Download Stress

Stress, Health,
and Coping
.
Health Psychology
The field concerned with the promotion of
health and the prevention and treatment of
illness as it relates to psychological factors
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
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Stress
The general term describing the
psychological and bodily response to a
stimulus that alters the body’s state of
equilibrium
Stressor (p.589)
Acute stressor
Chronic stressor Stress response
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
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Psychological Reactions to
Stress
Anxiety:By anxiety we mean the unpleasant emotion
characterized by such terms as “worry”,
“apprehension”, ”tension”, and “fear”.
Anger and aggression
Apathy and depression:Learned helplessness explains
how experience with uncontrollable negative events
can lead to apathy and depression
Cognitive impairment: Hard to concentrate and to
organize their thoughts logically.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
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The Biology of Stress
The alarm phase(
The resistance phase Fight-or-flight response
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
Sympathetic & parasympathetic systems
Adaptation
The exhaustion phase Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
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Hypothalamus
AM AC PG Figure 14.3 Fight-or-Flight
Response. The body’s
mobilization
to attack or flee from
a threatening situation.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
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The General Adaptation Syndrome(GAS)
A set of responses that is displayed by
all organisms in response to stress
Alarm
Resistance
body mobilizes to confront a threat
the organism attempts to cope with the threat
by fleeing it or fighting it
Exhaustion
the organism may deplete its physiological
resources
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
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Figure 14.4 The General Adaptation Syndrome. According to Hans Selye, the
body reacts to a stressor in three phases. In the first, alarm, the body
mobilizes to confront the threat, which temporarily expends resources and
lowers resistance. In the resistance phase, the body actively confronts the
threat, and resistance is high. If the threat continues, the body moves into the
exhaustion phase.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
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Allostasis—Other Stability
The multiple biological changes that allow
you to adapt to stressors so your body
functions within a comfortable range
Allostatic load: it is affected by our past
experience with the stressor, our genetic
predisposition, and lifestyle factors
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Sources of Stress
Cognitive appraisal(p.593) Primary appraisal
Secondary appraisal Coping
Perceived control Learned helplessness
Predictability Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
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Sources of Stress
Internal conflict (p.596)
Conflict
Approach-approach conflict Avoidance-avoidance conflict Approach-avoidance conflict Life’s hassles
Daily hassles Interruptions Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
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Sources of Stress
Work-related factors
Environmental factors
Lighting, noise, crowding
Floor plan
Job-related factors
Demand-control model
Air traffic controllers
Burnout Workplace violence
Economics
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Hostility
A personality trait characterized by mistrust, an
expectation of harm and provocation by others,
and a cynical attitude
Associated with heart disease
Gender differences
Anger management programs Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
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Stress, Disease, and Health
The Immune System
Cancer Heart disease
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The Immune System
White blood cells
B cells
T cells
Natural killer cells
Glucocorticoids and stress
Psychoneuroimmunology
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
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The Immune System
Cancer Immune system suppression and NK cells
Stress
Perception of control
Heart disease
Stress and blood pressure
Atherosclerosis
Depression and heart disease
Anxiety and heart disease
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Health-Impairing Behaviors
Behaviors that can damage health
Smoking
Substance abuse Poor nutrition
Lack of exercise
Unsafe sex
Driving under the influence
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Health-Impairing Behaviors
Why we do it?
Lack of knowledge
Perceived risk
Perceived severity
Illusion of invulnerability
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Health-Impairing Behaviors
Changing health-impairing behaviors(p.606)
Precontemplation
Contemplation
Preparation
Action
Maintenance
Self-test (p.607)
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Health-Impairing Behaviors
Processes
that encourage change
Consciousness raising Social liberation" # $ %
Emotional arousal& ' ! Self-reevaluation( ) * /
!
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Coping Strategies
Problem-focused strategies+ , - . $ /
Active coping
Planning
Instrumental social support
Suppression of competing activities
Restraint coping
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Coping Strategies
Emotion-focused strategies+ , 0 & ' $ /
Emotional social support
Venting emotions
Positive reinterpretation/growth
Behavioral disengagement
Mental disengagement
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Coping Strategies
Thought suppression
For the next 30 seconds, do not think of an
elephant
Rebound effect
Humor
Immune system effects
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Coping Strategies
Aggression
Environmental factors
(p.614)
Depression
Pain
Hostile attribution bias Aggressive tendencies
Gender differences
Self-esteem Narcissism : an overinflated, unjustified
positive view of themselves
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Personality and Coping
Hardy personality Optimism Pessimism Commitment Control Challenges True pessimism: negative expectations are anchored in
past experiences of failure
Defensive pessimism : a more negative
outcome is expected than is warranted by the facts. A
proactive coping strategy
Avoiders/repressors vs. nonavoiders /sensitizers
Genes and coping
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Coping and Social Support
Social support affects…
Perceived social support
Survival Depression Immune system
The subjective sense that support is available
should it be needed
Enacted social support
Specific support that is provided to you (a meal,
marriage?)
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Mind-Body Interventions
Common mind-body interventions
Hypnosis Meditation Yoga Biofeedback Visual imagery Cognitive therapy Stress management/relaxation induction! " # /$ %
& '
Prayer( )
Tai chi* + , Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
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Effects of Mind-Body
Interventions Research results1 2 3 4
Improved mood and immune response
Increased lung functioning
Improved control of pain
Decreased stress and emotional distress
Fewer subsequent heart problems
Placebo effects as a mind-body intervention
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Gender, Culture, and Coping
Gender differences and stress levels
Younger women reported feeling more hassled,
depressed, anxious and hostile (Scott & Melin,1998)
p.622
Cultural contexts5 6 7 8
Crowding : density Social support: collectivist culture do not seek out
social support—because they know that such support
is available
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