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Prokaryotes Prokaryotes - Outline Chapter 27 • • • • • • • • Prevalence of Prokaryotes Structure Metabolic Diversity Comparison with Eukaryotes Eubacteria and Archaebacteria Classification of Prokaryotes Examples of Prokaryotes & Diseases Benefits of Prokaryotes 1 Prevalence of Prokaryotes Prokaryotic Cell Structure • Oldest – present 2 billion years before eukaryotes • Microscopic & Structurally simplest organisms – Prokaryotic cell organization • Most abundant – 5,000 – 500,000 species? – Distribution – everywhere • Importance – – – – – Decomposition Nitrogen fixation Photosynthesis Disease Gene technology Fig. 27.6 Prokaryotic internal membranes Bacterial form Bacillus Aerobic bacterium Coccus Spirillum Cyanobacterium 1 Bacteria Cell Walls: Gram Stain Bacterial Growth 1. Reproduction Æ Binary Fission 2. Factors reducing growth ¾ Refrigeration ¾ Absence of proper nutrients ¾ Relative lack of water ¾ High salt concentrations ¾ Extremes in pH 3. Stable states Æ Endospores Prokaryote Energy Metabolism Prokaryotic Variation Metabolism 1. Mutation spontaneous errors in DNA replication E. coli Æ 5000 genes Æ 1 mutation/million genes. … 1 mutation in 200 bacteria … 1 billion bacteria in 1 spoonful of soil … 5 million mutant bacteria in 1 spoonful of soil! Energy Source Photoautotroph Chemoautotroph Sunlight CO2 Green sulfur bacteria Purple sulfur bacteria Cyanobacteria S, NH3, NH2, H2S, Fe+2 CO2 Nitrifying bacteria Deep sea thermal vents Heterotrophic Metabolism Viruses Chemoheterotroph Organic compounds Organic Most common bacteria compounds Photoheterotroph Sunlight Organic Purple non-sulfur bacteria compounds Green non-sulfur bacteria Conjugation & plasmid transfer Comparison of Eukaryotes & Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Prokaryotes Yes No > 10.0 microns 0.2 – 2.0 microns Chromosomes + Histones Naked circular DNA Multicellularity Yes and No No Chromosomes + Histones Naked circular DNA Cell division Mitosis Binary fission Genetic recombination Meiosis Yes Transformation Conjugation No 9+2 microtubules Whiplike movement. Single flagellin fiber. Spinning movement. True nucleus Cell Size Internal Compartments Flagella Examples Autotrophic Metabolism 2. Genetic recombination Characteristic Carbon Source Criteria to Classify Prokaryotes • Historical – Energy metabolism – Motility – Unicells or colonies – Spore formation • Contemporary classification – Amino acid sequences – Nucleic acid base composition (G/C ratios) – Gene & RNA sequencing – Whole genome sequencing 2 Prokaryote Classification Comparing Bacteria and Archaebacteria Characteristic Ancestral Prokaryote Cell wall Domain Archaea Domain Bacteria Kingdom Archaebacteria Kingdom Bacteria Archaebacteria Present & with Peptidoglycan Present, not Peptidoglycan Plasma membrane Phospholipids Straight chains Branched chains Gene translation & Ribosomal proteins Small ribosomes Eukaryote-like ribosomes Introns Streptomycin sensitivity Start protein synthesis with Prokaryote Classification: Archaebacteria Bacteria No Yes Yes No Formyl methionine Methionine Archaebacteria- halophiles Halobacterium halobium- a photoheterotroph Ancestral Prokaryote Domain Archaea Kingdom Archaebacteria Light drives proton gradient for ATP synthesis Extremophiles Methanogens Thermophiles Halophiles Acidophiles Bacteria Archaebacteria - Thermoacidophiles Solar evaporation pond: white is sodium carbonate, red/pink is Halobacterium. Archaebacteria - methanogens Genus: Methanococcus Habitat: Deep ocean vents: 2600 meters (3600psi) Energy source: H2 Carbon source: CO2 Sulfolobus acidocaldarius Growth conditions: pH 1.0 at 95C Many have Sulfur – based metabolism …oxidize elemental sulfur to sulfuric acid Habitat: mud pots …reduce elemental sulfur in respiration. Oxidizes sulfur to sulfuric acid …require high temperature (80-105C) Temp: 50 – 86C Strict Anaerobe 3 Prokaryote Classification: Major Groups of Bacteria Prokaryote Classification Ancestral Bacteria Ancestral Prokaryote Domain Archaea Domain Bacteria Group Kingdom Archaebacteria ……….. ……….. ……….. Gram + .…….… ……….. ……….. ……….. 2475 ……….... 1644 Spirochaetes Cyanobacteria Kingdom Bacteria Chlamydiae Proteobacteria (gram -) Group # of species 27 few few Aquificae Thermotogae Deinococcus ……….. ……….. ……….. Gram + .…….… ……….. ……….. ……….. 2475 ……….... 1644 Spirochaetes Cyanobacteria Chlamydiae Proteobacteria (gram -) 92 78 few Prokaryote Classification Ancient Bacteria Prokaryote Classification: Bacteria Ancestral Bacteria # of species 27 few few Aquificae Thermotogae Deinococcus 92 Aquificae Aquifex Hyperthermophile Æ 85C Chemoautotroph oxidizes H2 or S Deinococcus Deincoccus radiodurans Chemoheterotroph Tolerates radiation up to 30,000 Gray units (5Gy kills a human) 78 Thermus aquaticus Thermophile Chemoheterotroph few Taq polymerase used in PCR Prokaryote Classification: Bacteria Ancestral Bacteria Prokaryote Classification: Bacteria Group # of species 27 few few Aquificae Thermotogae Deinococcus ……….. ……….. ……….. Gram + .…….… ……….. ……….. ……….. 2475 ……….... 1644 Spirochaetes Cyanobacteria Chlamydiae Proteobacteria (gram -) Gram + Low G/C 92 78 few High G/C Solitary cells Bacillus Clostridium Staphylococcus Streptococcus Branching filaments Streptomyces Actinomyces Mycobacterium tuberculosis Mycobacterium leprae 4 Kingdom: Bacteria Bacteria: Gram Positive & Low G/C Bacillus (gram stained) Prokaryote Classification: Bacteria Gram + Low G/C High G/C Solitary cells Bacillus Clostridium Staphylococcus Streptococcus Branching filaments Streptomyces Actinomyces Mycobacterium tuberculosis Mycobacterium leprae Bacillus thuringensis Bt protein bacterial pesticide Bacillus anthraxis Biological warfare agent Clostridium Species (tetani, botulinum) Botox movie see http://www.botox.com/site/professionals/product_info/mechanism_of_action.asp Kingdom: Bacteria Gram Positive & Low G/C Prokaryote Classification: Bacteria Gram + Streptococcal diseases Dental caries Pneumonia Sore throat Impetigo Necrotizing fasciitis Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS) Low G/C Impetigo High G/C Kingdom: Bacteria Bacteria: Gram Positive & High G/C Branching bacteria = Actinomyces & Streptomyces Actinomyces from oral cavities Actinomyces/Streptomyces from soil Antibiotics … streptomycin tetracycline Streptomyces verticillus Solitary cells Bacillus Clostridium Staphylococcus Streptococcus Branching filaments Streptomyces Actinomyces Mycobacterium tuberculosis Mycobacterium leprae Prokaryote Classification: Bacteria Ancestral Bacteria Group # of species 27 few few Aquificae Thermotogae Deinococcus ……….. ……….. ……….. Gram + .…….… ……….. ……….. ……….. 2475 ……….... 1644 Spirochaetes Cyanobacteria Chlamydiae Proteobacteria (gram -) 92 78 few produces bleomycin antitumor antibiotic glycopeptide Treatment of carcinomas & lymphomas 5 Bullseye rash, then Headache, stiff neck, fatigue. More serious cases: Encephalitis Arthritis Myocarditis Kingdom: Bacteria: Gram Negative Spirochaetes Æ Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease) Bullseye rash of lyme disease Prokaryote Classification: Bacteria Ancestral Bacteria Group ……….. ……….. ……….. Gram + .…….… ……….. ……….. ……….. 2475 ……….... 1644 Spirochaetes Cyanobacteria Chlamydiae Proteobacteria (gram -) Kingdom: Bacteria Cyanobacteria - Photosynthetic bacteria # of species 27 few few Aquificae Thermotogae Deinococcus 92 78 few Kingdom: Bacteria : Gram Negative Cyanobacteria ÆPhotosynthetic bacteria Genus: Microcystis produces Microcystins Æ liver toxins Heterocyst Colonial: Gloeocapsa Filamentous: Anabaena Blooms of cyanobacteria Filamentous: Oscillatoria Filamentous: Spirulina Kingdom: Bacteria: Gram Negative Prokaryote Classification: Bacteria Ancestral Bacteria Group Chlamydias Æ STD Æ Urogenital, respiratory or eye infections Intracellular energy parasites # of species 27 few few Aquificae Thermotogae Deinococcus ……….. ……….. ……….. Gram + .…….… ……….. ……….. ……….. 2475 ……….... 1644 Spirochaetes Cyanobacteria Chlamydiae Proteobacteria (gram -) 92 78 few Chlamydia in epithelial cells 6 Prokaryote Classification: Bacteria Ancestral Bacteria Gram Negative Bacteria Group # of species Aquificae ……….. 27 Thermotogae ……….. few Deinococcus ……….. few Gram + Spirochaetes Cyanobacteria Chlamydiae Proteobacteria (gram -) .…….… ……….. ……….. ……….. 2475 ……….... 1644 92 Spirochaetes Cyanobacteria Chlamydiae ……….. ……….. ……….. 92 78 few Proteobacteria 78 few Beta Nitrosomonas fixes Nitrogen Gamma Enterics Escherichia coli Salmonella Vibrio cholerae Rickettsia… Typhus Alpha Epsilon Helicobacter… Peptic ulcers Delta Bdellovibrio myxobacteria glide on mucopolysaccharides Kingdom: Bacteria: Gram Negative Beta Group Æ Chemoautotrophs Nitrosomonas & Nitrobacter Gram Negative Bacteria Spirochaetes Cyanobacteria Chlamydiae ……….. ……….. ……….. 92 78 few Proteobacteria Plant remnants Beta Nitrosomonas fixes Nitrogen Gamma Enterics Escherichia coli Salmonella Vibrio cholerae Excess Food Rickettsia… Typhus Alpha Epsilon Helicobacter… Peptic ulcers Delta Kingdom: Bacteria: Gram Negative Gamma Group Æ Enterobacteria Æ Escherichia coli Bdellovibrio myxobacteria glide on mucopolysaccharides Kingdom: Bacteria: Gram Negative Gamma Group Æ Enterobacteria Æ Salmonella Gastroenteritis from Raw milk Undercooked poultry Hamburger disease caused by Escherichia coli O157:H7 Symptoms: Hemorrhagic colitis to kidney failure E.coli strain, O157:H7 Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome Sources: Eating undercooked ground undercooked ground beef raw milk beef Drinking contaminated water unpasteurized apple juice contaminated water Drinking unpasteurized (raw) milk red leaf lettuce alfalfa sprouts Working with cattle venison jerky 2000 “serotypes” exist Salmonella typhimurium Definitive Type 104 (DT104) – observed in 1984 an antibiotic resistant strain 7 Kingdom: Bacteria: Gram Negative Alpha Group Æ Rickettsias: R. typhi Æ typhus Rickettsia rickettsii Æ Rocky Mountain spotted fever Gram Negative Bacteria Spotted fever rash Spirochaetes Cyanobacteria Chlamydiae ……….. ……….. ……….. 92 78 hemolymph cells infected with R. rickettsii few Proteobacteria Beta Nitrosomonas fixes Nitrogen Gamma Enterics Escherichia coli Salmonella Vibrio cholerae Rickettsia… Typhus Alpha Epsilon Helicobacter… Peptic ulcers Delta Bdellovibrio myxobacteria glide on mucopolysaccharides Rocky Mountain Lab Kingdom: Bacteria: Gram Negative Epsilon Group Æ Helicobacter pilori Æ Peptic Ulcers Gram Negative Bacteria Spirochaetes Cyanobacteria Chlamydiae ……….. ……….. ……….. 92 78 few Proteobacteria Beta Nitrosomonas fixes Nitrogen Gamma Enterics Escherichia coli Salmonella Vibrio cholerae Rickettsia… Typhus Alpha Epsilon Helicobacter… Peptic ulcers Delta Bdellovibrio myxobacteria glide on mucopolysaccharides Kingdom: Bacteria: Gram Negative Delta Group Æ myxobacteria Æ gliding bacteria Importance of Bacteria • Disease • Ecology – Decomposers – Producers • Economic Importance – – – – Genetic engineering Industrial chemicals: acetic acid, lactic acid Drugs: streptomycin, erythromycin Environmental cleanup: oil-degrading bacteria 8 END 9
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