uniforms and equipm
ment, and ssleeping.
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Despite orders
o
to thee contrary, many soldiiers kept peets with
them inclluding dogss, cats, squiirrels, racco
oons, and otther
wildlife. One
O regimeent from Wiisconsin even had a peet eagle
that was carried
c
on iits own percch next to tthe regimen
ntal
flags. Gen
neral Lee w
was purporteed to have h
had a pet ch
hicken
that faithffully deliveered a fresh egg for thee general evvery day.
By far thee most popu
ular pets ap
ppears to haave been do
ogs and
Lt. Custer and friend, 1862.
(Miller'ss Photographic Hiistory)
their pressence with a master in
n camp or on
n the march
h was
often overrlooked by high comm
manders. Many officerss,
including
g General G
George Armsstrong Custter who kep
pt a
n
number of dogs
d
around his headq
quarters, fav
vored the h
hardiness off these loyaal companio
ons and
ttheir compa
anionship was,
w as one soldier putt it, a "sooth
hing connecction" with home. Both
h the
111th Pennsy
ylvania Infa
antry and th
he 1st Maryyland Infanttry (CSA) h
had singularr dogs that
ffollowed thee men throu
ugh the mo
ost difficult campaignss including Gettysburg
g. Sallie, thee 11th
P
Pennsylvan
nia's unofficcial mascot, is rememb
bered in a b
bronze liken
ness on the regimentall
m
monument at Gettysbu
urg and sym
mbolized th
here for its lloyalty to th
he dead of tthe regimen
nt. The
ccanine that accompaniied the 1st Maryland
M
was
w regrettaably killed iin action on
n July 3 at C
Culp's
H
Hill, after having
h
partiicipated in the
t charge of
o the regim
ment. So strruck by the animal's gaallantry
aand loyalty to its huma
an companiions, a Unio
on officer o
ordered the animal be given a pro
oper
b
burial along
gside the deead of 1st Maryland.
M
"Hard crrackers, hard crack
kers, comee again no
o
more!"
By far, the food soldierrs received h
has been the source of m
more
stories than any other aspect of arm
my life. The Union soldiier
received a variety of ed
dibles. The fo
food issue, orr ration, wass usually
meant to la
ast three dayys while on aactive campaaign and wass based
Cooking
g over the cam
mpfire.
(Ha
ardtack and Coffee)
on the general staples of meat and
d bread. Meaat usually cam
me in
k or, on rare occasions, ffresh beef. R
Rations of
the form off salted pork
pork or beeef were boileed, broiled, o
or fried overr open campfires.
A
Army bread was
w a flour biscuit
b
called
d hardtack, re-named
r
"to
ooth-dullerss," "worm caastles," and ""sheet
iron crackerss" by the sold
diers who atte them. Harrdtack could
d be eaten plaain though m
most men prreferred
tto toast the biscuits
b
overr a fire, crum
mble them intto soups, or crumble and
d fry them w
with their po
ork and
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b
bacon fat in a dish called
d skillygalee. Other food
d items inclu ded rice, peaas, beans, drried fruit, po
otatoes,
m
molasses, vin
negar, and sa
alt. Baked beeans were a Northern faavorite when
n the time co
ould be taken
n to
p
prepare them
m and a cook
king pot with
h a lid could be obtained
d. Coffee wass a most desiirable staplee and
ssome soldierrs considered
d the issue of
o coffee and accompanyying sugar m
more importaant than anytthing
eelse. Coffee beans
b
were distributed
d
green
g
so it was up to the soldiers to rroast and griind them. Th
he task
ffor this mostt desirable off beverages was
w worth ev
very second as former so
oldier John Billings recaalled:
""What a God
dsend it seem
med to us at times!
t
How often after b
being completely jaded b
by a night m
march...
h
have I had a wash, if therre was waterr to be had, made
m
and drrunk my pin
nt or so of coffee and feltt as fresh
aand invigora
ated as if justt arisen from
m a night's so
ound sleep!""
S
Soldiers ofteen grouped th
hemselves in
nto a "mess"" to combinee and share rrations, often
n with one soldier
sselected as co
ook or split duty
d
betweeen he and another man. B
But while on
n active campaign, ration
ns were
u
usually prepa
ared by each
h man to thee individual'ss taste. It waas considered
d important for the men
n to cook
tthe meat ratiion as soon as
a it was issu
ued, for it co
ould be eaten
n cold if activvity prevented cook firess. A
ccommon cam
mpaign dinner was salted
d pork sliced
d over hardt ack with cofffee boiled in
n tin cups that each
m
man carried..
T
The Southern
n soldier's diet
d was conssiderably diff
fferent from that of his N
Northern cou
unterpart an
nd
u
usually of mu
uch less qua
antity. The av
verage Confeederate subssisted on baccon, cornmeeal, molassess, peas,
ttobacco, vegeetables and rice.
r
Soldierrs also receiv
ved a coffee ssubstitute w
which was no
ot as desirablle as the
rreal coffee Northerners
N
had.
h
Trades of tobacco fo
or coffee werre quite com
mmon throug
ghout the waar when
ffighting was not underw
way. Other iteems for tradee or barter in
ncluded new
wspapers, sew
wing needlees,
b
buttons, and
d currency.
Soldiers lo
oved to singg and theree were manyy tunes pop
pular in
both armiies. A varietty of instruments weree available tto
musically minded so
oldiers, inclu
uding guitaars, banjos, flutes,
and harm
monicas. Mo
ore industrious soldierrs fashioned
d string
instrumen
nts such as fiddles outt of wooden
n cigar boxees.
Regimenttal or brigad
de bands offten played during thee
(Ha
ardtack and Coffee)
evening hours
h
and th
here were in
nstances off army band
ds being
heard to play
p
favoritee tunes for the opposittion when tthe
aarmies weree separated
d by a river or
o siege line. Some of the more p
popular tunees for south
herners
w
were "Loren
na," "Marylland My Ma
aryland," an
nd "The Bon
nnie Blue F
Flag." Union
n soldiers h
had
""The Battle Cry of Freeedom," "Batttle Hymn of
o the Repu
ublic," and ""Tenting on
n the Old
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oal 4 Life At War
C
Campgroun
nd" as favorrites. The men
m of both sides also eenjoyed min
nstrel tunes such as "M
My Old
K
Kentucky Home,"
H
"Thee Arkansas Traveler," and "Dixie.."
R
Religion wa
as very impo
ortant in th
he soldier's daily routin
ne. Many off the men aattended ch
hurch
sservices on a regular basis and some even ca
arried smalll testamentts with the rrest of theirr
b
baggage. Un
nion and Co
onfederate armies had
d numerouss regimentaal and brigaade chaplain
ns.
T
These loyal officers alsso acted as assistants
a
in field hosp
pitals, comfforting the sick and wo
ounded
aand writing
g letters hom
me for thosee who could
d not write.. Chaplainss held field sservices forr their
rrespective units
u
and most
m
accomp
panied the soldiers
s
as they march
hed onto the battlefield
d.
F
Father William Corby, the chapla
ain of the Iriish Brigadee, is best rem
membered for his gran
nting of
u
uncondition
nal absolutiion to the members
m
off the brigad e before theey marched
d into battlee in the
W
Wheatfield on July 2nd
d. Father Corby
C
was im
mmensely p
popular witth the men and in the p
postw
war era became presid
dent of Notrre Dame Un
niversity.
Disciipline in thee military was
w very striict. The Pro
ovost Marsh
hal of the army
was responsible
r
e for enforciing militaryy rules, but regimentall command
ders also
had the
t authoritty to dole ou
ut punishm
ments for m
minor offensses. Petty offfenses
such as shirking
g camp dutyy or not keeeping equip
pment in go
ood order w
were
usuallly treated with
w extra duties
d
such as digging latrines, ch
hopping wo
ood, or
stand
ding extra hours
h
on gu
uard duty. In
nsubordinaation, thievvery, coward
dice, or
otherr offenses were
w
more serious
s
and the guilty p
party was u
usually subjjected to
emba
arrassing pu
unishmentss such as caarrying a log, standing
g on a barreel, or
weariing a placarrd announccing his crim
me. "Buckin
ng and gagg
ging" was aalso a
comm
mon punish
hment- the soldier's lim
mbs were b
bound and h
he was gagg
ged so
(Hardtack and Coffee)
C
he co
ould not speeak. In the artillery,
a
th
he guilty perrson might be tied to tthe
sparee wheel on the
t back of a caisson. D
Desertion, spying, treaachery, mu
urder, or
tthreats on an
a officer's life
l were th
he most seriious offensees to which
h the perpettrator was
ccondemned
d to military
y prison or shot by a firing squad.. Crimes co
ommitted ag
gainst civiliians
w
were also pu
unishable by
b the armyy and felonss were execu
uted by han
nging beforre a formatiion of
ssoldiers.
S
Sickness an
nd disease were
w
the sco
ourge of botth armies aand more m
men died of disease thaan in
b
battle. Sanittation in th
he camps wa
as very poo
or. Germs an
nd the existtence of baccteria had n
not yet
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been discovered, and medical science was quite primitive by today's standards. Morning sick
call was played in camp and ailing soldiers trudged to the surgeon's tent, where the "sawbones"
examined the sick. Quinine or other stimulants were administered, including an elixir called
"Blue Mass." Whiskey was universally given for most ailments as was brandy and other
stimulants. Extremely ill soldiers were sent to brigade hospitals, where most were further
affected by disease. Thousands of men in both armies died without ever firing a shot in battle.
The singular purpose of the soldier was to fight a battle and win. There were a variety of small
arms used during the Civil War. The average infantryman carried a muzzle-loading riflemusket manufactured in American arsenals or one purchased from foreign countries such as
England. The bayonet was an important part of the rifle and its steel presence on the muzzle of
the weapon was very imposing. When not in battle, the bayonet was a handy candle holder and
useful in grinding coffee beans. The typical rifle-musket weighed eight and one-half pounds
and fired a conical shaped bullet called the Minie Ball. Bullets were made of very soft lead and
caused horrible wounds that healed with difficulty. The artillery was composed of both rifled
and smoothbore cannon, each gun served by a crew of 14 men including the drivers. The role of
the artillery was to support the infantry while the infantry role was to either attack or defend,
depending on the circumstances. Both components of the army worked together to coordinate
their tactics on the field of battle. Cavalrymen were armed with breech-loading carbines,
sabers, and pistols. Cavalry was initially used for scouting purposes and to guard supply trains.
The role of mounted troops had expanded by the time of Gettysburg, with cavalry divisions
acting as skirmishers and fighting mounted and on foot in pitched battles such as Brandy
Station, Virginia on June 9, 1863. Other components of the armies included the signal corps,
engineers, and medical and hospital corps, as well as supply organizations, including the
quartermasters.
The end of the war in 1865 brought a welcome peace, especially for the men who served as
soldiers. Armies were disbanded and regiments mustered out of service. Former soldiers
returned to the farms and stores they had left so long ago, but the memories of their service
and old comrades did not disappear quite so rapidly. In the decade following the end of the
Civil War, organizations of veterans of the North and South were formed. Northern veterans
joined the Grand Army of the Republic and Confederate veterans enrolled in the United
Confederate Veterans. For many years, G.A.R. posts and U.C.V. chapters met over reunion
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The Civil War Curriculum, Goal 4 Life At War
campfires retelling stories and recalling the friends who did not return. Many veterans wrote
articles, stories, and poems for the magazines of both organizations. The G.A.R. and U.C.V.
held powerful influence in political circles from 1878 through the turn of the century, but their
influence faded as veterans in congress retired and passed out of politics. The last hurrah for
both organizations came at Gettysburg in 1913 when 54,000 veterans attended the 1913
Anniversary celebration and Grand Reunion, and both organizations formally joined in a
singular purpose of national unification and peace. America's involvement in the Great War
(World War I) four years later brought hundreds of aged "Yanks" and "Johnnies" out to march
together in military parades for one last time before they quickly faded into the background as
the nation's attention focused on her "doughboys" serving in Europe.
Though the Civil War veterans faded away, the armies in which they once marched were
forever honored by the parks they helped establish at Shiloh, Antietam, Vicksburg,
Chickamauga and Gettysburg.
National Park Service. “The Civil War Soldier: What was life as a soldier like in 1863?”
http://www.nps.gov/archive/gett/soldierlife/cwarmy.htm.
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Name: _________________
Date: _________________
The Civil War Curriculum, Goal 4
Life At War
A Soldier’s Life Editorial Rubric
Student
Possible
Self-
Teacher
Points
Assessment
Score
Newspaper Editorial Article Scoring Rubric
Score
Article is written in a logical sequence and is well organized.
10
Article has a strong introduction.
10
The body of the article is logical and well organized. The
body of the article provides accurate and specific facts from
the PowerPoint, the Read/Share activity, and the National
10
Park Service article.
Article captures the reader’s attention. Events are easily
10
understood by the reader.
Article has a strong conclusion that provides the reader with
10
ideas about what the people at home can do to help support
the soldiers and make their lives easier. Article provides indepth coverage of the topic and a clear editorial opinion.
The Civil War Curriculum | High School
Civilwar.org/curriculum
The Civil War Curriculum, Goal 4
Life at War
Student accurately incorporates relevant vocabulary and
10
names of places and people.
Article is written in a way that demonstrates student
10
understanding of the learning objectives from the lesson
plan, that is, equipment, uniforms, weapons, hardships,
health issues, camp life, etc.
Correct spelling, sentence structure, usage and punctuation
10
are evident throughout the article.
Article was typed/generated with word processing software
10
and formatted appropriately.
Article was handed in on time.
Total Points
10
100
Each category is rated according to the following scale:
9-10 = Excellent, 8-9 = Very Good, 7-8 =Satisfactory, 6-7 = Unsatisfactory, 6-0 = poor
Student self-assessment score: __________
Teacher score: ___________
The Civil War Curriculum | High School
Civilwar.org/curriculum