Download Botany - midnapore college

Syllabus for M.Sc. in Botany
Duration: 2 years (Four Semesters); Total Marks -1200
(Theory-800, Practical-400)
Department of Botany
Midnapore College (Autonomous)
Midnapore- 721 101
Ph. No. 03222273590
Syllabus for M.Sc in Botany
Department of Botany
Semester I
Paper: BOTPG-101
Subject
Marks
Theoretical (50 marks)
Microbiology
50
Phycology and Bryology & Pteridology
25+25
Mycology and Plant Pathology
25+25
Gymnosperm & Paleobotany and Plant Anatomy
25+25
Paper: BOTPG-102
Theoretical (50 marks)
Paper: BOTPG-103
Theoretical (50 marks)
Paper: BOTPG-104
Theoretical (50 marks)
Paper: BOTPG-105
Practical (50 marks)
Microbiology, Mycology and Plant Pathology
Paper: BOTPG-106
Practical (50 marks)
Phycology, Bryology, Pteridology, Gymnosperms and Anatomy
50
50
Total Marks = 300 (Th-200+Prac-100)
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Midnapore College (Autonomous)
Syllabus for M.Sc in Botany
Department of Botany
Semester II
Paper: BOTPG-201
Theoretical (50 marks)
Biophysics and Biochemistry
50
Plant Physiology
50
Plant taxonomy
50
Paper: BOTPG-202
Theoretical (50 marks)
Paper: BOTPG-203
Theoretical (50 marks)
Paper: BOTPG-204
Theoretical (50 marks)
Economic Botany and Pharmacognosy
50
Paper: BOTPG-205
Practical (50 marks)
Biochemistry and Plant Physiology
50
Plant taxonomy and Pharmacognosy
50
Paper: BOTPG-206
Practical (50 marks)
Total Marks = 300 (Th.200+Prac.100)
3
Midnapore College (Autonomous)
Syllabus for M.Sc in Botany
Department of Botany
Semester III
Paper: BOTPG-301
Theoretical (50 marks)
Cell and Molecular Biology
50
Genetics
50
Ecology and Phytogeography
50
Paper: BOTPG-302
Theoretical (50 marks)
Paper; BOTPG-303
Theoretical (50 marks)
Paper; BOTPG-304
Theoretical (50 marks)
Special paper*I (A/B)
50
A= Plant taxonomy and Ecology.
B= Microbiology
Paper: BOTPG-305
Practical
Cell Biology, Molecular Biology, Genetics and Ecology
Paper: BOTPG-306
Practical
Special Paper *I (A/B)
50
50
A= Plant taxonomy and Ecology.
B= Microbiology
Total Marks =300 (Th-200 +Prac-100)
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Midnapore College (Autonomous)
Syllabus for M.Sc in Botany
Department of Botany
Semester IV
Paper: BOTPG-401
Theoretical (50 marks)
Plant Breeding and Bios tat.
50
Paper: BOTPG-402
Theoretical (50 marks)
Biotechnology and Tissue Culture
50
Paper: BOTPG-403
Theoretical (50 marks)
Bioinformatics, and Instrumentation
50
Paper: BOTPG-404
Theoretical (50 marks)
Special Paper*II (A/B)
A= Plant taxonomy and Ecology.
B= Microbiology Special Paper*
50
Paper : BOTPG-405
Practical (50 marks)
Project work
50
Paper: BOTPG-406
Practical (50 marks)
Special Paper *II (A/B)
50
A = Plant taxonomy and Ecology.
B= Microbiology Special Paper.
Total Marks =300 (Th-200+Prac.-100)
*Special papers: Microbiology/ Plant Taxonomy and Ecology
Grand Total Marks -1200 = (Theo.-200+200+200+200) =800
(Prac.-100+100+100+100) =400
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Midnapore College (Autonomous)
Syllabus for M.Sc in Botany
Department of Botany
Syllabus in detail
Semester-I
Paper: BOTPG-101 : Microbiology
Theoretical
50 marks
1. History, discoveries and contributions, differences between prokaryotes and
eukaryotes. five kingdom concept, classification of microbes, scope and areas of
microbiology, importance of studying microbiology.
2. Microscopy- light (bright field, dark field, phase contrast and fluorescence) and
electron (SEM and TEM).
3. Principle characteristics used in the classification and identification of microbes,
bergey’s manual of determinative bacteriology.
4. Method of sterilization-dry and moist heat, UV and X-ray,
5. Nutrition of microbes, principles behind formulation of media, enrichment culture
technique, anaerobic culture principles.
6. Growth curve, mathematical nature and expression of growth, exponential and
arithmetic growth, generation time, effect of nutritional concentration on growth,
synchronous growth, batch culture and continuous growth.
7. Morphology, fine structure and chemical nature of capsule, cell wall, flagella, pili,
genome, cytoplasmic membrane (PLP and fluid mosaic model ). Gram staining
principle, reserve substances, endospore.
8. Microbial metabolism, fermentation and respiration, ED-pathway, nitrification, sulfur
oxidation, nitrogen fixation.
9. Organization and replication of genetic material in bacteria, plasmids, genetic
recombination-conjugation, transformation and transduction, gene mapping.
10. Viruses, structural organization and chemistry of viruses, viral replication (TMV) and
bacteriophage, plaque assay of viruses, classification, cultivation, lytic and lysogenic
cycle, antiviral drugs, flu virus and its importance.
11. Applied microbiology, production of wine, beer, yogurt, SUFU, citric acid, amylase.
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Midnapore College (Autonomous)
Syllabus for M.Sc in Botany
Department of Botany
12. Chemotherapy, fundamentals, chemistry, mechanism of action and therapeutic uses of
penicillin, non-medical use of antibiotics, bioassay of antibiotics.
13. Immunology: general idea of immunity, types of immunity, properties of antigen and
antibodies, nature of immunological reaction, diagnostic application, monoclonal
antibody, ELISA, Toxin, Vaccine.
Paper: BOTPG-102 : Phycology and Bryology & Pteridology
Theoretical
50 marks
Phycology
25 marks
1. Classification of algae following Smith (1955) up to division with general characters and
examples. Thallus organization and life cycle pattern in algae.
2. Endosymbiotic theory: origin of plastid. Origin and evolution of sex in algae.
3. Chlorophyta; Charecteristic features and evolutionary trends.
4. Chrysophyta: Charecteristic features and evolutionary trends.
5. Phaeophyta: Charecteristic features and evolutionary trends
6. Cyanophyta : General features & ecology; heterocyst structure and function; affinities
7. Rhodophyta: General features: specialties in sexual reproduction, post –fertilization
changes
8. Economic importance of algae, single cell protein, medicine, food supplements,
phycocolloids. Algal toxins and algal bloom.
9. Role of algae in Indian agriculture.
10. Ecological importance of algae.
Bryology
12 marks
1. Morphology, structure, reproduction and life history, distribution, modern system of
classification with class characters.
2. General account of Anthoceros, Porella and Bryam.
3. Economic and ecological importance of Bryophytes.
Pteridology
13marks
1. Modern classification of Pteridophyta.
2. Morphology, Anatomy and reproduction of Equisetum, Adiantum and Azolla
3. General account of fossil Pteridophytes - Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Sphenopsida .
4. Evolution of Stelar types in Pteridophytes; Heterospory and origin of seed habit;
5. Economic importance of pteridophytes.
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Midnapore College (Autonomous)
Syllabus for M.Sc in Botany
Department of Botany
Paper: BOTPG-103 : Mycology and Plant Pathology
Theoretical
50 marks
Mycology
25 marks
1. Introduction: Importance of studying mycology; general characteristics, latest placement of
fungi in separate kingdom. Any modem classification (Hawksworth, 1995) with characters
upto phylum; cell wall composition; heterokaryosis and parasexuality; sexual compatibility; life
cycle patterns.
2. Fungal diversity: general characteristics, thallus organization, ecology and reproduction of
fungi belonging to different fungal groups.
3. Fungal growth, nutritional and physical factors operating growth, idea of saprotrophs,
biotrophs, hemibiotrophs, merotrophs, symbionts.
General account of:
i) Myxomycota
ii) Oomycota: Phytophthora.
iii) Zygomycota: Synchitrium.
iv) Ascomycota: Types of ascocarps and process of ascus and ascospore formation.
v) Basidiomycota: mating system. Fruiting structures and spore dispersal.
vi) Deuteromycota: A general account with emphasis on sporulating structures of the members.
Vii) Spore dispersal mechanism in fungi.
4. Mushroom- cultivation technology, nutritional and medicinal properties of mushrooms.
5. Mycorrhizae- Types, Salient features, role and application as biofertilizer and bioprotector in
forestry and agriculture
Lichen: Thallus organization, reproduction and economic importance.
Plant Pathology:
25 marks
1. Introduction: History; Concept of Plant Disease; Terms and Definitions; classification
(based on occurrence and causal organism); Koch’s postulates, Importance of plant
pathology.
2. Mechanism of infection (brief idea about pre-penetration, penetration and postpenetration), role of cell wall degrading enzymes, toxins and growth regulators
3. Plants defence mechanism against pathogens: structural and biochemical defenses,
phytoalexin
4. Plant Disease Management: quarantine; cultural; physical; chemical; biological; integrated.
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Midnapore College (Autonomous)
Syllabus for M.Sc in Botany
Department of Botany
5. Plant Diseases: Disease caused by fungi, bacteria, virus, nematodes, parasitic plants and
algae. 6. Causal organism, etiology, and control of loose smut disease of wheat, damping off
disease of seedlings.
7. Seed borne plant pathogen.
Paper : BOTPG-104 : Gymnosperms & Paleobotany and Plant Anatomy
Theoretical
50 marks
Gymnosperms
15 marks
1. Classification of Gymnosperms and their distribution in India
2. Diagnostic features and evolutionary trends in the orders Pteridospermales, Cycadales,
Bennettitales, Coniferales, Ginkgoales, Gnetales.
3. General account of Pinus, Ephedra and Gnetum.
4. Economic importance of gymnosperms as-wood, resin, essential oils, drugs and food.
Paleobotany
10 marks
1. Definition and types of plant fossils according to their mode of preservation.
2. Dating of rocks; outline of Standard Geologic time Scale. Major events of plant life
through geologic history.
3. Concept of form-genus.
4. Plant life through Indian Gondwana. (Sequence and Classification).
5. Introductory idea of Continental Drift Hypothesis with reference to Sea-door Spreading
and Plate Tectonics.
Anatomy
25 marks
1. Apical meristem: Organization of shoot-apex, root-apex concept. Changes in shoot apex
during transition to flowering.
2. Stomata: Types (Metchalfe and Chalk), Ontogeny.
3. Stele: Types and Evolution.
4. Secondary growth: Normal (intra- and extra-stelar), Anomalous (with common examples) .
5. Origin, differentiation and phylogeny of xylem and phloem.
6. Origin, histology, tissue differentiation and vascularization of leaf.
7. Nodal anatomy and its phylogenetic significance.
Paper: BOTPG-105 : Microbiology, Mycology and Plant Pathology
(Practical)
Microbiology
50 marks
20 marks
1. Simple staining of bacteria
2. Gram staining of bacteria
3. Endospore staining of bacteria
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Midnapore College (Autonomous)
Syllabus for M.Sc in Botany
Department of Botany
4. Negative staining
5. Study of curd microorganism
6. Isolation of bacteria from soil.
Mycology :
20 marks
1. Study of : Saccharomyces, Aspergillus, Polyporus. Ascobolus, Agaicus
2. Slide identificatyion: Synchitrium, Penecillium, Cyathus, Phytopthora
3. Sterilization methods; Preparation of Media, Slants and Stabs; Isolation and
Subculture of fungi.
Plant Pathology
1. Study of different disease types.
2. Study of black stem rust of wheat, red rot of sugarcane.
10marks
3. Study of root colonization by Arbuscular mycorrhizae.
Paper: BOTPG-106 : Phycology, Byrology, Pteridology, Gymnosperm and Anatomy
Practical
50 marks
Phycology
14 marks
1. Work out of the following algae with reproductive structure (Free hand drawing and
drawing under drawing prism with magnification): Anabaena, Nostoc, Vaucheria,
Polysiphonia.
2. Study of (a) Permanent slides: Oscillatiria, Spirogyra, Ectocarpus, Centric and Pennate
diatom; (b) Macroscopic specimens : Fucus, Sargassum
Bryophytes:
08 marks
Study of Anthoceros , Porella, and Bryem.
Pteridophytes:
08 marks
Study of vegetative and reproductive parts of Equisetum, Adientum, Azolla.
Gymnosperms
08 marks
1. Morphological study: Cycas (microsporophyll and megasporophyll), Pinus (female
and male cone), Gnetum (female and male cone). Anatomy of Cycas and Pinus leaf.
2. Study from permanent slides: Cycas (L.S. of ovule), Pinus (L.S. of male and female
cone), Ginkgo (L.S. of female strobilus), Gnetum (L.S. of male cone and ovule).
Ephedra (ovule).
3. Study from permanent slides/ photographs: T.S. of stem of Rhynia, Lepidodendron,
Calamites, Lyginopteris, reproductive structure of Lepidocarpon and leaf fossils
Ptilophyllum and Glossopteris.
Anatomy
12
1. Study of Stomatal types
2. Study of Normal and Anomalous Secondary growth.
3. Anatomy of date palm leaf, Colocacia leaf, Mirabilis stem, Nymphaea petiole, Peperomia
stem.
4. Maceration of stem.
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Midnapore College (Autonomous)
Syllabus for M.Sc in Botany
Department of Botany
Semester II
Paper: BOTPG-201 : Biophysics and Biochemistry
Theoretical
Biophysics and Biochemistry
50 marks
50 marks
1. Structure of atoms, molecules and chemical bonds.
2. Principles of biophysical chemistry (pH, buffer, reaction kinetics, thermodynamics,
colligative properties).
3. Stabilizing interactions (Van der Waals, electrostatic, hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic
interaction, etc.).
4. Composition, structure and function of biomolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins,
nucleic acids and vitamins).
5. Metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, nucleotides and vitamins.
6. Conformation of proteins (Ramachandran plot, secondary, tertiary and quaternary
structures; domains; motif and folds).
7. Conformation of nucleic acids (A-, B-, Z-DNA), t-RNA, micro-RNA).
8. Stability of protein and nucleic acid structures.
9. Secondary metabolites - Biosynthesis of terpenes, phenols and nitrogenous
compounds and their roles.
10. Enzymes: Classification, definitions of isozymes, allosteric enzymes, feedback
inhibition, competitive and noncompetitive inhibition of enzymes, mechanisms of
enzyme action, enzyme kinetics.
Paper: BOTPG-202 : Plant Physiology
Theoretical
50 marks
Plant Physiology
50 marks
1. Photosynthesis: Light harvesting complexes; mechanisms of electron transport;
photoprotective mechanisms; CO2 fixations -C3, C4 and CAM pathways.
2. Respiration and photorespiration: Citric acid cycle; plant mitochondrial electron
transport and ATP synthesis; alternate oxidase; photo respiratory pathway.
3. Nitrogen metabolism: Nitrate and ammonium assimilation; amino acid biosynthesis;
symbiotic nitrogen- fixation
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Midnapore College (Autonomous)
Syllabus for M.Sc in Botany
Department of Botany
4. Plant hormones: Present day concept of phytohormones and plant growth regulator
(PGR); Chemistry biosynthesis, storage, breakdown and transport of phytohormones; their
physiological effects and mechanisms of action; agricultural roles of PGRs.
5. Sensory photobiology: Structure, function and mechanisms of action of phytochromes,
cryptochromes and phototropins; stomatal movement; photoperiodism and biological clocks.
6. Solute transport and photoassimilate translocation: Uptake, transport and translocation
of water, ions, solutes and macromolecules from soil, through cells, across membranes,
through xylem and phloem; transpiration; concept of source, sink and translocation system of
plants, mechanisms of loading and unloading of photoassimilates.
7. Stress physiology: Responses of plants to biotic (pathogen and insects) and abiotic (water,
temperature and salt) stresses; mechanisms of resistance to biotic stress and tolerance to
abiotic stress.
Paper : BOTPG-203 : Plant Taxonomy
Theoretical
50 marks
Plant taxonomy
1. Taxonomy and Systematics: Concept and objectives.
50 marks
2. Plant Nomenclature: ICN, Principles, Rules, Recommendations and appendices;
Type concept, valid publication and rejection of names. Proposed Bio Code and
PhyloCode.
3. Tools of Taxonomy: Field collection methods, Herbarium, Botanic Gardens and their
importance in teaching and research, GIS (Geographical Information System) in
Botany.
4. Concept of taxa; categories and hierarchy; species concept.
5. Recent systems of Angiosperm classification including APGII (2009).
6. Taxonomic literature: Types, definition and examples.
7. Phenetics and Cladistics: Principles, methods, merits and demerits.
8. Biosystematics: Methods, Categories and relationship with traditional taxonomy.
9. Angiosperms diversity: Salient features, phylogeny and evolutionary trends in
Magnollidae,Hamamelidae, Caryophyllidae, Asteridae, Alismatidae, Commeliniidae,
and Liliidae (sensu Cronquist,1981), concept of palaeoherbs and eu-dicots
(tricolpates).
10. Biodiversity: Concept, levels, values, hotspots and hottest hotspots, megadiversity
centers of world, loss of biodiversity, IUCN threat categories, in situ and ex situ
conservation measures.
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Midnapore College (Autonomous)
Syllabus for M.Sc in Botany
Department of Botany
11. Data sources of Taxonomy: Anatomy, embryology, palynology, cytology and
phytochemistry, serology, and molecular systematics.
Paper: BOTPG-204 : Economic Botany and Pharmacognosy
Theoretical
50 marks
Economic Botany
25 marks
Economic Botany: Non timber forest produces (fibre and flosses; grass oil, oil seeds; grasses,
bamboos and canes; tanins, dyes and gum; resins and oleoresins; drugs, spices, poisons;
edible products). Importance of NTFP.
Ethnobotany: Definition, branches, relevance, methods and status in India. Herbalism and
Phytotherapy; Preparation of herbal drugs for commercial market.
Floriculture-Horticulture: Cultivation and hybridization of Rose, chrysanthemum, Dahlia
Tube-rose, Gladiolus; Cultivation of indoor and decorative foliage plants, Preparation of
Bonsai, Pomology of mango, guava, lichi.
Pharmacognosy:
25 marks
1. Classification and pharmacological action of plant drugs.
2. Origin of secondary metabolites – a brief account of acetate pathway, mevalonate and
deoxyxylulose phosphate pathways, shikimate pathway
3. Carbohydrates – starch, cellulose derivatives, gums.
4. Glycosides, general account, biosynthesis, glycosidal drugs
5. Cyanogenic glycosides and glucosinolate compounds.
6. Alkaloids, definition, properties, classification, alkaloidal drugs – Datura stramonium,
Atropa belladona, opium, Cinchona, tea, ergot, Rauvolfia, Holarrhena, Catharanthus –
alkaloidal constituents, uses, allied drugs.
7. Phenolic compounds produced by plants, types, biological activity, drugs – Senna, Aloe,
Hypericum, Capsicum.
8. Steroidal compounds, different types, biological activity and pharmaceutical importance
9. Volatile oils, composition, drugs – clove, Mentha, Eucalyptus, Foeniculum, Cinnamomum,
citronella
10. Resins, different types, uses
Paper: BOTPG-205 : Biochemistry and Plant Physiology
Practical
Plant Biochemistry
1. Preparation of buffers and solutions.
50 marks
25 marks
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Midnapore College (Autonomous)
Syllabus for M.Sc in Botany
Department of Botany
2. Preparation of a standard curve for carbohydrates and determination of carbohydrate
levels in unknown samlples using anthrone reagent.
3. Preparation of a standard curve for proteins and determination of protein levels in
unknown samples using Folin-phenol reagent.
4. Preparation of a standard curve for amino acids and determination of amino acid
levels in unknown samples using ninhydrin reagent.
5. Extraction and comparative study of chlorophyll levels in leaves of different age.
6. Preparation of a standard curve for IAA and determination of IAA levels in unknown
samples using Salkowsky reagent.
7. Comparative study of the activities of amylase enzyme in different plant samples.
8. Comparative study of the activities of catalase enzyme in different plant samples
Plant Physiology
25 marks
1. Effect of respiratory promoters/ inhibitors on the rate of aerobic respiration.
2. Effect of photosynthetic promoters/ inhibitors on the rate of photosynthesis.
3. Determination of isotonic concentration and osmotic pressure of cell sap. '
4. Isolation of chloroplasts and demonstration of Hill reaction.
5. Determination of total acidity of cell sap.
6. Determination of percentage of seed viability by TTC test
7. Determination of water potential of cell sap by Chardakovs method.
8. Effect of inhibitors on the uptake of water by seedlings.
Paper: BOTPG-206 : Plant Taxonomy and Pharmacognosy
Practical
50 Marks
Plant taxonomy
30 marks
1. Workout of plant specimens and description of vegetative and reproductive characters
from representative families locally available.
2. Training in using local floras and other literature and herbaria for identification of
specimens described in the classes.
3. Study of various taxa of a genus, location of key characters and preparation of keys at
species level.
4. Field excursions (at least one distal) for familiarization with and study of vegetation
type (s) and flora (s) of areas outside the state, and in the local areas.
Pharmacognosy
20 marks
1. Choice of solvent for extraction of alkaloids, phenols.
2. Chemical tests for the detection of alkaloids, phenols, anthraquinones, cardenolides,
anthocyanins, betacyanins, carotenoids.
3. Extraction and chromatographic detection of some common plant drugs.
4. Study of unorganized drugs – starches, gums, resins etc.
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Midnapore College (Autonomous)
Syllabus for M.Sc in Botany
Department of Botany
Semester III
Paper BOT PG-301: Cell and molecular Biology
Theoretical
50 marks
Cell Biology
25 marks
1. Membrane structure and function: Structure of model membrane, lipid bilayer and
membrane protein diffusion, osmosis, ion channels, active transport, ion pumps, mechanism
of sorting and regulation of intracellular transport, electrical properties of membranes.
2. Structural organization and function of intracellular organelles: Cell wall, nucleus,
mitochondria, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, peroxisomes, plastids,
vacuoles, chloroplast, structure & function of cytoskeleton and its role in motility.
3. Organization of genes and chromosomes: Operon, interrupted genes, gene families,
structure of chromatin and chromosomes, unique and repetitive DNA, heterochromatin,
euchromatin, transposons.
4. Cell division and cell cycle: Mitosis and meiosis, their regulation, steps in cell cycle, and
control of cell cycle.
.
Molecular Biology
25 marks
1. DNA replication, repair and recombination: Unit of replication, enzymes involved, replication
origin and replication fork, fidelity of replication, extrachromosomal replicons, DNA damage and
repair mechanisms.
2. RNA synthesis and processing: Transcription factors and machinery, formation of initiation
complex, transcription activators and repressors, RNA polymerases, capping, elongation and
termination, RNA processing, RNA editing, splicing, polyadenylation, structure and function of
different types of RNA, RNA transport.
3. Protein synthesis and processing: Ribosome, formation of initiation complex, initiation factors
and their regulation, elongation and elongation factors, termination, genetic code, aminoacylation of
tRNA, tRNA-identity, aminoacyl tRNA synthetase, translational proof-reading, translational
inhibitors, post- translational modification of proteins.
4. Control of gene expression at transcription and translation level: Regulation of phages, viruses,
prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene expression, role of chromatin in regulating gene expression and gene
silencing.
Paper: BOT PG- 302: Genetics :
Theoretical
50 marks
Genetics
1. Mendelian principles: Dominance, segregation, independent assortment, deviation from
Mendelian inheritance.
2. Concept of gene: Allele, multiple alleles, pseudoallele, complementation tests.
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Midnapore College (Autonomous)
Syllabus for M.Sc in Botany
Department of Botany
3. Extensions of Mendelian principles: Codominance, incomplete dominance, gene
interactions, pleiotropy, genomic imprinting, penetrance and expressivity, phenocopy,
linkage and crossing over, sex linkage, sex limited and sex influenced characters.
4. Gene mapping methods: Linkage maps, tetrad analysis, mapping with molecular
markers, mapping by using somatic cell hybrids, development of mapping population in
plants.
5. Extra chromosomal inheritance: Inheritance of mitochondrial and chloroplast genes,
maternal inheritance.
6. Quantitative genetics: Polygenic inheritance, heritability and its measurements, QTL
mapping.
7. Mutation: Types, causes and detection, mutant types – lethal, conditional, biochemical,
loss of function, gain of function, germinal verses somatic mutants, insertional
mutagenesis.
8. Structural and numerical alterations of chromosomes: Deletion, duplication,
inversion, translocation, ploidy and their genetic implications.
9. Recombination:
Homologous
and
non-homologous
recombination,
including
transposition,
10. Population genetics – populations, gene pool, gene frequency; Hardy-Weinberg law;
random genetic drift; speciation; allopatricity and sympatricity;
11. Cancer: Genetic rearrangements in progenitor cells, oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes,
cancer and the cell cycle, virus-induced cancer, metastasis, interaction of cancer cells with
normal cells, apoptosis, therapeutic interventions of uncontrolled cell growth.
Paper:BOT PG- 303: Ecology and Phytogeography
Theoretical
50 marks
Ecology
35 marks
1. The Environment: Physical environment; biotic environment; biotic and abiotic
interactions.
2. Habitat and niche: Concept of habitat and niche; niche width and overlap; fundamental
and realized niche; resource partitioning; character displacement.
3. Population ecology: Characteristics of a population; population growth curves;
population regulation; life history strategies (r and K selection); concept of
metapopulation – demes and dispersal, interdemic extinctions, age structured populations.
4.
Species interactions: Types of interactions, interspecific competition, herbivory,
carnivory, pollination, symbiosis.
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Midnapore College (Autonomous)
Syllabus for M.Sc in Botany
Department of Botany
5. Community ecology: Nature of communities; community structure and attributes; levels
of species diversity and its measurement; edges and ecotones.
6. Ecological succession: Types; mechanisms; changes involved in succession; concept of
climax.
7. Ecosystem: Structure and function; energy flow and mineral cycling (CNP); primary
production and decomposition; structure and function of some Indian ecosystems:
terrestrial (forest, grassland) and aquatic (fresh water, marine, eustarine).
8.
Biogeography: Major terrestrial biomes; theory of island biogeography; biogeographical
zones of India.
9. Environmental pollution; global environmental change; biodiversity-status, monitoring
and documentation; major drivers of biodiversity change; biodiversity management
approaches.
10. Conservation biology: Bioresource and uses of biodiversity, Principles of conservation,
major approaches to management, Indian case studies on conservation/management
strategy (Project Tiger, Biosphere reserves).
11. Bioremediation and phytoremediation.
12. Biosensors.
Phytogeography
15 marks
1. Phytogeographical regions of India and world, plant flora of those, continuous and dis
continuous distribution. Endemism (Theories, types and distribution of endemic plant
families), disjunction: Invasions and Introductions.
2. Major forest types of India and their composition.
Paper:BOT PG-304 Special paper I*
(Theory)
A= Plant taxonomy and Ecology.
B= Microbiology
Special paper*I (A/B)
50 marks
Special Paper-I- A= Plant taxonomy and Ecology
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Midnapore College (Autonomous)
Syllabus for M.Sc in Botany
Department of Botany
Paper-304 (Special - Taxonomy of Angiosperm and Ecology) – 50 Marks
Group –A
Taxonomy of Angiosperm: (30 Marks)
Sl. No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7
Contents in Details
No. of
Lectures
Brief history of Taxonomic Study in India including the contribution of
06
W. Roxburgh, N. Wallich, J.D. Hooker, G. King, K.P. Biswas, D. Prain,
Rev. Father H. Santapau, D.B. Deb.
Classification: Recent classification by R.F. Thorne, APG III (2009),
03
APG IV (2016).
Data sources of Taxonomy: Palynology, Secondary metabolites, Ultra
06
structure (Plastid), Molecular data (Chloroplast, Mitochondria, Nuclear
DNA), DNA barcoading, e-taxonomy, Reverse Taxonomy.
Tools of Taxonomy: Herbarium, Botanic Gardens, GIS and RS,
04
Significance in Botany
Nomenclature: Addition and changes in latest code (Melbourne Code
06
2012), Principle, Typification, Priority and Limitation of the Principle of
Priority, Valid Publication, Rejection and Name and changes, Name of
cultivated plants and Hybrid plants. Brief idea about Biocode and
Phylocode.
Circumsription and Phylogy of orders (Croncruist, 1988),
07
Magnoliales, Rosales, Caryophyllales, Asterales, Alismatalis, Liliales,
Orchidales.
Cladistic Study: Concept of cline, polarity, anagenesis, cladogenesis,
04
Homology, Analogy, Parallelism and Convergence, Monophyly,
Polyphyly, Paraphyly, Holophyly, Dendrogram, Cladogram. Method for
construction of Cladogram, Merits and Demerits.
Group- B
Ecology (20 Marks)
8.
Ecology: concept, significance, scope, resistance, Resilience, Gaia
hypothesis, physical environment, solar radiation, atmosphere,
Hydrosphere.
06
9.
Ecological concept of species- ecological amplitude, Homeostasis,
tolerance, adaptation, Concept of niche, speciation.
04
10.
Soil Ecology: Soil components, soil formation, soil profile, soil texture,
soil erosion and its control ; Soil pollution & effect, conservation.
05
11.
An over view on allelopathy & Environmental Toxicology.
06
12.
Ecological factors: Light, temperature, water, fire.
03
18
Midnapore College (Autonomous)
Syllabus for M.Sc in Botany
Department of Botany
Post graduate syllabus in Botany
Special paper: Microbiology
Special- I, Paper- BOTPG-304, Full Marks- 50(40+10)
Theory:
1. Classification and diversity of microorganism: different kingdom concept, general
accounts
of
archaebacteria,
actinomycetes,
spirochetes,
rickettsias
and
mycoplasmas, detailed account of photosynthetic bacteria.
2. Microscopy: principles and use of Phase contrast microscope, SEM, TEM, AFM.
3. Staining methodology: procedure of staining of different organisms (Gram, acid fast,
endospore).
4. Bacterial growth: Definition, generation time, growth curve, diouxic growth, bacterial
media, nutritional parameters.
5. Classification and mode of action of antibiotics: antibacterial (penicillin,
streptomycin, ceplalosporin, sulphonamides), antifungal ( triazoles and imidazoles),
antiviral (acyclovir, zidovudin), antiprotozoal (metronidazole, ornidazole), microbial
assay, mechanism of drug resistance.
6. Control of microorganism by physical and chemical agents : methods of sterilization
and mode of action of different chemicals as disinfectant.
7. Microbiology of soil: Biogeochemical cycles (nitrogen, sulphur, carbon, phosphorus),
Biological N2 fixation, nitrogenase and its alternative forms, regulation of nitrogenise.
8. Microbiology of water: sources of water pollution, distribution of microorganisms in
aquatic environment, potable water, determination of quality of water (plate count,
MPN), sewage treatment and its reuse.
9. Microbiology of air: sources of air pollution, different microbes involved in diseases.
10. Microbial genetics: DNA as genetic material, fine structure, replication;
transformation, transduction and conjugation, genome mapping; gene expressionLac and Trp operon, attenuation.
11. Plant-microbes interaction: microbes as pathogens of plants, animals and human
systems.
12. Enzymes: regulation, kinetics, mode of action and uses of amylases and proteases.
19
Midnapore College (Autonomous)
Syllabus for M.Sc in Botany
Department of Botany
Paper: BOT PG- 305: Cell Biology, Molecular biology, Genetics and Ecology
(Practical)
Cell Biology, Molecular biology, Genetics:
50 marks
30marks
1. Idea about the preparation of pre-treating agents, Fixatives and stains for cytological
practical
2. Orcein and Feulgen staining of metaphase plates; Preparation of karyotype and
Ideogram, determination of mitotic index.
3. Study of meiosis in pollen mother cells, determination of chiasma frequency
4. Chi square test for Goodness of Fit of fixed ratio hypothesis.
5. Measurement of Central tendency and Dispersion ( SD- calculation)
6. Identification of different normal and abnormal stages of Mitosis with respect to their
feature and function.
7. Identification of different stages of Meiosis with respect to their feature and function.
Ecology
20marks
1. Determination of species area curve by Quadrat method.
2. Determination of density, frequency and basal cover of species.
3. Determination of organic matter in soil.
4. Determination of index of similarity / dissimilarity between two communities.
8. Determination of nutrient content of soil by kit- method.
9. Colorimetric determination of nitrogen and phosphorus of soil.
Paper: BOT PG- 306
Special paper*I (A/B)
(Practical Paper)
A= Plant taxonomy and Ecology.
B= Microbiology
50 marks
Special practical: Paper – I (A) : (Plant taxonomy and Ecology.)
20
Midnapore College (Autonomous)
Syllabus for M.Sc in Botany
Department of Botany
Paper-304 (Special- Practical -Taxonomy of Angiosperm & Ecology) – 50
Marks
Paper-306 (Special- Practical -Taxonomy of Angiosperm &
Ecology) – 50 Marks
Taxonomy of Angiosperm
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Collection of local plants, Identification of Families, Writing of Field
notes (Both in local and long tour/excursion)
Comparative study of different groups of plants and make an artificial
key of the families.
Detailed description, drawing, labelling, of dissected plants of different
families of the local flora(At least 15)
Description, Drawing, Labelling of the dried specimens (At least 10)
Floral diagram of some selected families.
Ecology
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Different methods of vegetation study Life forms (Field Species)
Density, Abundance
Determination of IVI, dispersion, dominance, diversity and similarity
indices.
Determination of root shoot ratio. Litter decomposition studies.
Water holding capacity
NPK study in soil, Study of Organic matter
Special practical: Paper – I (B) : (Microbiology)
1. Study of fermentation of sugar by different bacteria.
2. Starch and protein hydrolysis.
3. Microbial assay of streptomycin (agar cup, disk and turbidity method).
4. Potability of water through IMVIC and MPN method.
5. Study of bacterial growth curve.
6. Enumeration of bacteria by plate count.
7. Isolation of fungi and bacteria from soil.
8. Determination of MIC of different bacteria against Streptomycin.
9. Preparation of survival curve of a bacterium after UV exposure and isolation of
mutants.
21
Midnapore College (Autonomous)
Syllabus for M.Sc in Botany
Department of Botany
Semester IV
Paper: BOTPG-401 : Plant Breeding and Bio stat
(Theoretical)
50 marks
Plant Breeding
35 marks
1. Importance and propagation of horticultural plants: a. Propagation through seeds. b.
Propagation through cuttings i.e., leaf, stem and roots. c. Grafting- normal and special
grafting procedures.
2. Plant breeding objectives. Traits of interest for field crops, fruits and vegetable crops
(yield, duration, adaptability and tolerance / Resistance to Biotic and A biotic stresses.
Centre of origin & diversity of crops.
3. Selection. Back cross breeding and usefulness of marker–assisted selection.
4. Development of inbred cultivars and commercial hybrids.
5. Heterosis, Combining ability and Heritability.
6. Mutation breeding. Induced polyploidy in plant breeding. Importance of haploids and
dihaploids
7.
Polyploidy; Genetic variability.
8.
Application of biotechnology in plant breeding. Bt-cotton and Bt-brinjal, Herbicide
resistant crops and Golden rice.
Biostatistics
15 marks
Biostatistics
1. Introduction: The scope of biostatistics; Classification of study design, Observational
studies and Experimental studies.
2. Exploration and presentation of data: Scales of measurement, Tables, Graphs,
Histograms, Box and Whisker plots, Frequency polygon, Scatter Plots.
3. Descriptive statistics: measures of central tendency, measures of dispersionvariance, SE,SD. chi square test
4. Probability: Definition, mutually exclusive events and addition rule, independent
events and multiplication rule.
5. Comparing three or more means: ANOVA – one way, two way,
6. Basic idea of Correlation and Regression: Pearson’s correlation coefficient,
Paper: BOTPG-402 : Biotechnology and Tissue culture
(Theory)
50 marks
1. Molecular cloning techniques;
2. Isolation of specific nucleic acid sequences; generation of genomic and cDNA libraries in
plasmid, phage, cosmid, Ti- plasmid, BAC and YAC vectors;
3. Blotting techniques, PCR, DNA fingerprinting.
4. Agrobacterium- mediated gene transfer in common plants, electroporation, particle
gun and microinjection.
22
Midnapore College (Autonomous)
Syllabus for M.Sc in Botany
Department of Botany
5. Techniques of DNA and protein sequencing.
6. Transgenic animals and plants, molecular approaches to diagnosis and strain
identification.
7. Genomics and its application to health and agriculture, including gene therapy.
8. Cell and Tissue culture in plants:
suspension culture, single cell clones.
Organogenesis; Somatic embryogenesis; Transfer and establishment of whole plants
in soil; Somatic embryo and artificial seeds
9. Shoot-tip culture: Production of virus free plants and micro propagation
10. Embryo culture and Rescue; Haploid Culture. Micropropagation, Somaclonal variation
11. Microbes in agriculture: Biofertilizers - Bacterial, Cyanobacterial, Mycorrhizal and
Azolla. Mass production of Rhizobium Azotobacter and mycorrhiza.
12. Food biotechnology: principles of food preservation- Asepsis, Removal of
microorganisms, anaerobic condition - High and low temperature, Drying, Food additive.
Canning, contamination and spoilage of canned food.
Paper: BOTPG-403 : Bioinformatics and Instrumentation
50 Marks
Bioinformatics
1. Introduction to bioinformatics and data generation, its relation with molecular
biology. Examples of some related tools(FASTA, BLAST, BLAT, RASMOL),
databases(GENBANK, Pubmed, PDB ) and software(RASMOL,Ligand
Explorer).Data generation;
2. Biological Database and its Types NCBI, EMBL, DDBJ etc.
3. Sequence Alignments and Visualization -Local alignment and Global alignment.
4. Applications of Bioinformatics.
.
Instrumentation:
Basic principle and function ofMicroscopy: Light microscopy-resolving power and variation of numerical aperture. Phase
contrast, SEM, TEM, and AFM.
Sterilization: Types of instruments and principle behind them.
Centrifugation.
Colorimetry and Spectrophotometry: Different spectroscopic techniques their principle and
use. Mass spectrometry.
Chromatography: Partition chromatography, GLC, and HPLC,
Gel electrophoresis: basically SDS-PAGE.
Paper: BOTPG-404 :
Special Paper - II
50 marks
(Theoretical)
Special practical: Paper – I I(A) : (Plant taxonomy and Ecology.):--23
Midnapore College (Autonomous)
Syllabus for M.Sc in Botany
Department of Botany
Paper-402 (Special- Taxonomy of Angiosperm & Ecology) – 50 Marks
Group –A
Taxonomy of Angiosperm: (20 Marks)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
1.
No. of
Lectures
Taxomomic Literature: Definition with examples of classical books,
04
Flora, Manual, Revision, Monograph, Index, Catalogue, Dictionary,
Bibliography, Journal/Periodical of India and Abroad.
Centre of origin of cultivated/ crop plants ; angiosperm diversity of
02
India, endemic and threatened plants of India, concept of endemic,
exotic plant and invasive species,
Species concept, Speciadron, Vaniadian and isoladian, Phenotypic
04
plasticity.
Biodiversity and Conservation: Definition of biodiversity α, β and γ
07
diversity, Mega diversity, Hotspots, Hottest hotspot, Importance of
biodiversity. Degradation of biodiversity, In-situ & Ex-situ conservation,
Technique of Ex-situ conservation, Seed bank, Gene bank, Tissue
culture, Activities of IUCN, MAB, CITES, UNEP,CBD,WWF,SSC,
TRAFFIC, Red data book, Categories of IUCN for in-situ and ex-situ
conservation, Activities of BSI for conservation, Activities of NBPGR
and IBPGR.
Distribution of Families: Cosmopolyton Families, Tropical Families,
04
Temparate Families, Discontinuous Families.
Phytochoria of the world, Dispersal and Migration of plants.
04
General account on Insectivorous Plants, Parasitic Plants and Epiphytic
03
Plants.
Group-B
Ecology (30 Marks)
Ecosystem: Components, concept, function, productivity, energy
05
transfer, biogeochemical cycle, Forest, Grassland, Desert ecosystem.
Biomes: Major biomes of India, Wetland & Costal Ecology.
2.
Community Ecology: Classification, Continuum concept, ordination,
Environmental Gradient Analysis, Succession Models, Diversity indices.
05
3.
Pollution Ecology: Pollutants, Air, Water, Thermal, Soil industrial,
Radioactive pollutions and effects, Nuclear hazards, Heavy metal
contamination toxicity, Aerosols; General idea on bio-indicators.
06
4.
Bioremediation, Phytoremediation, Waste management.
04
5.
Environmental Acts (National and International): Brief idea about
management of forest, plants and animals.
05
6.
Global Environmental Change: Climate Change, Global Warming,
Green house gasses.
06
7.
Population Ecology: Principle (density, natality, dispersal, etc.), species
interaction.
05
8.
Microbial biodiversity
04
24
Midnapore College (Autonomous)
Syllabus for M.Sc in Botany
Department of Botany
Special Paper: II (B) (Microbiology)
1. Virus: isolation, cultivation and purification; prions and viriods; general account of
SARS, AIDS, Swaine Flu.
2. Oncogenes and cancer: types, causes and regulation.
3. Plasmids: types, properties, used as vectors ( cosmid, phagemid, fosmid, M13)
shuttle vector, Ti plasmid.
4. Genetic engineering: restriction endonuclease, topoisomerase, gyrase, methylases,
polymerases, terminal transferase ; genomic and cDNA library, Ethics in genetic
engineering, PCR, southern blotting.
5. Microbial leaching of metals: leaching of gold/copper, desulphurication of coal.
6. Food microbiology: fermented milk product (cheese, acidophilus milk, kefir, yogurt),
beverages (beer, wine), oriental fermented food- TOFU.
7. Fermentation technology: different types of fermentation and fermentor and their
mode of operation.
8. Industrial microbiology: production of lactic acid, glutamic acid, citric acid and
penicillin.
9. Immunology: immunity, types, immunological memory; immunoglobulin classes,
mechanism of antibody diversity, monoclonal and polyclonal antibody, clonal
selection and immune tolerance, hypersensitivity; vaccine- types.
10. Immunological and serological methods: precipitation test, ELISA, complement
fixation test, agglutination test, western blotting technique.
11. Bioremediation: uses of microbes in controlling pollution.
12. Bioinformatics: basic idea.
Paper: BOTPG-405 : Project Work
Practical
50 marks
Project work
The project will be selected by the student from their special paper of choice and the project
work will be started during their 3rd semester classes after selection of special paper.
Paper: BOTPG-406 : Special paper- Practical
Practical
50 marks
25
Midnapore College (Autonomous)
Syllabus for M.Sc in Botany
Department of Botany
Special practical: Paper: II – II(A) : (Plant taxonomy and Ecology.):
Paper-406 (Special- Practical -Taxonomy of Angiosperm &
Ecology) – 50 Marks
Taxonomy of Angiosperm
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Character assessment of the studied plants as evolutionary status
(Following Hutchinson).
Use of computer for correct nomenclature, synonym, basionym etc.
Assessment / Estimation of species of different genera of Indian families
for West Bengal/ India (Based on Flora).
Solve of nomenclatural problem.
Study of pollen morphology of some selected plant species.
Ecology
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Determination of BOD and COD in water sample.
Pollution studies- relative water content, ascorbic acid, chlorophyll,
carotinoids, estimation.
Pollution studies : Relative water content
Study of Phytoplankton in different water bodies.
Study of toxic elements from industrial effluents.
Estimation of soil physical propaties- colour, texture, sticky point,
density, porosity.
Special practical: Paper: II (B)(Microbiology)
1. Estimation of sugar, protein, DNA and RNA.
2. Determination of amino acid by TLC.
3. Determination of molecular weight of a protein by gel electrophoresis (PAGE).
4. Isolation of plasmid from bacteria.
5. Agarose gel electrophoresis of plasmid.
6. BLAST search and alignment of genomic sequence, preparation of phylogenetic tree.
7. Isolation of Azatobacter from soil and Rhizobium from root nodule.
8. Study of immuno-diffusion technique.
9. Visit to a place of microbiological interest.
26
Midnapore College (Autonomous)