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ANATOMY LAB
LIST OF SPECIMENS
VERTEBRAL COLUMN & THORACIC CAGE
1. vertebra : body, arch, vertebral foramen, pedicle, lamina, spinous process (spine),
transverse process, superior and inferior articular processes, superior and inferior
vertebral notches, intervertebral foramen.
2. atlas : anterior and posterior arch, anterior and posterior tubercle, lateral mass,
superior articular surface of lateral mass for occipital condyle, inferior articular
surface of lateral mass for axis, articular facet for dens (fovea dentis), transverse
process, transverse foramen, groove for vertebral artery.
3. axis : odontoid process (dens), anterior articular facet (for anterior arch of atlas),
posterior articular facet (for transverse ligament of atlas), superior articular facet
for atlas, inferior articular process, spinous process, transverse process,
transverse foramen
4. vertebra prominens (= C7= 7th cervical vertebra)
5. cervical vertebra : transverse foramen (foramen transversarium), anterior and
posterior tubercle, groove for spinal nerve
6. thoracic vertebra : superior costal facet, inferior costal facet, transverse costal
facet
7. lumbar vertebra : mammillary process, accessory process.
8. sacrum : auricular surface, promontory, sacral canal, sacral hiatus, lateral part of
sacrum, anterior (pelvic) and posterior (dorsal) sacral foramina, sacral cornu
(horn), lumbosacral articular surface, median sacral crest, intermediate sacral
crest, lateral sacral crest, sacral tuberosity.
9. rib : head (superior and inferior articular facets for vertebral body), tubercle of rib
(articular facet for transverse process of vertebra), angle of rib, neck of rib, costal
groove.
10. 1st rib – scalene tubercle, groove for subslavian artery, groove for subclavian
vein.
11. 2nd rib – anterior serratus muscle tuberosity (tuberosity for serratus anterior)
12. sternum : manubrium (jugular notch=suprasternal notch), clavicular notch = facet
for clavicle, facet for first costal cartilage), angle, body (costal notches), xiphoid
process.
II.
SKULL,
1. Mandible : oblique line, mylohyoid line, sublingual fossa, submandibular fossa,
pterygoid fovea, lingula, mental spine, condylar process, masseter tuberosity,
pterygoid tuberosity, digastric fossa, mental foramen
2. Maxilla : zygomatic, frontal, alveolar, palatine processes, maxillary sinus,
zygomaticoalveolar crest, infraorbital foramen.
3. Sphenoid bone : body, sella turcica, dorsum sellae, ant., middle & posterior
clinoid processes, tuberculum sellae, prechiasmatic sulcus, ethmoid spine, carotid
sulcus, lesser wing, greater wing, pterygoid process (medial & lateral lamina),
scaphoid & pterygoid fossa, sphenoid sinus, hamulus, foramen rotundum, ovale,
spinosum, lacerum,
4. Temporal bone : articular tubercle, arcuate eminence, trigeminal impression,
subarcuate fossa, jugular fossa, petrous fossula, styloid process, mastoid
foramen, stylomastoid foramen, petrotympanic fissure, carotid canal, internal
auditory meatus
5. Occipital bone : pharyngeal tubercle, clivus, occipital condyles, condylar fossa,
jugular tubercle, jugular notch, ext. & int. occipital protuberance, sup., inf.,
supreme nuchal lines, hypoglossal canal, condyloid (condylar) canal, foramen
magnum, jugular foramen
6. Ethmoid bone : cribriform plate, perpendicular plate, crista galli, superior and
middle nasal concha
7. Frontal bone : supraorbital notch & margin, frontal notch, glabella, zygomatic
process, frontal sinus, foramen cecum, frontal crest
8. Palatine bone : horizontal & perpendicular laminae
9. Zygomatic bone : temporal process, zygomaticofacial foramen.
10. Greater & lesser palatine canal, incisive canal
11. optic canal, superior & inferior orbital fissure
12. Coronal, lambdoid, sagittal suture
13. Superior sagittal, transverse, sigmoid, superior petrosal, inferior petrosal,
cavernous sulci
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
1. precentral & postcentral gyrus and sulcus
2. paracentral lobule
3. superior, middle, inferior frontal gyri
4. superior & inferior frontal sulci
5. gyrus rectus & orbital gyri, olfactory sulcus & bulb.
6. superior & inferior parietal lobule
7. supramarginal & angular gyri
8. cingulate gyrus and sulcus
9. precuneus and cuneus
,
10. parietooccipital & calcarine sulci
11. sup., middle and inf. temporal gyrus and sulci
12. insula
13. transverse temporal gyri of Heschl
14. lateral occipitotemporal gyrus (fusiform gyrus)
15. lingual gyrus (medial occipitotemporal gyrus
16. parahippocampal gyrus & sulcus hippocampi
17. collateral sulcus
18. caudate nucleus (head, bosy, tail)
19. putamen & globus pallidus (lentiform nucl.)
20. external and extreme capsule
21. claustrum
22. internal capsule (anterior limb, genu, posterior limb)
23. corpus callosum (rostrum, genu, body, splenium)
24. thalamus, interthalamic adhaesion
25. hypothalamic sulcus, medullary stria of the thalamus
26. fornix (column, corpus)
27. anterior & posterior cerebral commisure
28. pineal body
29. mamillary body, tuber cinereum,
30. interventricular foramen of Monro
31. medial and lateral geniculate body
32. optic chiasm & optic tracts
33. tectum, tegmentum (midbrain)
34. superior & inferior colliculi of tectum
35. brachium of the superior and inferior colliculus
36. substantia nigra, red nucleus
37. cerebral peduncle (crus cerebri), interpeduncular fossa
38. superior, middle, inferior cerebellar peduncle
39. basilar (basilic) sulcus
40. basilar, posterior cerebral artery artery
41. rhomboid fossa, facial colliculus
42. sulcus limitans, striae acusticae
43. forceps minor & major
44. trigeminal nerve (origin from the pons)
45. bulbopontine sulcus
46. preolivary & postolivary sulcus
47. olive, pyramid
48. gracile, cuneate tubercle & fasciculus
49. anterior, middle cerebral artery
50. anterior & posterior median sulcus
51. septum pellucidum
HEAD & NECK
1. Sternocleidomastoid muscle
2. digastric (ant. and post. belly)
3. stylohyoid muscle
4. sternohyoid muscle
5. omohyoid muscle (sup. and inf. belly)
6. anterior scalene muscle
7. superior & inferior sagittal sinuses
8. straight sinus
9. transverse & sigmoid sinuses
10. superior and inferior petrosal sinuses
11. sphenoparietal sinus
12. occipital sinus
13. cavernous sinus
14. sigmoid sinus
15. internal jugular vein, external jugular vein, subclavian vein
16. common carotid artery (left and right)
17. internal & external carotid artery
18. maxillary & superf. temporal arteries
19. superior thyroid artery, ascending pharyngeal artery
20. superior laryngeal, posterior auricular artery
21. lingual artery, occipital, facial arteries, facial vein
22. vagus nerve, hypoglossal nerve
23. superior & internal laryngeal branch of vagus
24. recurrent laryngeal nerve
25. sublingual, parotid, submandibular glands, parotid duct
26. inferior alveolar, lingual, auriculotemporal nerve; inferior alveolar artery, middle
meningeal artery
27. infraorbital nerve and artery; mental nerve and artery
28. pharyngeal tonsil, palatine tonsil, tubal tonsil (torus tubarius), lingual tonsil.
29. posterior wall of the pharynx; pharyngeal recess
30. soft palate (sagittal section); arcus palatoglossus & palatopharyngeus (folds)
31. auditory tube ; salpingopalatinal & salpingopharyngeal folds
32. vallecula, median and lateral glossoepiglottic folds
33. piriform recess, aryepiglottic folds, vestibular ligament (cord, fold) = false vocal
fold; ventricle of larynx, vocal ligament (cord, fold) = true vocal fold; esophagus,
trachea; Cricoid, thyroid, epiglottic cartilages of larynx
34. falx cerebri, falx cerebelli, tentorium cerebelli
35. accessory nerve (spinal accessory nerve); phrenic nerve; superior cervical
ganglion (cervical sympathetic trunk)
36. vertebral artery
37. external acoustic meatus
38. suprascapular artery, thyreocervical trunk,
III.
THORAX
1. OSTEOLOGY of thorax
2. internal thoracic artery & vein
3. aortic arch : brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery, left subclavian
artery; ligamentum arteriosum
4. superior & inferior vena cava; right & left brachiocephalic veins
5. intercostal vessels and nerves
6. left & right vagus nerve, left recurrent laryngeal nerve
7. left & right phrenic nerve
8. azygos vein, hemiazygos vein, accessory hemiazygos vein
9. trachea : carina (tracheae); right and left principal bronchi; eparterial bronchus
(right superior lobar bronchus); right superior, middle & inferior lobar bronchi; left
superior and inferior lobar bronchi
10. esophagus
11. lung : lingula (left lung); oblique fissure; horizontal fissure; right and left
pulmonary artery; superior lobar branch of the right pulmonary artery; bronchial
artery; superior & inferior (right and left) pulmonary veins; pulmonary ligament;
aortic impression of the left lung
12. heart : sulcus terminalis – crista terminalis; fossa ovalis, limbus fossae ovalis;
trabeculae carneae; papillary muscles (ant., post. of the right and left ventricle);
coronary sulcus; septomarginal trabecula, pectinate muscles; right & left auricle;
interventricular septum (membranous and muscular part); cusps of the
atrioventricular and semilunar valves
13. vessels of the heart : coronary sinus, right coronary artery; posterior
interventricular branch; left coronary artery; anterior interventricular branch (LAD);
circumflex branch; great cardiac vein; small cardiac vein; middle cardiac vein;
posterior vein of the left ventricle, oblique vein of left atrium; ascending aorta,
pulmonary trunk
14. thoracic aorta : posterior intercostal arteries and veins
15. thoracic part of the sympathetic trunk; greater & lesser splanchnic nerves
16. diaphragm – central tendon, sternal, costal, lumbar part.
17. external intercostal muscle (membrane); internal intercostal muscle (membrane);
m. transversus thoracis
18. pericardiacophrenic vessels.
19. right and left superior intercostal vein.
20. lig. arteriosum
IV.
UPPER LIMB
1. pectoralis major & minor muscles
51. common interosseous artery
2. subscapularis muscle
52. anterior & posterior interosseous artery
3. latissimus dorsi m.; deltoid muscle 53. brachioradialis m.
4. teres major m., teres minor m.
54. extensor carpi radialis longus & brevis m.
5. supraspinatus & infraspinatus m.
55. supinator m.
6. trapezius m.
56. anterior & posterior interosseous nerve
7. rhomboid m.
57. posterior cutaneous branch of the ulnar nerve, ramus
8. serratus anterior m.
dorsalis manus n. ulnaris)
9. biceps brachii m. (long head & short head) 58. extensor digitorum m.
10. coracobrachialis m.
59. extensor digiti minimi m.
11. brachialis muscle
60. extensor carpi ulnaris m.
12. triceps brachii muscle (long, medial & lateral heads)61. abductor pollicis longus
13. axillary artery & vein
62. extensor pollicis brevis m.
14. subscapular artery & vein
63. extensor pollicis longus m.
15. thoracodorsal artery & vein
64. extensor digitorum
16. circumflex scapular artery & vein 65. superficial & deep radial n.
17. cephalic & basilic veins; median cubital vein 66. palmar cutaneous branch of the
median & ulnar
18. highest (supreme) thoracic artery & vein 67. flexor & extensor retinaculum
19. lateral thoracic artery & vein 68. deep & superficial branches of the ulnar nerve
20. anterior & posterior circumflex humeral arteries 69. superficial palmar branch of
the radial artery
21. upper, middle & lower trunk of the brachial plexus 70. deep palmar branch of the
ulnar artery
22. anterior & posterior divisions
71. superficial palmar arch
23. medial, lateral & posterior cords of the brachial plexus 72. deep palmar arch
24. medial & lateral pectoral nerves
73. muscles of thenar & hypothenar
25. long thoracic nerve
74. lumbrical mm.
26. thoracodorsal nerve
75. interossei mm.
25. suprascapular nerve
76. extensor indicis
28. musculocutaneous nerve; lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm
29. lateral & medial roots of the median nerve
30. ulnar nerve
31. medial cutaneous nerve of the arm & forearm
32. radial nerve
33. axillary nerve
34. upper & lower subscapular nerve
35. upper lateral cutaneous nerve of the arm (lateral cutaneous nerve of the arm
36. lower lateral cutaneous nerve of the arm (posterior cutaneous nerve of the arm
37. posterior cutaneous nerve of the forearm
37. intercostobrachial nerves
38. brachial artery & comitant veins
39. profunda brachii artery (deep brachial artery) & veins
40. superior & inferior ulnar collateral arteries & veins
41. palmaris longus m.
42. flexor carpi ulnaris m.
43. flexor digitorum superficialis & profundus muscle
44. pronator teres m.
45. flexor pollicis longus m.
46. flexor carpi radialis m.
47. pronator qudratus m.
48. median nerve
49. radial & ulnar arteries + comitant veins
50. recurrent radial & ulnar arteries
UPPER LIMB - Bones
clavicle : acromial end (facet), sternal end (facet), nutrient foramen, impression for
costoclavicular ligament, trapezoid line, conoid tubercle, subclavian groove,
superior surface, inferior surface.
scapula : acromion, coracoid process, supraglenoid and infraglenoid tubercles,
subscapular fossa, lateral, medial and superior borders, superior, lateral and
inferior angles, suprascapular notch, glenoid cavity, spine, supraspinous and
infraspinous fossa), articular facet for clavicle, neck of scapula, groove for
circumflex scapular vessels
humerus : head, anatomical neck, surgical neck, greater and lesser tubercle, crest of
greater and lesser tubercles, intertubercular sulcus, deltoid tuberosity, shaft, radial
groove, medial and lateral epicondyles, trochlea, radial fossa, coronoid fossa,
olecranon fossa, groove for ulnar nerve, capitulum, medial and lateral
supracondylar ridge, nutrient foramen
radius : head, neck, fovea (fossa) of the head, articular circumference of the head,
radial tuberosity (bicipital tuberosity), interosseous border, anterior border,
posterior border, anterior surface, posterior surface, lateral surface, radial (lateral)
styloid process, ulnar notch, dorsal tubercle, inferior articular surface (area for
scaphoid bone, area for lunate bone), groove for extensor digitorum and extensor
indicis muscle, groove for extensor pollicis longus muscle, groove for extensor
carpi radialis longus and brevis muscle.
ulna : olecranon, trochlear notch, coronoid process, radial notch, shaft, interosseous
border, posterior border, anterior border, anterior surface, posterior surface,
medial surface, supinator crest, head of ulna, articular circumference of the head,
ulnar (medial) styloid process, ulnar tuberosity)
bones of the hand : scaphoid (tubercle of scaphoid), lunate, triquetral, pisiform,
trapezium(tubercle of trapezium), trapezoid, capitate, hamate (hook of hamate).
metacarpals (base, shaft, head) and proximal, middle, distal phalanges (distal
phalanges – base, shaft, head, tuberosity).
V.
ABDOMEN & PELVIS
1. rectus abdominis muscle; inferior epigastric artery & vein; deep circumflex iliac
artery & vein
2. median umbilical fold; medial umbilical folds (umbilical ligament, umbilical artery);
lateral umbilical folds
3. lesser omentum (hepatoesophageal, hepatogastric, hepatoduodenal ligaments)
4. greater omentum (gastrocolic ligament + epiploe)
5. liver : quadrate lobe of the liver, caudate lobe of the liver – caudate & papillary
processes; ligamentum teres hepatis (round ligament of the liver), fissure for the
round ligament of the liver, bare area of the liver (area nuda); ligamentum
venosum (fissure for lig. venosum), falciform ligament (left & right triangular
ligaments); gallbladder (fossa for the gallbladder), fissure for the inferior vena
cava, porta hepatis; cystic duct; common hepatic duct (right and left hepatic
ducts), ductus choledochus (common bile duct), portal vein, proper hepatic artery
(right & left hepatic arteries,
6. pancreas : (head, body, tail)
7. spleen : (upper and lower pole, anterior and posterior margin, hilus)
8. abdominal aorta : celiac trunk, superior & inferior mesenteric arteries, renal
arteries, testicular or ovarian arteries, lumbar arteries, common iliac arteries,
external & internal iliac arteries, median sacral artery
9. celiac trunk : (left gastric artery, common hepatic artery - gastroduodenal artery /
proper hepatic artery, right and left hepatic arteries, right gastric artery/, splenic
artery – short gastric arteries), right gastroepiploic, sup. at. & post.
pancreaticoduodenal arteries, left gastroepiploic artery
10. superior mesenteric artery : (inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery, middle colic
artery /right and left branches/, right colic artery /ascending and descending
branches/, intestinal arteries, ileocolic artery : colic artery, ileal artery, anterior and
posterior cecal branches, appendicular artery)
11. inferior mesenteric artery : (left colic artery /ascending and descending branch/,
sigmoid arteries, superior rectal artery)
12. inferior vena cava : renal veins, hepatic veins, testicular or ovarian veins,
common iliac veins, external & internal iliac veins; median sacral vein
13. portal vein : superior mesenteric vein, splenic vein, inferior mesenteric vein, left
gastric vein)
14. stomach : (cardia, fundus, body and pylorus, greater & lesser curvature)
15. duodenum (greater duodenal papilla (of Vater)
16. cecum + appendix, ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid colon (teniae coli
(libera, mesocolica, omentalis); epiploic appendages
17. kidney : pyramid, renal column, renal papilla, minor calyx, major calyx, renal
pelvis); ureter; suprarenal gland
18. uterus : broad ligament of uterus, round ligament of the uterus, ovarian ligament,
suspensory ligament of the ovary, cervical canal, cervix, isthmus, fundus); uterine
tubes; rectouterine pouch (of Douglas); vesicouterine pouch
19. ovaries
20. vagina (ant., post. & lateral fornix)
21. urinary bladder (the trigone); internal os of urethra (male or female)
22. male & female urethra
23. rectum and anal canal (transverse folds of the rectum, inferior, middle & superior)
24. rectovesical pouch
25.seminal vesicles, vas deferens, ampulla, testis, epididymis, ejaculatory duct
26. prostate gland
27. internal iliac artery – superior & inferior gluteal artery, umbilical artery, obturator
artery; middle rectal artery, inferior vesical artery).
28. obturator vein
29. nerves : femoral, lateral cutaneous femoral, ilioinquinal, iliohypogastric,
genitofemoral, obturator
30. sympathetic trunk, lumbosacral trunk
31. spermatic cord
32. subcostal nerve
BONY PELVIS
hip bone : ilium : body, wing of ilium (ala), iliac crest, outer lip, inner lip,
intermediate zone, iliac fossa, anterior superior iliac spine, anterior
inferior iliac spine, posterior superior iliac spine, posterior inferior iliac
spine, tuberculum of ilium, auricular surface, iliopubic eminence,
arcuate line (iliopectinate line), posterior gluteal line, anterior gluteal
line, inferior gluteal line, iliac tuberosity.
pubis : body, superior and inferior pubic rami, pubic tubercle, pubic
crest, symphyseal surface, obturator
crest, obturator groove
ischium : body, ramus of ischium, ischial spine, ischial tuberosity,
greater sciatic notch, lesser sciatic notch, obturator foramen
acetabulum : acetabular fossa, acetabular notch, lunate surface,
margin (limbus) of acetabulum.
VI.
LOWER LIMB
1. psoas major muscle
2. psoas minor muscle
3. iliacus muscle
4. lumbar plexus : obturator nerve; iliohypogastric nerve; ilioinquinal nerve; lateral
cutaneous nerve of thigh (lat. cut. femoral n.), genitofemoral nerve (genital and
femoral branch); femoral nerve (its branches : muscular and anterior cutaneous
femoral nerves, sartorial branches, nerve to vastus medialis, saphenous nerve);
5. external iliac artery and vein : inferior epigastric artery & vein , deep circumflex iliac
artery & vein)
6. femoral artery and vein : superficial epigastric artery, superficial circumflex iliac
artery, external pudendal aa., descending genicular artery, profunda femoris
artery : medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries, perforating branches)
7. sartorius muscle
8. quadriceps femoris muscle : rectus femoris, vastus medialis, intermedius and
lateralis
9. tensor fasciae latae : iliotibial tract
10. pectineus muscle, adductor longus, brevis and magnus, gracilis muscle.
11. anterior division of obturatory nerve and vessels
12. gluteus maximus muscle
13. gluteus medius and minimus muscle
14. piriformis muscle
15. gemellus superior muscle, tendon of internal obturator muscle, gemellus inferior
muscle, quadratus femoris muscle
16. superior gluteal nerve and vessels
17. inferior gluteal nerve and vessels
18. posterior cutaneous femoral nerve (post. cut. n. of thigh)
19. sciatic nerve
20. pudendal nerve, internal pudendal vessels
21. sacrospinal ligament, sacrotuberal ligament
22. biceps femoris muscle (long head and short head)
23. semitendinosus muscle, semimembranosus muscle
24. popliteal artery and vein – sural arteries (med. & lat.)
25. tibial nerve
26. common peroneal nerve
27. lateral and medial cutaneous nerves of calf, sural nerve
28. deep and superficial peroneal nerves
29. anterior and posterior tibial vessels – peroneal artery
30. peroneus longus and brevis muscles
31. tibialis anterior muscles, extensor digitorum longus muscle, extensor hallucis
longus muscle, peroneus tertius muscle
32. gastrocnemius muscle – medial & lateral head
33. soleus muscle
34. plantaris muscle
35. tibialis posterior muscle
36. flexor hallucis longus muscle
37. flexor digitorum longus muscle
38. extensor digitorum brevis muscle
39. lateral and medial plantar nerve and vessels
40. quadratus plantae muscle
41. great & small saphenous vein
LOWER LIMB - bones
hip bone : ilium : body, wing of ilium (ala), iliac crest, outer lip, inner lip,
intermediate zone, iliac fossa, anterior superior iliac spine, anterior
inferior iliac spine, posterior superior iliac spine, posterior inferior iliac
spine, tuberculum of ilium, auricular surface, iliopubic eminence,
arcuate line (iliopectinate line), posterior gluteal line, anterior gluteal
line, inferior gluteal line, iliac tuberosity.
pubis : body, superior and inferior pubic rami, pubic tubercle, pubic
crest, symphyseal surface, obturator
crest, obturator groove
ischium : body, ramus of ischium, ischial spine, ischial tuberosity,
greater sciatic notch, lesser sciatic notch, obturator foramen
acetabulum : acetabular fossa, acetabular notch, lunate surface,
margin (limbus) of acetabulum.
femur : head, fovea for ligament of head, neck, greater and lesser trochanter,
trochanteric fossa, intertrochanteric line, intertrochanteric crest, quadrate tubercle,
calcar, shaft (linea aspera, medial and lateral lip of linea aspera, medial
supracondylar ridge, adductor tubercle, lateral supracondylar ridge, gluteal
tuberosity, pectineal line, popliteal surface, lateral and medial condyles,
intercondylar fossa, medial and lateral epicondyles, patellar surface, nutrient
foramen.
patella
tibia : lateral and medial condyles of tibia, superior articular surface of tibia (medial
and lateral facet), anterior and posterior intecondylar area, intercondylar
eminence, lateral and medial intercondylar tubercle, circular articular facet for the
head of the fibula, shaft, tibial tuberosity, Gerdy’s tubercle (insertion of the iliotibial
tract), soleal line, medial border, interosseous border, anterior border, medial
surface, lateral surface, posterior surface, medial malleolus, articular facet of
medial malleolus, fibular notch, groove for tibialis posterior and flexor digitorum
longus tendon, groove for tendon of flexor hallucis longus, nutrient foramen,
inferior articular surface
fibula : head (apex of fibula), neck of fibula, interosseous border, medial crest, lateral
surface, medial surface, posterior surface, lateral malleolus (articular facet,
malleolar fossa of lateral malleolus)
calcaneus : calcaneal sulcus, anterior, middle and posterior talar surfaces, tuberosity
(medial and lateral process of tuberosity), sustentaculum tali, fibular (peroneal
trochlea), articular surface for cuboid bone, groove for fibularis (peroneus) longus
tendon
talus : (head, neck, trochlea, sulcus tali - sinus tarsi, articular facet for articulation
with the lateral and medial malleolus, groove for tendon of flexor hallucis longus
muscle, posterior process (medial and lateral tubercle), anterior, middle and
posterior calcaneal surfaces
navicular bone (tuberosity)
cuboid bone (groove for fibularis (peroneus) longus muscle
cuneiform bones
metatarsal bones (base, shaft, head), tuberosity of 5th metatarsal and phalanges
(proximal, middle and distal).