Download pdf notes

The Internal Processes
(Chapter 14)
The Internal Processes
Crustal Rearrangement
Plate Tectonics
Vulcanism
Folding and Faulting
Earthquakes
Crustal Rearrangement
Plasticity
Continental Drift
Isostacy
1
Continental Drift – lateral motion
of the crust: Pangea
Figure 14-3
Continental Drift
Figure 14-4
Isostasy – vertical motions of the crust
Figure 14-2
2
Plate Tectonics
Seafloor Spreading
Plate Boundaries
Divergent
Convergent
Transform
Continental Rearrangement
Accreted Terranes and Hot Spots
Divergent Plate
Boundary
Sea-Floor
-Seafloor Spreading
Spreading
Figure 14-6
Divergent Plate boundaries
Figure 14-6
3
Divergent Plate boundaries
Convergent plate boundary
-Subduction
Figure 14-7
Convergent plate boundary
-Subduction
Figure 14-7
4
Transform Plate Boundary
Figure 14-13
Contemporary Plates
Formation of Hot Spot
Figure 14-17
5
The Hawaiian Hot Spot
Figure 14-18
Splitting a continent - rifting
Figure 14-10
Joining
continents
Collision !
(not convergence)
Orogeny
Figure 14-11
6
Formation
of Accreted
Terrane
Figure 14-16
Accreted
Terranes,
Rocky
Mountains
Figure 14-16
Breakup of Pangaea
Figure 14-4
7
Volcanism
Volcanism
Types of Volcanoes
Shield Volcano
Lava Dome
Composite Volcano
Cinder Cone
Volcanic Hazards
Distribution of Active Volcanoes
Figure 14-20
Shield Volcano
Figure 14-24(b)
8
Lava dome
Figure 14-24(c)
Composite Volcano
Figure 14-24(d)
Cinder Cone
Figure 14-25
9
Caldera
Figure 14-27
Crater Lake,
Oregon
Volcanic
Hazards
Figure 14-A
10
Igneous Intrusions
Volcanic neck, Ship Rock, NM
Figure 14-29
Igneous Intrusions
Figure 14-31
Igneous Intrusions
in the western US
and Canada
Figure 14-30
11
Deformation in the Earth
Folding and Faulting
Types of Folds
Monoclines, Anticlines, and Synclines
Overturned and Overthrust Folds
Types of Faults
Normal
Reverse
Strike-Slip
Thrust
Faulted Landforms
Folding
Figure 14-32
Types of Folds
Figure 14-33
12
Folds
Faults
Figure 14-40
Types of Faults
Figure 14-40
13
Landforms associated with active
normal faults
Rift Valley
Figure 14-42
Wildrose graben,
southern California
14
Landforms associated with active
strike slip fault
Figure 14-41
Active strike slip fault
Figure 14-38
Earthquakes
Earthquake Movement
Magnitude and Shaking Intensity
Hazards
Prediction
15
Earthquake generation on faults
Figure 14-E
Seismic waves
Earthquake magnitude
•Magnitude scale: amount of
energy received 100 km from
epicenter
•Scale is logarithmic:
Increase 1 unit = 10 times greater
shaking
Increase 1 unit = 31 times energy
release
16
Distribution of Earthquakes
Figure 14-E
End
17