Download Drugs and Emerging Trends - Wichita State University

Drugs and Emerging
Trends
Doug Dorley
Special Agent
Kansas City District Office
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The BIG 3
• Cocaine – Schedule II (indicates some medical use has
been approved for this substance)
• Methamphetamine – Schedule I (no medical use
approved)
• Marijuana – Schedule I (currently no medical use
approved)
• On the rise – Heroin, Synthetics, Vaporizers, Prescription
Drugs, LSD, PCP, and designer drugs
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Cocaine
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Cocaine
• Schedule II Controlled Substance (meaning it has
legitimately recognized medical use)
• Stimulant, extracted from the leaves of the coca plant.
Plant is grown primarily in Central and South America
• An extremely potent brain stimulant and one of the most
powerfully addictive drugs
• Most commonly snorted, but can be smoked and injected
intravenously
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Cocaine
• Powerful and Highly Addictive Stimulant
• Abused for over 100 years
• Stimulant in many early tonics and elixirs (Coca-Cola)
• Some medical uses
• Illicit product cut with many inert products
• The Coca plant is broken down into cocaine hydrochloride
through a process using potassium carbonate, kerosene,
ammonia, acetone, ethanol, hydrochloric acid, and ether.
• Crack cocaine also contains baking soda
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Cocaine
• Causes blurred vision, tremors, twitching, chest pain / pressure,
increased blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, & body
temperature which can all lead to…
• Heart attacks, strokes, respiratory failure, & brain seizures
• Reduction of the body’s ability to resist & combat infections
• Needle usage increases risk of AIDS & Hepatitis
• Use of crack cocaine, cocaine’s smokeable form, causes quicker and
more intense effects
• Not water soluble, must be smoked
• Long term damage to lungs and / or
nasal passages
Increased use & availability due to new Pseudo laws
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Cocaine Effects
• Short Term – increase in blood pressure, increase in
energy, dilated pupils, sense of feeling “alive.”
• Long Term – Addiction, paranoia, disturbed moods,
restlessness, auditory hallucinations or “hearing things”
• Overdose signs – intense chest pain, rapid breathing,
difficulty breathing, nausea, vomiting, extreme rapid
pulse, signs of hallucinations
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Cocaine paraphernalia
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Straws (normal width, cut small)
Pocket mirrors / make up mirrors
Razor blades (used to section out a dose)
Small spoons
Lighters
• Inositol Powder and Milk Sugar are commonly used
cutting agents.
• Side effects of Inositol Powder – nausea, fatigue,
headaches, dizziness ****Worsening of bi-polar
disorders****
• Cocaine seized is on average 90% pure
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Cocaine Abuse
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Crack cocaine
• Highly addictive form
of cocaine
• Chemically changed
and enhanced to
provide a
significantly stronger
high
• Addiction to crack is
worse, effects on the
body are worse,
chemical
dependence is worse
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Crack Cocaine Abuse
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Methamphetamine
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Methamphetamine
• A HIGHLY addictive stimulant that strongly activates
systems in the brain
• Cocaine vs Meth: Cocaine use pours dopamine into
your brain. Once use subsides, brain activity starts to
return to normal and brain will start to reproduce and
package dopamine.
• Meth: Pours dopamine into your brain. However, meth
causes your brain receptors to destroy any extra
dopamine in your system. That causes addiction almost
immediately, because you have less dopamine producing
availability in the brain after using meth.
• Meth causes significant brain damage and classified as a
neuro-toxic.
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Methamphetamine
• Can be taken orally, smoked, snorted, or injected
• Commonly smoked in a crystalline form, but can be
snorted in powder form. Powder form is also used for
injections and also to put in pills for digestion
• Due to methamphetamines strong addictive properties,
almost all users of meth become addicted after only one
use
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Body effects of meth
• Increased alertness, increased aggressive/violent
behavior, insomnia, hallucinations, twitching/jerking,
impaired speech
• Dry and itchy skin, facial acne and sores, irritableness
• Long term effects: confusion, paranoia, brain damage,
dry mouth, tremors/seizures,
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Methamphetamine manufacture
• Nazi Dope method
• Red P method
• One pot method ***MOST POPULAR****
No matter which method is used, methamphetamine CAN
NOT be manufactured without ephedrine or
pseudoephedrine.
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Nazi Method
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Red P Method
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One Pot Method
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Ephedrine / Pseudoephedrine
Lithium Strips
Solvents
Sodium Hydroxide
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One Pot / Shake n Bake
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Anti-Energy Drinks
• Copy-cat of “Purple Drank”.
• Commercial bottlers have now
produced non-codeine based
legal drinks like Sippin Syrup
and other anti-energy drinks
(e.g. Drank, Unwind, Mary
Janes Relaxation Soda), which
are sold at convenience stores
and are advertised as an
“Extreme Relaxation Beverage”.
• These products contain
sedating-type ingredients, such
as melatonin, valerian root
extract, and kava kava.
• Sold as a dietary supplement
rather than a beverage since
ingredients like melatonin and
kava kava aren’t FDA approved
food additives.
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Neknominate
• Thought to have originated in
Australia, now sweeping the
world.
• At least five men aged under
30 have died after drinking
deadly cocktails (no deaths
in U.S.).
• There appears to be no limit
to the type of drinks that are
consumed (alcohol, motor oil,
dead mouse, etc).
• Variations seen in U.S. on
social media sites.
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Palcohol
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Palcohol
• Recently approved by the Bureau of Alcohol,
Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF)
• COMPLETELY LEGAL
• Currently available in four flavors: vodka,
rum, cosmopolitan, and powderita
• One packet, mixed with 6 ounces of water, is
the equivalent to a standard mixed drink
• How hard would it be for students to bring
into a school???
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E-Cigarettes
• Smokeless, battery operated devices
designed to deliver nicotine with flavorings
or other chemicals to the lungs of users
without burning tobacco.
• Delivers highly addictive nicotine, which
has a variety of negative health effects,
and may even promote the growth of
some cancers.
• FDA analysis of some e-cigarette products
found low levels of nitrosamines, ethylene
glycol and diethylene glycol, all associated
with cancer and other health risks, as well
as potentially toxic metal nanoparticles
from the vaporizing mechanism.
• Still unclear how “safe” they are.
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E-Cigarettes and THC
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Vaporizers
• Heats marijuana below
combustion point.
• It is perceived to be a "cleaner"
way of smoking.
• Devices have also been shown
to release ammonia which,
when inhaled, can cause
irritation and central nervous
system effects, as well as
asthma and bronchial spasms.
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How are Rx Drugs Abused?
• Taking a medication that has been prescribed
for somebody else.
• Most teenagers who abuse prescription
drugs are given them for free by a friend or
relative.
• Taking a drug in a higher quantity or in another
manner than prescribed.
• Taking a drug for another purpose than
prescribed.
• ADHD drugs like Adderall are also often
abused by students seeking to improve their
academic performance. However, although
they may boost alertness, there is little
evidence they improve cognitive functioning for
those without a medical condition.
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Ecstasy
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MDMA (Ecstacy or Molly)
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine
• Central nervous system stimulant.
• Ecstasy produces stimulant effects like amphetamine and mild
hallucinogenic effects.
• MDMA was initially popular among White adolescents and
young adults in the nightclub scene or at “raves” (long dance
parties), but the drug now affects a broader range of users and
ethnicities.
• Risks- Dehydration, increased heart rate/body
temperature/blood pressure, teeth grinding, heat stroke, heart
failure, kidney failure, stroke, brain damage, death.
- Massive release of dopamine and serotonin leading to
potential destruction of neuronal tissue.
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Ecstasy paraphernalia
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Baby pacifiers
Light sticks / glow sticks
Lollipops
Candy necklaces
Mentholated rubs
Surgical masks
***ANY RAVE MUSIC!!!!! ONLY PEOPLE HIGH ON
DRUGS WOULD LISTEN TO HOURS OF RAVE MUSIC***
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Inhalants
• Known as “huffing” , “sniffing” or “bagging.” It is the abuse of
common petroleum or household chemicals for the sole purpose of
attempting to get “high.” The “high” is actually the loss of oxygen to
the brain.
• Inhalants cause lung congestion, congestive heart failure, and
swelling of the fatty tissues of the brain, thus causing brain
hemorrhaging.
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Inhalants
• Ordinary household products people inhale to get high,
such as: nail polish remover, glue, hairspray, computer
keyboard cleaner, lighter fluid, cooking spray, paint
thinner, paint (certain colors get you higher)
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Inhalants
• Inhalants can be:
• Sniffed
• Snorted
• Bagged (sniffing or inhaling fumes from substances sprayed
or deposited inside a paper bag or plastic bag)
• Huffed from an inhalant soaked rag stuffed in the mouth
• Mainly inhalant users inhale their drugs directly from the
inhalant containers (meaning paraphernalia signs might not
be readily available or evident)
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Inhalants paraphernalia
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Rags used for sniffing
Empty spray cans
Tubes of glue
Plastic bags
Balloons
Empty bottles or cans with hardened glue, paint, or
chemical odors inside of them
Obvious clue – kid showing up with paint around his mouth
or nose. Hands/fingers covered in paint…common sense,
most painters don’t have hands submerged in paint
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Heroin
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Heroin
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Heroin
• Highly addictive drug derived from Morphine, a clinical
strength pain reliever
• Affects the brain’s pleasure systems
• Forms include:
• White powder
• Brown powder
• Brown/black tar like substance, looks similar to pine tar
Can be injected, snorted, or sniffed
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Heroin paraphernalia
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Hypodermic needles
Cotton balls
Spoons
Tourniquets
Razor blades
Pipes
Straws
Most common form of use: Injection
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Krokodil
• Used as a cheap heroin substitute
in poor rural areas of Russia.
• DEA has not yet confirmed any
Krokodil in this country.
• Synthetic form of a heroin-like drug
called desomorphine that is made
by combining codeine tablets with
iodine, gasoline, paint thinner,
hydrochloric acid, lighter fluid and
red phosphorus.
• Gets its name from the scaly, graygreen dead skin that forms at the
site of an injection.
• The flesh destroyed by krokodil
becomes gangrenous, and, in some
cases, limb amputation has been
necessary to save a user’s life.
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Kratom
• Derived from the Mitragyna Speciosa plant
indigenous to Southeast Asia, primarily in
Thailand.
• Plant consists of a psychotropic molecule
called Mitragynine that’s been reported to
produce both stimulant and sedative
effects, depending on the dosage.
• With higher doses, Kratom mimics an
opiate with sedative effects and euphoria.
• Negative side effects include nausea,
sweating, itching, dry mouth and
constipation.
• Long-term use can potentially result in
anorexia, insomnia, weight loss and in
some cases psychotic episodes, such as
confusion, delusions and hallucinations.
• DEA’s Office of Diversion Control states
Kratom is a drug and chemical of concern
with no legitimate medical use, but it
remains legal to sell and use.
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Hallucinogens
• Alter perception and mood
• Common types include:
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LSD
PCP
Psilocybin mushrooms
Mescaline (peyote)
Dextromethorphan or DXM (cough and cold medications)
Can be taken orally or smoked
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LSD
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Hallucinogen Paraphernalia
• LSD: Blotter paper, gelatin, sugar cubes
• PCP: Foil or paper packets, stamps, needles, and
cigarettes or smoking devices
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N-bomb
• 25I-NBOMe, 25C-NBOMe, and
25B-NBOMe are three synthetic
substances recently encountered
on the designer drug market.
• These substances have been
encountered as powders, liquid
solutions, laced on edible items,
and soaked onto blotter papers.
• Being sold as legal substitutes for
LSD or mescaline.
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Synthetic THC
• Also known as Spice or K2, synthetic
marijuana refers to herbal mixtures
laced with synthetic cannabinoids,
chemicals that act in the brain
similarly to THC, the main active
ingredient in marijuana.
• Can cause agitation, anxiety, nausea,
vomiting, tachycardia (fast, racing
heartbeat), elevated blood pressure,
tremor, seizures, hallucinations, and
paranoid behavior.
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“Bath Salts”
• Products often contain
amphetamine-like chemicals
which are typically
administered in one of four
ways: orally, inhalation and/or
snorting, injection, intravenous.
• Can cause extreme paranoia,
hallucinations, suicidal
thoughts, chest pains, soaring
blood pressure, and rapid
heartbeat.
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