Download United States presidential election, 1876

United States presidential election, 1876
1
United States presidential election, 1876
United States presidential election, 1876
November 7, 1876
Nominee
Rutherford B. Hayes
Samuel J. Tilden
Republican
Democratic
Ohio
New York
Running mate
William A. Wheeler
Thomas A. Hendricks
Electoral vote
185
184
States carried
20
18
Popular vote
4,036,572
4,284,020
47.9%
51.0%
Party
Home state
Percentage
Presidential election results map. Red denotes states won by Hayes/Wheeler, Blue denotes those won by Tilden/Hendricks. Numbers
indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state.
President before
election
Ulysses S. Grant
Republican
Elected President
Rutherford B.
Hayes
Republican
United States presidential election, 1876
2
The United States presidential election of 1876 was one of the most disputed and controversial presidential
elections in American history. Samuel J. Tilden of New York outpolled Ohio's Rutherford B. Hayes in the popular
vote, and had 184 electoral votes to Hayes's 165, with 20 votes uncounted. These 20 electoral votes were in dispute
in three states: Florida, Louisiana, and South Carolina; each party reported its candidate had won the state, while in
Oregon one elector was declared illegal (as an "elected or appointed official") and replaced. The 20 disputed
electoral votes were ultimately awarded to Hayes after a bitter legal and political battle, giving him the victory.
An informal deal was struck to resolve the dispute: the Compromise of 1877. In return for the Democrats'
acquiescence in Hayes's election, the Republicans agreed to withdraw federal troops from the South, ending
Reconstruction. The Compromise effectively ceded power in the Southern states to the Democratic Redeemers.
This was the first presidential election in 20 years in which the Democratic candidate won a majority of the popular
vote. This was also the first, and so far only, election in the history of the United States in which a candidate received
an absolute majority of the popular vote (more than 50 percent) and was not elected President by the Electoral
College, and one of only four elections in which the person receiving a plurality of the popular vote lost the electoral
vote.
Nominations
Republican Party nomination
Republican candidates:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Governor Rutherford B. Hayes of Ohio
Senator James G. Blaine of Maine
Secretary Benjamin Bristow of Kentucky
Senator Oliver P. Morton of Indiana
Senator Roscoe Conkling of New York
Governor John F. Hartranft of Pennsylvania
Governor Marshall Jewell of Connecticut
Secretary Elihu B. Washburne of Illinois
U.S. Representative William A. Wheeler of New York
Governor Rutherford B.
Hayes of Ohio
Representative James
G. Blaine of Maine
Secretary of the
Treasury Benjamin
Bristow of Kentucky
Senator Oliver P.
Morton of Indiana
Senator Roscoe
Conkling of New York
United States presidential election, 1876
Governor John F.
Hartranft of
Pennsylvania
3
Governor Marshall
Jewell of Connecticut
Secretary of State
Elihu B. Washburne
of Illinois
U.S. Representative
William A. Wheeler of
New York.
When the 6th Republican National Convention assembled on June 14,
1876, it appeared that James G. Blaine would be the nominee. On the
first ballot, Blaine was just 100 votes short of a majority. His vote
began to slide after the second ballot, as many Republicans feared that
Blaine could not win the general election. Anti-Blaine delegates could
not agree on a candidate until Blaine's total rose to 41% on the sixth
ballot. Leaders of the reform Republicans met privately and considered
alternatives. The choice was Ohio's reform Governor, Rutherford B.
Hayes. On the seventh ballot, Hayes was nominated with 384 votes to
351 for Blaine and 21 for Benjamin Bristow. William A. Wheeler was
nominated for Vice President by a much larger margin (366–89) over
his chief rival, Frederick Theodore Frelinghuysen, who later served as
a member of the electoral commission.
Hayes/Wheeler campaign poster
Vice Presidential Ballot
William A. Wheeler
366
Frederick Theodore Frelinghuysen
89
Marshall Jewell
38
Stewart L. Woodford
70
Joseph R. Hawley
25
United States presidential election, 1876
4
Democratic Party nomination
Democratic candidates:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Samuel J. Tilden, governor of New York
Thomas A. Hendricks, governor of Indiana
Winfield Scott Hancock, U.S. Major General from Pennsylvania
William Allen, former governor of Ohio
Thomas F. Bayard, U.S. senator from Delaware
Joel Parker, former governor of New Jersey
Governor Samuel J. Tilden of New York
Governor Thomas A. Hendricks of
Indiana
Major General Winfield Scott Hancock of
Pennsylvania
Former Governor William Allen of Ohio
Senator Thomas F. Bayard of Delaware
Former Governor Joel Parker of New Jersey
United States presidential election, 1876
5
The 12th Democratic National Convention assembled
in St. Louis in June 1876. This was the first political
convention held west of the Mississippi River. Five
thousand people jammed the auditorium in St. Louis,
hoping for the Democrats' first presidential victory in
20 years. The platform called for immediate and
sweeping reforms following the scandal-plagued Grant
administration. Tilden won more than 400 votes on the
first ballot and the nomination by a landslide on the
second.
Tilden defeated Thomas A. Hendricks, Winfield Scott
Hancock, William Allen, Thomas F. Bayard, and Joel
Parker for the presidential nomination. Although Tilden
was strongly opposed by "Honest John" Kelly, the
leader of New York's Tammany Hall, he was still able
to obtain the nomination. Thomas Hendricks was
nominated for vice-president since he was the only
person put forward for the position.
Interior of the Merchants Exchange Building of St. Louis, Missouri,
during the announcement of Samuel J. Tilden as the Democratic
presidential nominee
The Democratic platform pledged to replace the
corruption of the Grant administration with honest,
efficient government and to end "the rapacity of
carpetbag tyrannies" in the South; called for treaty
protection for naturalized U.S. citizens visiting their
homeland, restrictions on Oriental immigration, and
tariff reform; and opposed land grants to railroads.[1]
It is claimed that Tilden's nomination was received by
the voting Democrats with more enthusiasm than any
leader since Andrew Jackson.[2]
Tilden/Hendricks campaign poster
United States presidential election, 1876
6
Presidential Ballot
1st Before Shifts 1st After Shifts 2nd Before Shifts 2nd After Shifts Unanimous
Samuel J. Tilden
401.5
417.5
535
534
Thomas A. Hendricks
140.5
140.5
85
60
Winfield Scott Hancock
75
75
58
59
William Allen
54
54
54
54
Thomas F. Bayard
33
33
4
11
Joel Parker
18
18
0
18
James Broadhead
16
0
0
0
Allen G. Thurman
0
0
2
2
738
Source: Official proceedings of the National Democratic convention, held in St. Louis, Mo., June 27th, 28th and
29th, 1876 [3]. (September 3, 2012).
Vice Presidential Ballot
1st
Thomas A. Hendricks 730
Blank
8
Source: Official proceedings of the National Democratic convention, held in St. Louis, Mo., June 27th, 28th and
29th, 1876 [3]. (September 3, 2012).
Greenback Party nomination
Greenback candidates:
•
•
•
•
Peter Cooper, U.S. philanthropist from New York
Andrew Curtin, former governor of Pennsylvania
William Allen, former governor of Ohio
Alexander Campbell, U.S. representative from Illinois
United States presidential election, 1876
7
Candidates gallery
Philanthropist Peter Cooper of New York
Former Governor Andrew Curtin of
Pennsylvania
Former Governor William Allen of Ohio
The Greenback Party had been organized by agricultural interests in Indianapolis in 1874 to urge the federal
government to inflate the economy through the mass issuance of paper money called greenbacks. Their first national
nominating convention was held in Indianapolis in the spring of 1876. Peter Cooper was nominated for President
with 352 votes to 119 for three other contenders. The convention nominated anti-monopolist Senator Newton Booth
of California for vice president; after Booth declined to run, the national committee chose Samuel Fenton Cary as his
replacement on the ticket.
Presidential Ballot
Ballot
1st
Peter Cooper
352
Andrew Curtin
58
William Allen
31
Alexander Campbell
30
Source: US President - G Convention [4]. Our Campaigns [5]. (February 10, 2012).
Prohibition Party nomination
The Prohibition Party, in its second national convention, nominated Green Clay Smith as their presidential candidate
and Gideon T. Stewart as their vice presidential candidate.
American National Party nomination
This small political party used several different names, often with different names in different states. It was a
continuation of the Anti-Masonic Party that met in 1872 and nominated Charles F. Adams for President. When
Adams declined to run, the party did not contest the 1872 election.
The convention was held from June 8-10, 1875 in Liberty Hall, Pittsburgh. B.T. Roberts of New York served as
chairman, and Jonathan Blanchard was the keynote speaker.
The platform supported the Reconstruction Amendments, international arbitration, the reading of the scriptures in
public schools, specie payments, justice for the American Indians, abolition of the Electoral College, and prohibition
United States presidential election, 1876
of the sale of alcoholic beverages. It declared the first day of the week to be a day of rest for the United States. The
platform opposed secret societies and monopolies.
The convention considered three potential presidential nominees: Charles F. Adams, Jonathan Blanchard, and James
B. Walker. When Blanchard declined to run, Walker was unanimously nominated. The convention then nominated
Donald Kirkpatrick of New York unanimously for Vice President.[6]
General election
Campaign
Tilden, who had prosecuted machine
politicians in New York and sent
legendary boss William M. Tweed to
jail, ran as a reform candidate against
the background of the Grant
administration. Both parties backed
civil service reform and an end to
Reconstruction. Both sides mounted
mud-slinging
campaigns,
with
Democratic attacks on Republican
corruption being countered by
Republicans raising the Civil War
issue, a tactic ridiculed by Democrats
who called it "waving the bloody
shirt". Republicans chanted, "Not
The election was hotly contested, as can be seen by this poster published in 1877
every Democrat was a rebel, but every
rebel was a Democrat". The
Democratic strategy for victory in the south was highly reliant on paramilitary groups such as the Red Shirts and the
White League. Utilizing the strategy of the Mississippi Plan, these groups actively suppressed black and white
Republican voter turnout by disrupting meetings and rallies and even using violence and intimidation. They saw
themselves as the military wing of the Democratic Party. Because it was considered improper for a candidate to
pursue the presidency actively, neither Tilden nor Hayes actively stumped as part of the campaign, leaving that job
to surrogates.
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United States presidential election, 1876
9
Colorado
Colorado became the 38th state on August 1, 1876.
With insufficient time and money to organize a
presidential election in the new state, Colorado's state
legislature selected the state's electors. These electors in
turn gave their three votes to Hayes and the Republican
Party.
Electoral disputes
Further information: Electoral Commission (US)
In Florida (with 4 electoral votes), Louisiana (with 8),
and South Carolina (with 7), reported returns favored
Tilden, but election results in each state were marked
by fraud and threats of violence against Republican
voters. One of the points of contention revolved around
the design of ballots. At the time, parties would print
ballots or "tickets" to enable voters to support them in
the open ballots. To aid illiterate voters the parties
would print symbols on the tickets. In this election,
however, many Democratic ballots were printed with
the Republican symbol, Abraham Lincoln, on them.[7]
The Republican-dominated state electoral commissions
subsequently disallowed a sufficient number of
Democratic votes to award their electoral votes to
Hayes.
In two southern states, the governor recognized by the
United States had signed the Republican certificates.
The Democratic certificates from Florida were signed
by the state attorney-general and the new Democratic
governor. Those from Louisiana were signed by the
Democratic gubernatorial candidate, and those from
South Carolina by no state official. In the latter state,
the Tilden electors simply claimed that they were
chosen by the popular vote and so they were rejected
by the state election board.[8]
A certificate for the electoral vote for Rutherford B. Hayes and
William A. Wheeler for the State of Louisiana
A truce - not a compromise, but a chance for high-toned gentlemen
to retire gracefully from their very civil declarations of war. By
Thomas Nast in Harper's Weekly, 1877 Feb. 17, p. 132.
Meanwhile, in Oregon, the vote of a single elector was disputed. The statewide result clearly had favored Hayes, but
the state's Democratic governor, La Fayette Grover, claimed that that elector, former postmaster John Watts, was
ineligible under Article II, Section 1, of the United States Constitution, since he was a "person holding an office of
trust or profit under the United States". Grover then substituted a Democratic elector in his place. The two
Republican electors dismissed Grover's action and each reported three votes for Hayes, while the Democratic elector,
C.A. Cronin, reported one vote for Tilden and two votes for Hayes. The two Republican electors presented a
United States presidential election, 1876
certificate signed by the secretary of state of Oregon. Cronin and the two electors he appointed (Cronin voted for
Tilden while his associates voted for Hayes) used a certificate signed by the governor and attested by the secretary of
state.[8] Ultimately, all three of Oregon's votes were awarded to Hayes.
Hayes thus had a majority of one in the Electoral College. The Democrats raised the cry of fraud. Suppressed
excitement pervaded the country. Threats were even muttered that Hayes would never be inaugurated. In Columbus,
a shot was fired at Governor Hayes' residence as he sat down to dinner. President Grant quietly strengthened the
military force in and around Washington.[8]
The Constitution provides that "the President of the Senate shall, in presence of the Senate and House of
Representatives, open all the [electoral] certificates, and the votes shall then be counted." Certain Republicans held
that the power to count the votes lay with the President of the Senate, the House and Senate being mere spectators.
The Democrats objected to this construction, since Mr. Ferry, the Republican President of the Senate, could then
count the votes of the disputed states for Hayes. The Democrats insisted that Congress should continue the practice
followed since 1865, which was that no vote objected to should be counted except by the concurrence of both
houses. The House was strongly Democratic; by throwing out the vote of one state it could elect Tilden.[8]
Facing an unprecedented constitutional crisis, the U.S. Congress passed a law on January 29, 1877, forming a
15-member Electoral Commission to settle the result. Five members were selected from each house of Congress, and
they were joined by five members of the Supreme Court. William M. Evarts served as counsel for the Republican
Party. The Compromise of 1877 may have helped the Democrats accept this electoral commission as well.
The majority party in each house named three members and the minority party two. As the Republicans controlled
the Senate and the Democrats the House of Representatives, this yielded five Democratic and five Republican
members of the Commission. Of the Supreme Court justices, two Republicans and two Democrats were chosen, with
the fifth to be selected by these four.
The justices first selected a political independent, Justice David Davis. According to one historian, "[n]o one,
perhaps not even Davis himself, knew which presidential candidate he preferred."[9] Just as the Electoral
Commission Bill was passing Congress, the legislature of Illinois elected Davis to the Senate. Democrats in the
Illinois legislature believed that they had purchased Davis's support by voting for him. However, they had made a
miscalculation; instead of staying on the Supreme Court so that he could serve on the Commission, he promptly
resigned as a Justice in order to take his Senate seat.[10] All the remaining available justices were Republicans, so the
four justices already selected chose Justice Joseph P. Bradley, who was considered the most impartial remaining
member of the court. This selection proved decisive.
10
United States presidential election, 1876
11
It was drawing perilously near to
Inauguration Day. The commission
met on the last day of January. The
cases of Florida, Louisiana, Oregon,
and South Carolina were in succession
submitted to it by Congress. Eminent
counsel appeared for each side. There
were double sets of returns from every
one of the states named.[8]
The commission first decided not to
question any returns that were prima
facie lawful.[8] Bradley joined the
other seven Republican committee
members in a series of 8-7 votes that
gave all 20 disputed electoral votes to
Hayes, giving Hayes a 185-184
electoral vote victory. The commission
adjourned on March 2; two days later
Hayes was inaugurated without
disturbance.[8]
Results by county explicitly indicating the percentage of the winning candidate in each
county. Shades of blue are for Tilden (Democratic) and shades of red are for Hayes
(Republican).
The returns accepted by the Commission put Hayes' margin of victory in South Carolina at 889 votes, making this
the second-closest election (by popular vote) in U.S. history, after the 2000 election, decided by 537 votes in Florida
(though in 2000, the declared margin of victory in the Electoral College for George W. Bush was five votes to
Hayes' one). It is not possible to conclude definitively what the result would have been if a fair election had been
held without the violence and intimidation throughout the South that disenfranchised many African Americans made
eligible to vote under the 15th Amendment.[11] Nevertheless, in the likeliest fair scenario, Hayes would have won the
election with 189 electoral votes to Tilden's 180 by winning all of the states that he did ultimately carry, plus
Mississippi, but minus Florida. A strong case can be made that South Carolina, Louisiana, and Mississippi, states
with an outright majority African-American population, would have gone for Hayes, since nearly all African
Americans during this time voted Republican (while nearly all European-Americans in the South during this time
voted Democratic). Regardless, Hayes would be the last Republican until Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1956 to win the
electoral votes of Louisiana and the last Republican until Barry M. Goldwater in 1964 to carry South Carolina (both
of these states were carried by Strom Thurmond, nominee of the third-party "States' Rights Democrats," in 1948).
Florida, with a majority white population, would have likely gone to Tilden in a fair election. It is therefore likely
that Hayes would have won appreciably more of the popular vote in a fair election, perhaps even winning the
popular vote.
Upon his defeat, Tilden said, "I can retire to public life with the consciousness that I shall receive from posterity the
credit of having been elected to the highest position in the gift of the people, without any of the cares and
responsibilities of the office."
United States presidential election, 1876
12
Results
Reflecting the Commission's rulings.
Of the 2,249 counties/independent cities making returns, Tilden won in 1,301 (57.85%) while Hayes carried only
947 (42.11%). One county (0.04%) in Nevada split evenly between Tilden and Hayes.
Presidential
candidate
Party
Home
state
Popular vote
Count
Electoral
vote
Pct
Running mate
Vice-presidential
candidate
Home
state
Elect.
vote
Rutherford B. Hayes Republican
Ohio
4,034,311 47.5%
185 William A. Wheeler
New York
185
Samuel J. Tilden
Democratic
New York
4,288,546 51.5%
184 Thomas A. Hendricks
Indiana
184
Peter Cooper
Greenback
New York
75,973
0.9%
0 Samuel Fenton Cary
Ohio
0
Green Clay Smith
Prohibition
Kentucky
9,737
0.3%
0 Gideon T. Stewart
Ohio
0
James Walker
American National
Party
Illinois
459
0.0%
0 Donald Kirkpatrick
New York
0
4,075
0.2%
Total 8,413,101
100%
369
369
Needed to win
185
185
Other
— Other
—
Source (Popular Vote): Leip, David. 1876 Presidential Election Results [12]. Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential
Elections [13] (July 27, 2005). Source (Electoral Vote): Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996 [14]. Official
website of the National Archives [15]. (July 31, 2005).
Results explicitly indicating the percentage for the Democratic
candidate in each county.
Results explicitly indicating the percentage for the Republican
candidate in each county.
United States presidential election, 1876
Results explicitly indicating the percentage for "other" candidate(s) in
each county.
Notes
[1] William DeGregorio, The Complete Book of U.S. Presidents, Gramercy 1997
[2] They Also Ran
[3] http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=h4A0AAAAIAAJ& printsec=frontcover& source=gbs_ge_summary_r& cad=0#v=onepage& q&
f=false
[4] http:/ / www. ourcampaigns. com/ RaceDetail. html?RaceID=352150
[5] http:/ / www. ourcampaigns. com
[6] http:/ / www. ourcampaigns. com/ RaceDetail. html?RaceID=291045
[7] "Flashback to 1876: History repeats itself" (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 1/ hi/ world/ americas/ 1066014. stm). BBC News. London. December
12 2000. . Retrieved 2006-11-28.
[8] Andrews, E. Benjamin (1912). History of the United States. Charles Scribner's Sons.
[9] Morris, Roy, Jr. (2003). Fraud Of The Century. Rutherford B. Hayes, Samuel Tilden And The Stolen Election Of 1876. New York: Simon and
Schuster.
[10] "Hayes v. Tilden: The Electoral College Controversy of 1876–1877." (http:/ / elections. harpweek. com/ Controversy. htm) HarpWeek
[11] Who Won the 1876 Election? (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20090510105846/ http:/ / www. cresswellslist. com/ ballots2/ 1876_who.
htm) Issue 9 of Buttons and Ballots, in Spring 1997.
[12] http:/ / uselectionatlas. org/ USPRESIDENT/ GENERAL/ pe1876. html
[13] http:/ / uselectionatlas. org
[14] http:/ / www. archives. gov/ federal-register/ electoral-college/ scores. html#1876
[15] http:/ / www. archives. gov
Reference and further reading
• Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia ...for 1876 (http://books.google.com/books?id=r6MYAAAAIAAJ&
source=gbs_navlinks_s) (1885), comprehensive world coverage
• John Bigelow, Author, Edited by, Nikki Oldaker, The Life of Samuel J. Tilden. (http://www.biblio.com/isbn/
9780978669812.html) (2009 Revised edition-retype-set-new photos). 444 pages, Full Color. ISBN
978-0-9786698-1-2
• Holt, Michael F. By One Vote: The Disputed Presidential Election of 1876. (2008). 304 pages, ISBN
978-0-7006-1608-4
• Flick, Alexander C. (1939). Samuel J. Tilden — A Study In Political Sagacity.
• Haworth, Paul Leland (1906). The Hayes-Tilden Disputed Presidential Election of 1876 (http://books.google.
com/?id=BvtAqWWTkxAC&dq="Campaign+Text+Book"&pg=PP7&printsec=2&lpg=PP7).
• Hoogenboom, Ari (1995). Rutherford B. Hayes: Warrior and President. ISBN 0-7006-0641-6.
13
United States presidential election, 1876
• Morris, Roy, Jr. (2004). Fraud Of The Century: Rutherford B. Hayes, Samuel Tilden And The Stolen Election Of
1876.
• Authors Nikki Oldaker with John Bigelow, 2006, "Samuel Tilden the Real 19th President" 288 pages ISBN
978-0-9786698-0-5
• Polakoff, Keith Ian (1973). The Politics of Inertia: The Election of 1876 and the End of Reconstruction.
• Rehnquist, William H. (2004). The Centennial Crisis: The Disputed Election of 1876. Knopf Publishing Group.
ISBN 0-375-41387-1., popular account
• Summers, Mark Wahlgren.The Press Gang: Newspapers and Politics, 1865-1878 (1994)
• Summers, Mark Wahlgren. The Era of Good Stealings (1993), covers corruption 1868-1877
• Richard White, "Corporations, Corruption, and the Modern Lobby: A Gilded Age Story of the West and the South
in Washington, D.C." (http://southernspaces.org/2009/
corporations-corruption-and-modern-lobby-gilded-age-story-west-and-south-washington-dc) Southern Spaces, 16
April 2009
• Woodward, C. Vann (1951). Reunion and Reaction: The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction.
Primary sources
• Democratic National Committee (1876). The Campaign Text Book: Why the People Want a Change. The
Republican Party Reviewed… (http://books.google.com/?id=KmC4icmd_44C&dq="Colfax+massacre"&
pg=PA1&printsec=2&lpg=PA1).
External links
• Presidential Election of 1876: A Resource Guide (http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/elections/
election1876.html) from the Library of Congress
• 1876 popular vote by counties (http://geoelections.free.fr/USA/elec_comtes/1876.htm)
• Hayes Presidential Library (http://www.rbhayes.org/hayes/president/display.asp?id=511&subj=president)
with essays by historians
• Hayes vs. Tilden: The Electoral College Controversy of 1876-1877 (http://elections.harpweek.com/
09Ver2Controversy/Overview-1.htm)
• Samuel Tilden (http://www.SamuelTilden.com)
• How close was the 1876 election? (http://www.mit.edu/~mi22295/elections.html#1876) — Michael
Sheppard, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
• Booknotes interview with Roy Morris, Jr. on Fraud of the Century: Rutherford B. Hayes, Samuel Tilden, and the
Stolen Election of 1876, April 6, 2003. (http://www.booknotes.org/Watch/162636-1/Roy+Morris+Jr.aspx)
14
Article Sources and Contributors
Article Sources and Contributors
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