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World History Modern Times Chapter Twelve Cold War and Post War Changes – 1945-1970 Sec 1 Name:_________________________________ Period:______ Row:______ Score:______ SECTION ONE: Development of the Cold War 1. Once the _____________________ Powers were ___________________, the differences between the United States and the _____________________________________ became clear. 2. Stalin still feared the _______________________ West, while the United States and other Western leaders feared ______________________________. 3. Because of a need to feel _________________________ on its western border, the Soviet ______________________ was not prepared to give up its _______________________ of ______________________ Europe after Germany’s defeat. 4. American leaders were not ___________________ to give up the____________________ and __________________the United States had gained throughout the ____________________. 5. Between 1945 and 1949, a number of _________________ led the two _____________________ (countries whose ________________ power is combined with _________________ influence) to ___________________ each other. 6. The United States and _______________________ believed that the ________________ nations of Eastern Europe should _________________ determine their own _________________. 7. Stalin, fearful that the Eastern European nations would be _______________________ if they were permitted free ____________________, opposed the _________________________ plans. 8. A civil war in ______________ created another area of conflict between the __________________. The Communist People’s _________________ Army and _______________________ forces (supported by Great Britain) were fighting each other for control of _______________ in 1946. 9. The United States, _______________ by the possibility of Soviet ____________________ into the eastern ______________________, responded in early 1947 with the __________________. 10. The Truman Doctrine stated that the United States would provide ________________ to countries __________________________ by __________________________ expansion. 11. If the Soviets were not ___________ in Greece, the ____________ argument ran, then the United States would have to face the spread of ______________ throughout the ___________ world. 12. The Truman Doctrine was followed in June 1947 by the European _________________ Program, better known as the ______________________. 13. The Marshall Plan was designed to _____________ the _____________ and _____________ of war-torn Europe. It included $13 ___________ in aid for Europe’s ______________ recovery. 14. Underlying the Marshall Plan was the belief that Communist ________________________ was _________________ in countries where there were _____________________ problems. 15. The Soviets saw the Marshall Plan as an attempt to ___________ the ___________ of countries. 16. In 1949, the Soviet Union _____________________ to the Marshall Plan by founding the Council for __________________ Economic _________________ _________ (COMECON) for the economic cooperation of the Eastern _________________________ states. 17. COMECON largely ________________, however, because the Soviet Union was _____________ to provide the necessary ____________________ aid. 18. In July 1947, a policy of ________________ to keep communism within its existing ____________ and prevent further Soviet ____________________ moves became U.S. ___________. 19. At the end of the war, the Allied Powers had ________________ Germany into _______________ zones, each ________________________ by one of the Allies—the United States, the Soviet Union, Great Britain, and ______________________. 20. ___________, located deep inside the Soviet zone, was also __________ into _________ zones. 21. By February 1948, Great Britain, __________________, and the United States were making plans to ___________________ the three Western sections of ________________(and Berlin) and create a West _________________________ government. 22. The Soviets opposed the _________________ of a separate West German state. They attempted to _________________ it by mounting a _____________________ of West Berlin. 23. Food and __________ could no longer get through to the 2.5 million people in these __________. 1 24. The Western powers faced a ________________. No one wanted World War III, but how could the people in the Western __________________ of _______________ be kept alive, when the whole city was inside the ____________________ zone? 25. The solution was the ___________________—supplies would be ___________ in by American and British airplanes. For over 10 months, more than 200,000 ______________ carried 2.3 million tons of ____________________ into the zone. 26. The Soviets, who also wanted to avoid _______________________, finally gave in and lifted the _ ___________________ in May 1949. 27. In September 1949, the Federal ___________________________ of Germany, or West Germany, was ____________________________ created. 28. Less than a month later, a separate East German state, the German _______________________ Republic, was set up by the ______________________. 29. East ______________ became that nation’s capital. Berlin, was now ________________ into two parts, a reminder of the division of ______________________ and ________________. 30. In 1949, _________________ Communists took control of the government in ________________, strengthening U.S. fears about the spread of _________________________. 31. The Soviet Union ___________________ its first atomic bomb in 1949. The United States and the Soviet Union were involved in a growing ______________________, in which both countries built up their armies and _____________________. 32. Nuclear weapons became increasingly _______________________. Both sides believed that an ___________________ of nuclear weapons would ____________________ war. This policy became known as Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD). 33. The Cold War led to the formation of new military ____________________________. 34. The North Atlantic __________________ Organization (NATO) was formed in April 1949 when _________________, Luxembourg, ______________, the Netherlands, Great Britain, Italy, ______________, Norway, Portugal, and ______________ signed a treaty with the United States and Canada. 35. In 1955, the Soviet Union joined with Albania, ______________________, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, _____________________, and Romania in a formal military alliance known as the __________________________________. 36. Europe was once again divided into hostile ______________________ systems, just as it had been before ____________________________. World History Modern Times Chapter Sixteen Cold War and Post War Changes Ch 16 – Section 1 (page 714) SECTION ONE: The Korean War (page 714) 37. From 1905 until 1945, Korea was a part of the ____________________________________ Empire. 38. As World War II was ending, the _____________________ army was positioned in the north of ____________________, and the U.S. army was in the ________________________. 39. When the Japanese surrendered in August 1945, the Soviets and the Americans agreed to ________________________ Korea into two ________________________ along the 38th parallel and to hold elections later to ________________________ Korea. 40. In Korea two separate governments emerged: a ____________________________ one in the north, and an anti-_____________________________ one in the south. 41. With the approval of ____________________________, North Korean troops invaded South Korea on June 25, 1950. 42. The _____________________________ then approved President Harry Truman’s decision to send American troops to repel the ______________________________ forces. 43. Alarmed at the UN forces advance, the Chinese sent hundreds of thousands of Chinese troops into___________________________ and pushed UN forces back across the ___________________________. 2 44. Three more years of fighting produced no final ________________________________. 45. An _________________________ was finally signed in 1953 and the 38th parallel remained the boundary line between North and South Korea. 46. North Korea’s government continues to pour money into the ________________________ while the country’s ________________________ situation grows worse. 47. As many as two million ________________________ may have died as a result of ____________ shortages since the mid-1990 World History Modern Times Chapter Twelve Cold War and Post War Changes – 1945-1970 Sec 1 (PAGE 586) SECTION ONE: Development of the Cold War (CONTINUED) 48. The Korean War began in 1950 as an attempt by the _________________ government of North Korea, which was allied with the ______________________, to take over South Korea. The Korean War ____________________ American fears of ___________________ expansion. 49. More determined than ever to ___________ Soviet power, the United States ___________ its Military _________________ around the world. 50. To stem Soviet _____________________ in the East, the United States, Great Britain, France, _______________, Thailand, the Philippines, _______________, and New Zealand formed the Southeast _______________________ Treaty Organization (SEATO). 51. The _________________ Treaty Organization (CENTO), which included _______________, Iraq, Iran, Pakistan, Great Britain, and the United States, was meant to _____________________ the Soviet Union from _____________________ to the south. 52. The _________________ Race: the early 1950s, the Soviet Union and the United States developed the even more deadly ___________________ bomb. By the mid-1950s, both had intercontinental ____________________________ missiles (ICBMs) capable of sending _________________________ anywhere. 53. Security soon took the form of __________________. This policy held that huge ______________ of nuclear ____________________________ on both sides ______________________ war. 54. The belief was that neither side would _______________ a nuclear attack because the other side would be able to ____________________ back with _________________________ power. 55. In 1957, the Soviets sent ___________________, the first human made space ______________, to orbit the earth. New ________________________ seized the American public. Was there a “____________________________ gap” between the United States and the Soviet Union? 56. Nikita ___________________ emerged as the new _____________________ of the Soviet Union in 1955, realized that many East Germans, tired of Communist ______________________, managed to escape East Germany by ____________________ through West ___________. 57. In August 1961, the _____________ German government began to build a wall _______________ West Berlin from East Berlin. Eventually it became a massive ________________ guarded by _________________ wire, _______________, machine-gun towers, ________________, and vicious dog patrols. 58. The Berlin Wall became a striking _____________________ of the division between the two _________________________. 3