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CHAPTER
14
Reproduction
PowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by
Stephen Gehnrich, Salisbury University
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
3 structural categories of hormones:
Amine (derived from amino acid):
catecholamine (epinephrine, norepinephrine)
thyroid hormone
Peptide and protein: insulin, growth hormone,….
Steroid (derived from cholesterol): testosterone, estrogen,…
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Neuroendocrine systems
Neurosecretory cells:
specialized neuron produce
hormone molecules
(Neurohormones)
Hypothalamus
Neurohormone secretory
vesicles is larger (100-400nm)
than neurotransmitter
secretory vesicles (30-60nm)
Neurohemal organ
Pituitary gland
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Hormonal secretion from the pituitary gland is controlled by hypothalamus
(hypothalamo-hypophyseal
portal system)
Pituitary gland
(hypophysis)
(ADH, vasopressin)
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corticotropin
gonadotropin
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Tropic hormones: act on other endocrine
tissues to regulate the secretion of these
glands
GIH=somatostatin
CRH
ACTH
GnRH
FSH LH
TRH
GRH GIH
TSH
GH
PIH
prolactin
(corticotropin)
(gonadotropin)
Adrenal
cortex
Glucocorticoid
Mineralcorticoid
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Ovary/
testis
Thyroid
gland
Target tissues
Androgen Thyroxin (T4, T3)
Estrogen
progesterone
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Posterior pituitary gland (neuro-hormones)
ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
+
+
Positive feedback
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Actions of lipid soluble and lipid-insoluble hormones
(steroid, thyroid hormones)
Long-term effects (hrs~days)
Genomic effects
( amine, peptide, protein)
Short-term effects (mins~hrs)
Non-genomic effects
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Stress hormones
Catecholamines from adrenal medulla (chromaffin cells)
Gluco-corticoids from adrenal cortex
Mineral-corticoid from adrenal cortex
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Glucocorticoid
Mineralocorticoid
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Synthesis and release of catecholamine from chromaffin cells
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Catecholamine secretion by the adrenal medulla is regulated by neurons
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Thyroid hormones secreted
from the follicles of the thyroid
gland:
T3 (triiondothyronine)
T4 (thyroxine)
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Thermoreulating hormone
Insulin and Glucagon
Antagonist, antagonism
Insulin is secreted by β cells of the
pancreatic islets of Langerhans.
Glucagon is secreted by α cells.
Type I diabetes mellitus:
lost of pancreatic β-cell
Type II diabetes mellitus:
defective signal reception in
insulin pathway
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Opposite effects of calcitonin and parathyroid hormone on Ca level
Vitamin D3
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Effects of hormones on metabolisms
insulin
glucose
glycogenolysis
gluconeogenesis
glucagon
growth
hormone
cortisol
epinephrine
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protein
synthesis
lipolysis
Steroid hormones
Cholesterol is the precursor for three
major classes of steroid hormones:
Mineralocorticoid
Glucocorticoid
Reproductive hormone
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Female Reproductive Hormones
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Table 14.2
Sertoli cell
Leydig cells
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(Vas deferens)
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Male sexual hormone (androgen): testosterone
Hypothalamus
secrete GnRH
Inhibit
LH
Anterior pituitary
inhibin
LH
FSH
Leydig cells
Sertoli cells
Testosterone
secretion
spermatogenesis
Primary sex characters
2nd sex characters
Behavior
Muscle growth
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Inhibit
FSH
Development of ovarian follicle
Only 1/month
10-25/month
Granulosa cells
Theca cells
LH
FSH
Theca cell
Synthesis androgens
diffusion
Granulosa cell
Convert androgens to estrogen
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Female sexual hormones:
estrogen (動情素 雌激素)
progesterone (黃體素 助孕素)
Hypothalamus
secret GnRH
Anterior pituitary
LH
FSH
Granulosa cells
Theca cells
Initiate follicle maturation
Follicle maturation
Ovulation
Corpus luteum development
Estrogen
Corpus luteum
Estrogen
Progesterone
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Stimulate LH, FSH
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
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LH, FSH increase
Follicles begin to develop
Estrogen increase
Dominant follicle secretes estrogen
Estrogen increase makedly
FSH decrease
High estrogen positive feedback
on LH, FSH secretion
LH surge
Follicle secretes progesterone
Ovulation
Corpus luteum formation, secrete
estrogen, progesterone
Estrogen, progesterone increase
FSH, LH feedback inhibited
Corpus luteum degenerate
Estrogen, progesterone decrease
LH, FSH begin to increase
Menstrual cycle
(Estrogen)
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