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Second Form Spelling Patterns Name: ................................... Form: .......... Introduction Welcome to the Second Form Spelling Patterns booklet. The twenty spelling patterns in this booklet are drawn from the Key Stage 3 National Strategy for teaching English. For each pattern, there is an Explanation of the rule or convention followed by Examples of words to learn. Additional commonly misspelled words are listed under Extras. At the bottom of each page, there are references to Wordshark, for further practice. Wordshark is a games based software programme by a company called Whitespace Ltd. You can access it on the KCS intranet via the remote link, or it can be purchased in CD form on Amazon. In most cases it is preferable to select the ‘extended list’ of spellings from Wordshark. To get the most out of this booklet, you need to know a few rules. The five vowels can be pronounced in two ways - a short vowel such as a as in apple, e as in egg, i as in ink, o as in octopus, u as in umbrella and a long vowel where A, E, I, O, U sound the same as the names of the letters. A number of spelling patterns are based on letters at the beginning and / or end of a word. A ‘prefix’ such as ‘il-’ placed in front of ‘legible’ makes ‘illegible’. Adding a ‘suffix’ such as ‘ful’ to the end of a word like ‘joy’ changes the meaning of the original word. People learn to spell in different ways. Some try to remember the look of a word. Others learn by ‘sounding out’ and repeating the word. Others learn by writing the word or tracing it in the air to get a feel for the shape of it. Many of us use a combination of these methods. There is no right or wrong way – the trick is to find out what works best for you. Keep this booklet safe with all your other English work. You will be using it regularly in class to revise key spelling patterns but you can also use the booklet independently at home. For further help and advice, see your English teacher or a member of the Learning Enrichment department. Some of us are lucky enough to be ‘natural’ spellers, and may only need to look at a word a few times to learn it. Many of us, however, do not find spelling so easy. Given that over 80% of English spellings are regular, it makes sense to learn spellings by patterns. This booklet seeks to help you with this. Useful Resources www.spellathon.net www.timesspellingbee.co.uk Wordshark software Tips for Learning Spellings Try out some of these methods for learning spellings, and see which strategies work best for you: 1. Use the Look / Say / Cover / Write / Check method. 2. Look for words within a word, and highlight them. eg. s old ier, sep a rat e 3. Separate and sound out the syllables. eg. hos-pi-tal, dis-in-fec-tant 4. Say the word aloud as it is spelt. eg. Wed-nes-day, bus-i-ness 5. Invent a mnemonic for the word. eg. because: ‘baby elephants can always use small exits’ 6. Trace out the word with your finger in the air (as though you are writing on an imaginary whiteboard). 7. Use highlighters and coloured pens to make common patterns, or unusual features stand out. Most of us remember things more easily if they are in colour! 8. Compile an individual ‘black list’ of spellings that you spell incorrectly on a regular basis. 9. Say letter names to a rhythmic beat, like a chant. eg. u-n-i-o-n, w-e-i-r-d 10. Learn the derivation of a word. eg. television, telephone Contents Vowel Choices 1. Unstressed Vowels 2. Double Consonants 3. Soft ‘c’ and ‘g’ 4. ‘ie’ and ‘ei’ 5. ‘ai’ and ‘ay’, ‘oa’ and ‘ow’ Pluralisation 6. ‘-es’ and ‘-ves’ 7. Words ending ‘y’ and irregulars Word Endings 8. Vowel Suffixes (‘y’ to ‘i’ and ‘drop e’) 9. Consonant Suffixes (‘-ly’ and ‘-ful’) 10. ‘-able’ and ‘-ible’ 11. ‘-tion’, ‘-sion’ and ‘-ssion’ 12. ‘-ent’, ‘-ence’ and ‘-ant’, ‘-ance’ 13. ‘-ous’, ‘-ious’ and ‘-cious’ Prefixes 14. Antonym Prefixes 15. Classical Prefixes High Frequency Words 16. Common Letter Clusters (‘-our’, ‘-ough’, ‘-ear’, ‘-au’) 17. Homophones 18. ‘ph’ words 19. Silent Letters (g, n, t, c) 20. Silent Letters (u, w, k, b) Appendix Subject Spellings 1. Unstressed Vowels Explanation: Some vowels are difficult to hear because they are spoken quickly or quietly. Identify and sound out the syllables (bus-i-ness). ‘er’ and ‘en’ patterns are common (int-er-est-ing, fright-en-ing) Examples: Medial ‘er’ words Medial ‘en’ words Others 1. camera 5. deafening 9. business 2. different 6. listening 10. definite 3. interesting 7. frightening 11. dictionary 4. miserable 8. widening 12. January 13. library 14. jewellery 15. mathematics 16. Wednesday Extras: 17. achievement 18. altogether 19. anxious 20. apparatus Wordshark - Literacy Hour KS1 and 2, unstressed vowels (various lists) 2. Double Consonants Explanation: Double consonants in the middle of a word mark the boundary of two syllables (sum-mer). A double consonant follows the short vowel (correct). For a short vowel word ending in a single consonant, double the consonant before adding vowel suffixes such as ‘-ing’, ‘-er’ or ‘-ed’. Examples: Double consonants + ‘-ing’, ‘-er’ or ‘-ed’ Medial double consonants 1. cut, cutting 12. beginning 2. drum, drummer 13. accident 3. grab, grabbed 14. address 4. hot, hotter 15. common 5. plan, planned 16. sudden 6. pin, pinned 7. rub, rubber 8. shop, shopping 9. trip, tripped 10. swim, swimmer 11. win, winning Extras: 17. appearance 18. applause 19. awkward 20. audience Wordshark - Alpha to Omega, Group 7, Rule 1, double 3. Soft ‘c’ and ‘g’ Explanation: The letter ‘c’ can be pronounced with a hard ‘c’ as in ‘can’ and a soft ‘c’ as in city when followed by an ‘e’, ‘i’ or ‘y’. Common endings include ‘-ice’ and ‘-ace’. Similarly, the letter ‘g’ can be pronounced with a soft ‘g’ as in ‘gate’ or a hard ‘g’ as in ‘gentle’. Common endings include ‘-dge’ and ‘-age’. Examples: Soft ‘c’ Soft ‘g’ 1. cinema 9. giant 2. circle 10. giraffe 3. decision 11. imagine 4. electricity 12. magic 5. ceiling 13. huge 6. cellar 14. geography 7. cemetery 15. damage 8. descend 16. postage Extras: 17. basically 18. beautiful 19. believe 20. beige Wordshark - Alpha to Omega, Group 5, soft c 4. ‘ie’ and ‘ei’ Explanation: Usually ‘i’ comes before ‘e’ except after ‘c’. One exception is ‘weird’, a ‘weird’ word! ‘ie’ usually says ‘ee’ as in ‘field’ while ‘ei’ usually says ‘ay’ as in ‘eight’. Examples: ‘ie’ words ‘ei’ words after ‘c’ ‘ei’ words 1. believe 9. ceiling 12. foreign 2. fiery 10. deceive 13. height 3. friend 11. receive 14. leisure 4. grief 15. weight 5. mischief 16. weird 6. piece 7. relief 8. thief Extras: 17. business 18. character 19. chocolate 20. climb Wordshark - Alpha to Omega, Group 8, odd letter strings - rule –ie, cei - ei as long a 5. ‘ai’ and ‘ay’, ‘oa’ and ‘ow’ Explanation: Vowel sounds have a number of common alternative spellings. A long ‘a’ can be spelled ‘ai’ (main), ‘ay’ (play) or ‘a-e’ (made). A long ‘o’ can be spelled ‘o-e’ (phone), ‘oa’ (moan) or ‘ow’ (show). Examples: ‘ai’ words ‘oa’ words 1. dainty 9. boast 2. reclaim 10. coach 3. sprain 11. groan 4. terrain 12. soap ‘ay’ words ‘ow’ words 5. crayon 13. bungalow 6. player 14. furrow 7. prayer 15. swallow 8. delay 16. tomorrow Extras: 17. cupboard 18. cough 19. definitely 20. desperate Wordshark - Alpha to Omega, Group 6, long a long o - ain -ail - oa –mixed - final –ow as long o 6. ‘-es’ and ‘-ves’ Explanation: The plural of most nouns is formed by adding ‘-s’ to the singular. Nouns ending in ‘hissing’ (kiss), ‘buzzing’ (fox) or ‘shushing’ sounds (wish) usually end ‘-es’ in the plural (kisses, foxes, wishes) as do words ending ‘-o’ (potatoes). For words ending in ‘-f’ (thief) or ‘-fe’ (knife), change ‘-f’ or ‘-fe’ to ‘v’ and add ‘-es’ (thieves, knives). However, there are a number of exceptions (roofs). Examples: ‘Hissing’, ‘buzzing’ and ‘shushing’ words ‘-f’ or ‘-fe’ words 1. buses 9. elves 2. crashes 10. leaves 3. glasses 11. loaves 4. lunches 12. thieves ‘-o’ words Exceptions 5. heroes 13. giraffes 6. mangoes 14. reefs 7. potatoes 15. roofs 8. tomatoes 16. sheriffs Extras: 17. disappear 18. disappoint 19. embarrass 20. equipment Wordshark - KS3 Subject Lists, English KS3 Literacy Hour, Pluralisation - plurals -es - plurals -oes - plurals -f>v 7. Words ending ‘-y’ and irregulars Explanation: For vowel + ‘y’ words, add ‘-s’ (monkeys). For consonant + ‘y’ words, change the ‘-y’ to an ‘i’ and add ‘-es’ (cherries). A number of nouns have unusual plurals. These include words that have no singular (scissors), words that are the same in the singular and the plural (sheep), and words that change the medial vowel (goose, geese). Examples: ‘-y’ to ‘i’ and add ‘-es’ Unusual plurals 1. armies 9. foot, feet 2. babies 10. larva, larvae 3. centuries 11. mouse, mice 4. cities 12. sheep, sheep 5. dictionaries 13. bacteria 6. diaries 14. fungi 7. families 15. macaroni 8. stories 16. ravioli Extras: 17. environment 18. February 19. fierce 20. forty Wordshark - Alpha to Omega, Group 7, Plurals - plurals -ies - plurals irregular 8. Vowel Suffixes (‘y’ to ‘i’ and ‘drop e’) Explanation: For words ending vowel + ‘y’ (play), keep the ‘y’ when adding a vowel suffix such as ‘-ed’ (played). For words ending consonant + ‘y’, change the ‘y’ to an ‘i’ when adding a vowel suffix such as ‘-ed’(try, tried) or ‘-er’ (lazy, lazier). For words ending vowel + consonant + ‘e’, drop the silent ‘e’ when adding a vowel suffix such as ‘-ing’ (smile, smiling). Examples: ‘y’ to ‘i’ + vowel suffix Drop ‘e’ + vowel suffix 1. cry, cried 9. drive, driving 2. marry, married 10. hope, hoping 3. try, tried 11. lose, losing 4. worry, worried 12. make, making 5. happy, happier 13. pause, pausing 6. healthy, healthier 14. smile, smiling 7. hungry, hungrier 15. take, taking 8. lazy, lazier 16. use, using Extras: 17. guard 18. guess 19. health 20. hymn Wordshark - Alpha to Omega, Group 7, Suffix 1 Rule 11 and 111- drop e + ing Rule V, V1 and V11- change y to i 9. Consonant Suffixes (‘-ly’ and ‘-ful’) Explanation: Consonant suffixes like ‘-ly’ (‘in this manner’) and ‘-ful’ (‘full of’) can generally be added without changing the base word. However, words ending consonant + ‘y’, change the ‘y’ to an ‘i’ when adding ‘-ly’ (angry, angrily) or ‘-ful’ (beauty, beautiful). Examples: ‘-ly’ words ‘y’ to ‘i’ + ‘ly 1. actually 9. happily 2. especially 10. hungrily 3. eventually 11. necessarily 4. likely 12. steadily ‘-ful’ words ‘y’ to ‘i’ + ‘-ful’ 5. forgetful 13. beautiful 6. grateful 14. merciful 7. successful 15. pitiful 8. thoughtful 16. plentiful Extras: 17. interesting 18. issue 19. jealous 20. lonely Wordshark - Alpha to Omega, Group 9, Suffixes - full –ful adj - suffix –ly -ful 10. ‘-able’ and ‘-ible’ Explanation: ‘-able’ endings are more common than ‘-ible’ ones. There is no clear ‘rule’ but dropping ‘-able’ often leaves a generally recognisable word (agreeable, agree). For the majority of words ending ‘e’, drop the ‘e’ before adding ‘-able’ (value, valuable) or ‘-ible’ (reverse, reversible). Keep the final ‘e’ to preserve a soft ‘c’ (noticeable) or ‘g’ (manageable). Examples: ‘-able’ words Keep ‘e’ ‘-able’ words 1. available 9. changeable 2. capable 10. knowledgeable 3. comfortable 11. manageable 4. vegetable 12. noticeable Drop ‘e’ ‘-able’ words ‘-ible’ words 5. believable 13. edible 6. curable 14. flexible 7. debatable 15. horrible 8. desirable 16. sensible Extras: 17. marriage 18. meanwhile 19. modern 20. necessary Wordshark - Alpha to Omega, Group 8, (Stage 111), endings - suffix -able - suffix -ible Group 7, Suffix 1, Rule 1V - suffix not drop e after ce and ge - drop/not drop e after ce and ge 11. ‘-tion’, ‘-sion’ and ‘-ssion’ Explanation: ‘-tion’, ‘-sion’ and ‘-ssion’ prefixes say ‘shun’. ‘-tion’ is the most common ending. Where the base word ends in ‘de’ (explode), use ‘-sion’ (explosion). ‘-ssion’words (permission) have a clear ‘sh’ sound. Examples: ‘-tion’ words ‘-sion’ words 1. action 9. division 2. celebration 10. invasion 3. conservation 11. revision 4. description 12. television 5. fraction 6. question ‘-ssion’ words 7. station 13. discussion 8. subtraction 14. mission 15. percussion 16. permission Extras: 17. neighbour 18. ninety 19. original 20. parallel Wordshark - Alpha to Omega, Group 8, (Stage 111), rr -tion -le -el -il -al –ally - suffix –tion verb > noun, - tion 2, - tion 3 - endings suffix –sion, - sion & -shion, -ssion noun > verb, -ssion 2 12. ‘-ent’, ‘-ence’ and ‘-ant’, ‘-ance’ Explanation: These words follow no specific rule and need to be learned. Examples: ‘-ent’ words ‘-ant’ words 1. achievement 9. elephant 2. advertisement 10. ignorant 3. excitement 11. pleasant 4. persistent 12. reluctant ‘-ence’ words ‘-ance’ words 5. evidence 13. appearance 6. science 14. distance 7. sentence 15. importance 8. difference 16. substance Extras: 17. peaceful 18. peculiar 19. practical 20. process Wordshark - Alpha to Omega, Group 5, soft c -ance, -ence, -ince 13. ‘-ous’, ‘-ious’ and ‘-cious’ Explanation: ‘-ous’ and ‘-ious’ endings say ‘us’ as in ‘bus’ whereas ‘-cious’ endings say ‘shus’ as in ‘precious’. Examples: ‘-ous’ words ‘-ious’ words 1. disastrous 9. serious 2. famous 10. curious 3. humorous 11. mysterious 4. jealous 12. obviously 5. nervous 6. numerous ‘-cious’ words 7. ridiculous 13. spacious 8. vigorous 14. precious 15. suspicious 16. unconscious Extras: 17. queue 18. receive 19. recognise 20. recommend Wordshark - Alpha to Omega, Group 8, (Stage 111), endings - ous - ious - itious -cious 14. Antonym Prefixes Explanation: Prefixes such as ‘im-’, ‘in-’, ‘il-’ and ‘ir-’ mean ‘not’. ‘un-’ means ‘not’ or ‘opposite of’. Double letters are often created when the prefix is added to a word beginning with the letter which ends the prefix (‘im-’ + mature = immature). Examples: ‘im-’ words ‘il-’ and ‘ir-’ words 1. immature 9. illegal 2. immortal 10. illegible 3. impartial 11. irrational 4. impatient 12. irregular ‘in- words ‘un-’ words 5. inarticulate 13. unbelievable 6. inaudible 14. unconscious 7. incredible 15. ungrateful 8. insincere 16. uninterested Extras: 17. Saturday 18. sandwich 19. scissors 20. separate Wordshark - KS3 Subject Lists, English KS3 Literacy Hour, Obj 4 Prefixes - antonym prefixes 15. Classical Prefixes Explanation: ‘auto-’ means ‘self’ ‘circum-’ means ‘round’ ‘bi-’ means ‘two’ or ‘twice’ ‘micro-’ means ‘small’ Examples: ‘auto-’ words ‘bi-’ words 1. autobiography 9. biceps 2. autograph 10. bicycle 3. automatic 11. bilingual 4. autopsy 12. bisect ‘circum-’ words ‘micro-’ words 5. circle 13. microcosm 6. circumference 14. microchip 7. circumstance 15. microphone 8. circus 16. microscopic Extras: 17. shoulder 18. sieve 19. sincerely 20. skilful Wordshark - KS3 Subject Lists, English KS3 Literacy Hour, Obj 4 Prefixes - classical prefixes mixed 16. Common Letter Clusters (‘-our’, ‘-ough’, ‘-ear’, ‘-au’) Explanation: These common letter clusters make different sounds and need to be learned. Examples: ‘our’ words ‘ear’ words 1. colour 9. early 2. favourite 10. earth 3. flavour 11. heard 4. journey 12. learn ‘ough’ words ‘au’ words 5. bought 13. autumn 6. cough 14. author 7. drought 15. August 8. enough 16. because Extras: 17. stomach 18. strength 19. success 20. surely Wordshark - Alpha to Omega, Group 6, (Stage 11) oi, oy, ou, ow, au, aw, oar, - au ir, ur, er, ear 1 sound, - ear saying er Group 8, (Stage 111) odd letter strings, - aught and ought endings, - our 17. Homophones Explanation: ‘Homophones’ are words that sound the same but are spelled differently. Analogy with family groups can be helpful (here, where, there) or focusing on single letters (‘e’ for ‘envelope in ‘stationery’; ‘s’ for verb, ‘c’ for noun as in ‘to practise’). Examples: 1. there / their / they’re 2. were / where / we’re 3. to / two / too 4. of / off 5. are / our 6. its / it’s 7. here / hear 8. your / you’re 9. who’s / whose 10. passed / past 11. practice / practise 12. bare / bear 13. pair / pear 14. by / buy / bye 15. waist / waste 16. weigh / way Extra: 17. surprise 18. technology 19. texture 20. tomorrow Wordshark - Alpha to Omega, Group 8, (Stage 111) - homophones bonanza 18. ‘ph’ words Explanation: In some words (of Greek origin), the letters ‘p’ and ‘h’ are put together to make a new sound ‘ph’ as in ‘phone’. Examples: ‘ph-’ at word beginnings Medial ‘ph-’ ‘ph-’ at word endings 1. phase 4. atmosphere 12. biography 2. phrase 5. emphasis 13. geography 3. physics 6. emphasize 14. graph 7. nephew 15. paragraph 8. orphan 16. photograph 9. sophisticated 10. telephone 11. trophy Extras: 17. traveller 18. twelfth 19. unique 20. unnatural Wordshark - Group 8, odd letter strings - ph as f 19. Silent Letters (g, n, t, c) Explanation: Silent letters need to be learned by heart. Examples: Silent ‘g’ Silent ‘t’ 1. gnat 9. castle 2. gnaw 10. listen 3. sign 11. often 4. design 12. whistle Silent ‘n’ Silent ‘c’ 5. autumn 13. scene 6. condemn 14. science 7. column 15. scissors 8. hymn 16. muscle Extras: 17. variety 18. valuable 19. vegetable 20. velocity Wordshark - Alpha to Omega, Group 8, (Stage 111) rr -tion -le -el -il -al –ally - -stle –scle silent letters - silent letters mixed 20. Silent Letters (u, w, k, b) Explanation: Silent letters need to be learned by heart. Examples: Silent ‘u’ Silent ‘k’ 1. biscuit 9. knight 2. disguise 10. knee 3. guess 11. knot 4. tongue 12. knock Silent ‘w’ Silent ‘b’ 5. wrong 13. bomb 6. write 14. lamb 7. wrist 15. numb 8. wrap 16. thumb Extras: 17. Wednesday 18. weight 19. weird 20. woollen Wordshark - Alpha to Omega, Group 8, (Stage 111) silent letters - -kn –gn – silent k,g - -wr – silent w - -mb – silent b Second Form Subject Spellings English Maths alliteration approximate antonym breadth author co-ordinates atmosphere equilateral description equivalent dialogue isosceles imagery kilometre metaphor negative onomatopoeia opposite personification parallel rhyme parallelogram rhythm pentagon scene probability simile quadrilateral synonym sequence History Geography archbishop Antarctica army (-ies) Arctic Ocean Bailey British Isles besiege contour line cavalry convenience goods Conqueror equator Domesday Greenwich mean time evidence longitude feudal Northern Ireland foreign physical geography guard precipitation knight process marriage (-ied) redevelop martyr revenue monatery (-ies) symbol Motte sustainable plague urban regeneration probably voluntary migrant siege soldier villain Science Religious Studies absorb believe acceleration Bible ammeter celebration converge Christian flexible disciple frequency Jerusalem indices Judaism joule Pentecost liquid prayer nutrient resurrection organism Spirit oxygen symbol radii synagogue vacuum Testament vary Trinity vertebrate Art and Design baton collage colour design dowel mechanism textile texture movement pattern