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Downregulation of Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptor Axis During HIV-1 and Cocaine-Mediated Pulmonary Smooth Muscle HyperplasiaSignificance by Pranjali Dalvi, Amy O’Brien-Ladner, and Navneet K. Dhillon Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol Volume 33(11):2585-2595 October 16, 2013 Copyright © American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved. Attenuation of transactivator of transcription (Tat) and cocaine mediated increased proliferation of human pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (HPASMCs) on the activation of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)/BMP receptor (BMPR) axis. Pranjali Dalvi et al. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2013;33:2585-2595 Copyright © American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved. Increased bone morphogenetic protein receptor (BMPR)-2, BMPR-1A, and BMPR-1B mRNA expressions in human pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (HPASMCs) on combined treatment with transactivator of transcription (Tat) and cocaine. Pranjali Dalvi et al. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2013;33:2585-2595 Copyright © American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved. Decreased bone morphogenetic protein receptor (BMPR)-2, BMPR-1A, and BMPR-1B protein levels on combined treatment with transactivator of transcription (Tat) and cocaine. Pranjali Dalvi et al. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2013;33:2585-2595 Copyright © American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved. Abrogation of bone morphogenetic protein receptor (BMPR)–mediated downstream signaling on exposure of transactivator of transcription (Tat)–treated human pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (HPASMCs) to cocaine. Pranjali Dalvi et al. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2013;33:2585-2595 Copyright © American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved. Increase in mRNA and decrease in protein expression of bone morphogenetic protein receptors (BMPRs) in human lung tissues from HIV-infected intravenous drug users (IVDUs). Pranjali Dalvi et al. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2013;33:2585-2595 Copyright © American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved. Treatment of human pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (HPASMCs) with transactivator of transcription (Tat) in the presence of cocaine results in greater reduction in bone morphogenetic protein receptor (BMPR) protein expression when compared with that of the other HIV proteins. Pranjali Dalvi et al. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2013;33:2585-2595 Copyright © American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved.