Download Lesson 1 - Emory Centers website

2016
Tobacco101
PartOne,LessonOne
ASELF-GUIDEDE-BOOK
INEIGHTLESSONS
IntroductiontoTobacco101
WelcometoTTAC’sTobacco101!Tobacco101isaself-guidedtutorialthatprovidestheinformationandresources
necessarytounderstandwhytobaccouseisconsideredthe#1preventablecauseofdeathintheUS,aswellasthe
evidence-basedandpromisingstrategiesthatcanreducetobacco’stoll.Youcanbenefitfromthiscoursewhetheryou
arenewtotobaccocontrolandneedanintroductiontokeytopics,orareanexperiencedprofessionallookingto
refreshandupdateyourknowledge.
Tobacco101wasrevisedinthespringof2013tocontainthelatestinformation,resources,andtoolsavailable.The
user-friendlyself-guidedformatallowsyoutocompletethetutorialatyourownpaceandexplorethevarious
externalresourcesandtoolsasneeded.Tobacco101isorganizedintotwopartscomprisedoffourlessonseach.
Optionalreviewquestionsareofferedattheendofeachlessontoallowyoutocheckyourunderstandingofthe
content,trysomeoftheresources,andreflectonhowtheinformationappliestoyourroleintobaccocontrol.
Youcanstartatthebeginningandreadthroughthecoursefrombeginningtoendorsimplyselectthosesectionsthat
areofgreatestinterest.
Part1:IntroductiontoPreventionandControlofTobaccoUse
• Lesson1:TheEvolutionofTobaccoControl
• Lesson2:TobaccoUseintheUnitedStates
• Lesson3:ImpactofTobaccoUse
• Lesson4:FactorsthatDetermineTobaccoUse
Part2:ReducingtheProblemofTobaccoUse
• Lesson1:CredibleTobaccoControlResourcesandKeyPartners
• Lesson2:TobaccoControlModels
• Lesson3:EffectiveTobaccoControlPolicies
• Lesson4:StrategiesforSuccess
TTACalsoprovidestailored,on-siteTobacco101trainingsfororganizationswhowanttoincludeitinconferencesand
workshops.Tolearnmore,visitourwebsitewww.tacenters.emory.eduorcontactusattacenters@emory.edu.
©2016EmoryCentersforTrainingandTechnicalAssistance
2
TableofContents
PA RT 1 : I N T RO D U C T I O N TO P R E V E N T I O N A N D CO N T RO L O F TO BACCO U S E LESSON1
TheEvolutionofTobaccoControl Page4
CheckforUnderstanding
Page15
Sources Page17
©2016EmoryCentersforTrainingandTechnicalAssistance
3
Tobacco101PartOne,LessonOne
TheEvolutionofTobaccoControl
LessonOneLearningObjectives
LessonOneisabouttheevolutionofthefieldtobaccocontrol.Attheendofthislesson,youshouldbeableto:
1. Describetheevolutionofthetobaccocontrolmovement.
Themovementdidnothappenovernight,butevolvedovertime.Wewilltakeacloselookathowthat
happenedduringthepastcentury.
2. ExplainhoweventsinU.S.historyaffectedtobaccouse.
Certaineventshadaprofoundeffectontobaccoproduction,tobaccoadvertising,tobaccoprevalence,and
socialnormsrelatedtotobaccouse.
3. Describehowtobaccouseemergedasapublichealthproblem.
Asresearchintotheeffectsoftobaccousegrew,sotoodidawarenessoftheadversehealtheffectsof
tobaccoonthebody.Wewilllookathowresearchexpandedandknowledgeincreasedduringthelast
century.
©2016EmoryCentersforTrainingandTechnicalAssistance
4
EarlyHistoryofTobaccointheAmericas
TobaccohasbeeninAmericaforcenturies.The
tobaccoplantisnativetoCentralandSouth
AmericaandwasbroughttoNorthAmerica–to
Virginia-inthe16thand17thcenturiestobe
grownforcommercialtobaccoproducts,
includingcigarettes,pipetobacco,andcigars.
NativeAmericansviewedtobaccoassacred.
Traditionally,tobaccowasofferedasagiftto
thespiritsinceremoniesandprayers.Tobacco
wasalsousedformedicalpurposes.The
Mayanssmokedtobaccoforsuchvaried
conditionsasasthma,bitesandstings,bowel
complaints,chills,fever,convulsions,nervous
ailments,soreeyes,skindiseasesandurinary
ailments.
Today,thetobaccoplantisoneofthemostprofitablecommercialproductsofalltime,anditisusedinallregionsof
theworld.
ForFurtherInformation…aboutsacredtobaccouseamongNative
Americans,visit:
• TheNationalNativeNetwork’sKeepItSacredwebsite
http://www.keepitsacred.org/network/
• TheSouthDakotaNativeAmericanCommunityToolkit
http://doh.sd.gov/Tobacco/PDF/NAtoolkit_CommWEB.pdf
©2016EmoryCentersforTrainingandTechnicalAssistance
5
OverviewofTobaccoUseintheUnitedStates
AdultPerCapitaCigaretteConsumption,1900-2011
5000
Morerecently,in2011,per
capitacigaretteconsumption
is1232cigarettesperyear.
4500
NumberofCigarettes
4000
3500
3000
2500
In1900,percapita
cigaretteconsumptionwas
54cigarettesperyear.
Attheheightofthetobacco
epidemicintheearly1960s,
thepercapitaconsumption
was4166cigarettesperyear.
2000
1500
1000
500
0
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Year
Sources:CentersforDiseaseControlandPreventionandUnitedStatesDepartmentofAgriculture
ThisgraphshowsthepercapitacigaretteconsumptionamongadultsintheUnitedStatesforeachyearfrom1900to
2011.Thepercapitaconsumptionrepresentstheamountofcigarettessmokedeachyeardividedbythetotal
populationoftheUnitedStatesthatyear,givinganaveragenumberofcigarettessmokedperadultforeachyear.
Clearly,adultsmokinghasgoneupanddownduringthepastcentury.Thereisanobviousoverallincreasefrom1910
until1970,andthenadeclineeversincethen.Ifyoulookclosely,youcanseethatinsomeyearssmokingdropped
dramatically.
ManyhistoricaleventsduringthelastseveraldecadesinfluencedtobaccouseintheUnitedStates,shapingthis
graph.Wewilltakeacloserlookateacheventandhowitaffectedtobaccoconsumptionthroughouttheremainder
ofthislesson.
ForFurtherInformation…aboutadulttobaccouseintheUnitedStates,
readthisMorbidityandMortalityWeeklyReportfromtheCentersfor
DiseaseControlandPreventionthatdescribestobaccouseamong
adultsuptotheyear2005:
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5542a1.htm
©2016EmoryCentersforTrainingandTechnicalAssistance
6
EvolutionofTobaccoControl:1910-1945
Fromtheearly1900’sthrough1945,severaleventsoccurredthatincreasedtheconsumptionoftobaccointheUnited
States.Someoftheseevents,andhowtheyaffectedtobaccoconsumption,aredescribedbelow:
UnitedStatesentersWorldWarI(1917)
Warusuallycausesasharpupsurgeintobaccouse,andWorld
WarIwasnoexception.Partoftheremarkablegrowthin
cigarettesmokingfrom1910to1930,whichincludesthewar
years,wasbecausewomenbegansmoking.
GreatDepression(1929–early1940s)
Thetobaccoindustrywasoneoftheonlyindustriestomakea
profitduringtheGreatDepression.Tobaccowascheapto
produce,andthedemandfortobaccoproductsincreasedas
peoplelostworkorcamebackfromwar.
UnitedStatesinvolvementinWorldWarII(1941-1945)
AspartoftheWorldWarIIwareffort,PresidentRooseveltmade
tobaccoaprotectedcrop.CigaretteswereincludedinGIsCrations,andtobaccocompaniessentmillionsoffreecigarettesto
GIs.Tobaccousewassofiercethatashortagedevelopedand,by
theendofthewar,cigarettesaleswereatanall-timehigh.
NumberofCigarettes
AdultPerCapitaCigaretteConsumption,1900-2011
5000
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Year
©2016EmoryCentersforTrainingandTechnicalAssistance
7
EvolutionofTobaccoControl:1946-1970
Startingin1950,researchregardingtobacco’shealtheffectsbegantoemerge,justifyingthebeginningsoftobacco
controlpoliciesinthe1960sand1970s.Readaboutsomeoftheeventsthataffectedtobaccoconsumptioninthe
UnitedStatesfrom1946through1970below:
Firstreportslinkingsmokingandcancer(1950)
Threeimportantepidemiologicstudiespublishedinleadingmedicaljournalsshowedthe
firstpowerfullinksbetweensmokingandlungcancer.
SurgeonGeneral’sReport(1964)
Thereleaseofthe1964SurgeonGeneral’sReportlinkingsmokingandlungcancerisa
significanteventintobaccocontrol.Ithadconclusivedataonthehealthrisksofsmoking,
anditclearedthewaytoraisethepublic’sawarenessofthedangersoftobaccouse.
However,behaviorchangetakestime,andwedidnotseeasignificantdeclineintobacco
useuntil1973.ClickhereforanoverviewoftheReport’sfindings,orclickheretodownload
theReportinitsentirety.
FairnessDoctrinemessagesonbroadcastmedia(1967)
In1967,theFederalCommunicationsCommission(FCC)ruledthatthe
FairnessDoctrineappliedtocigarettecommercials,andthatradioand
televisionstationsmustdevotehundredsofmillionsofdollars’worthof
broadcasttimetofreeantismokingmessages.Thedoctrinerequiredequal
timeforantismokingcommercialsasforpaidpro-tobaccocommercials,which
causedaboomincompelling,free,publicserviceantismokingcommercials.
UnitedStatesbansbroadcastadvertisementsforcigarettes(1970)
InApril1970,theU.S.CongresspassedthePublicHealthCigaretteSmoking
Act,whichbannedallradioandtelevisionadvertisingofcigarettes.Thebanon
advertisingisbelievedtohavecontributedtothedeclineintobaccouse
duringtheearly1970s.
NumberofCigarettes
AdultPerCapitaCigaretteConsumption,1900-2011
5000
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Year
©2016EmoryCentersforTrainingandTechnicalAssistance
8
EvolutionofTobaccoControl1971-1990
TobaccocontrolintheUnitedStatesbegantotakeoffafter1970,withfederallaws
andadvocacymovementscreatingmomentuminthefield.Seebelowforafew
majoreventsbetween1971and1990thathadaneffectontobaccoconsumption:
AmericansforNonsmokers’Rightsformed(1976)
In1976,theorganizationAmericansforNonsmokers’Rightswasformed,beginning
themovementtoprotectnonsmokersfromtobaccosmoke.Shortlyafter,a1978
RoperReportpreparedfortheTobaccoInstituteconcludedthatthenonsmokers'
rightsmovementwas"themostdangerousdevelopmentyettotheviabilityofthe
tobaccoindustrythathasyetoccurred."
Federalcigarettetaxdoubles(1983)
FederaltaxesontobaccohavebeenpartofthefederaltaxsystemsincetheCivil
War.Thefederalcigarettetaxhadincreasedslowlyuntil1983whenitwasdoubledto16centsperpack.Clickhereto
learnmoreaboutthehistoryoffederaltobaccotaxes.
Coalescenceofmodernadvocacymovement(early1980s)
Untiltheearly1980s,thescienceandgrassrootsbranchesoftobaccocontrolworkedseparately.Themodern
advocacymovementwasbornwhenthesetwobranchesjoinedtogethertohaveamorecredibleandpowerfuleffect.
NumberofCigarettes
AdultPerCapitaCigaretteConsumption,1900-2011
5000
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Year
©2016EmoryCentersforTrainingandTechnicalAssistance
9
EvolutionofTobaccoControl1991-2000
The1990’swerecrucialyearsinthetobaccocontrolmovement,withseverallandmarkpoliciesandreportsoccurring
between1991and2000thataffectedtobaccouseinthecountry:
SynarAmendmentenacted(1992)
In1992,CongressadoptedtheSynarAmendment,whichrequiresstatestoenactlawsestablishingminimumagesat
whichanyonecanbuytobacco.Statesmustalsoenforcethoselawsandshowprogressivereductionsinthe
availabilityoftobaccoforsaletominors.ClickheretoreadmoreabouttheSynarProgram.
Environmentaltobaccosmokelistedasaknownhumancarcinogen
(1992)
InaJuly1992meeting,theEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA)Science
AdvisoryBoardendorsedtheconclusionsofamajorreportassessingthehealth
risksofsecondhandsmoke.Thisincludedunanimousendorsementofthe
classificationofenvironmentaltobaccosmoke(ETS)asaGroupA(knownhuman)
carcinogen.Soonafter,smokingwasbannedonalldomesticflights,apivotal
victoryforsmoke-freeadvocates.
TheMasterSettlementAgreement(1998)
TheMasterSettlementAgreement(MSA)isahistoricmilestoneintobaccocontrol.InNovember1998,Attorneys
Generalof46states,theDistrictofColumbia,andfivecommonwealthsandterritoriessettledlawsuitswithtobacco
companiestorecouphundredsofbillionsofdollarsinMedicaidexpensesresultingfromsmoking-relatedillnessand
disease.Thislawsuitresultedina$206billionsettlement,payableover25years.Mississippi,Florida,Texas,
Minnesotahadsettledseparatelawsuitspreviously.
Marylandbanssmokinginprivateworkplaces(1998)
Marylandwasthefirststatetobansmokinginworkplaces.Previously,Californiaenactedrestrictionsthatrequired
workerstosmokeonlyinventilatedareas.By1998,twentyotherstatesrequireddesignatedsmokingareasin
workplaces.Clickheretolearnmoreaboutchangesinstatesmokingrestrictionsthattookplacefrom1998-2004.
AdultPerCapitaCigaretteConsumption,1900-2011
NumberofCigarettes
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Year
EvolutionofTobaccoControl2001-2005
©2016EmoryCentersforTrainingandTechnicalAssistance
10
Since2000,wehaveseenmoresignificanteventstakeplacethathaveaffectedtobaccoconsumption,including
policiesatthebusiness,state,national,andinternationallevels.
DepartmentofTransportationbanssmokingonallinternationalflights(2002)
U.S.DepartmentofTransportationbanssmokingonallflightsbetweentheUnitedStatesandothercountries.
WorldHealthOrganizationadoptsFramework
ConventiononTobaccoControl(2003)
TheFrameworkConventiononTobaccoControl(FCTC)istheworld’sfirst
internationalpublichealthtreaty.Thetreaty,adoptedbytheWorldHealth
Organizationin2003,recognizestobaccouseasaglobalepidemic.Ithassince
becomeoneofthemostwidelyembracedtreatiesinUnitedNationshistoryand,asofNovember2009,has168
partiessignedontoit,establishinginternationalcooperationandstandardstoreducetobaccouse.Asofyet,the
UnitedStateshasnotratifiedthetreaty.VisittheFCTCwebsitetolearnmore.
NewYorkStatepassescomprehensivesmoke-freeairlaw(2003)
NewYorkStatepassedanear-totalstatewidesmokingbanin2003,banningsmokinginallbars,restaurants,and
clubs.NewYorkalsobeganenforcingabanonInternetcigarettesalesandadoptedtheUnitedStates’firstfire-safe
cigaretteregulations.ACDCarticleinMMWRshowsasignificantdeclineintobaccouseinNewYorkCityfrom2002
to2006.
Businessesreacttochangesinsocialnormssurroundingtobacco(2004-2005)
In2004,NASCARendeditslongstandingsponsorshipdealwithR.J.ReynoldsTobaccoCo.,citedtobearesultof
“changingbusinessdynamics.”Clickheretolearnmoreabouttheterminationofthe33-yearoldsponsorship.In
2005,WestinHotelsandResortsannouncedthatitwouldnolongerallowsmokinginanyrooms,restaurants,bars,or
publicareasatits77propertiesintheUnitedStates,Canada,ortheCaribbean,makingitthefirstmajorsmoke-free
hotelchain.ClickheretoreadmoreaboutWestin’spolicychange.
NumberofCigarettes
AdultPerCapitaCigaretteConsumption,19002011
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Year
©2016EmoryCentersforTrainingandTechnicalAssistance
11
EvolutionofTobaccoControl2006-2010
Inmorerecentyears,smokingrateshavecontinuedtodeclineslowly,andthefederalgovernmenthastakenstepsto
furtherreducetheserates:
Adultsmokingprevalencedropsbelow20%(2007)
In2007,theadultsmokingprevalencedippedbelow20%intheUnitedStatesforthefirsttimeindecades.Thedrop
toaprevalencerateof19.8%smokingamongadultsisreportedintheMarch2009MorbidityandMortalityWeekly
Report(MMWR)fromtheCentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention.
Federaltobaccotaxesincrease(2009)
Inearly2009,thefederalgovernmentsignificantlyraisedtobaccotaxes,withcigarettetaxesincreasingfrom$0.39to
$1.01perpack.Federaltaxesonothertobaccoproducts,likecigarsandsmokelesstobacco,werealsoincreased.The
mainpurposeofthetaxincreasewastofundanexpansionoftheStateChildren’sHealthInsuranceProgram
(SCHIP).Thisincreasecameatatimewhentobaccocompanieswerealsoincreasingtheirpricesduetotheslowing
economyandrisingproductioncosts.ClickheretoreadafactsheetaboutthetaxincreasesfromtheCampaignfor
Tobacco-FreeKids.
FamilySmokingPreventionandTobaccoControlActispassed(2009)
InJune2009,theFoodandDrugAdministration(FDA)wasgrantedtheauthoritytoregulatetobaccoproducts.The
U.S.Senatevoted79to17toapprovethebill(H.R.1256/S.982),knownastheFamilySmokingPreventionand
TobaccoControlAct.Implementationoflawbeganinfollowingyearandcontinues.Laterinthiscourse,wewilltalk
aboutthepurposeofthislegislationandthepotentialbenefitfortobaccocontrolintheUnitedStates.
NumberofCigarettes
AdultPerCapitaCigaretteConsumption,1900-2011
5000
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Year
©2016EmoryCentersforTrainingandTechnicalAssistance
12
TheEvolutionofTobaccoControl–WhereWeAreNow
Recenteventsshowthatsignificantprogresshasbeenmadeinreducingtobaccouseandprotectingpeoplefrom
tobaccosmoke,buttheneedfortobaccocontrolprogramsandpoliciesremains:
2012SurgeonGeneral’sReportisreleased
The2012SurgeonGeneral’sReport,PreventingTobaccoUseAmongYouthandYoungAdults,summarizesresearchon
theepidemiology,causes,andhealtheffectsofsmokingamongyoungpeople.Thereportfindsthatover600,000
middleschoolstudentsandmorethanthreemillionhighschoolstudentssmokecigarettes,andthatyouthandyoung
adultshavehighratesofcigaruseanduseofmultipletobaccoproducts.
Tobaccoindustrybringsnewproductstothemarket
Thetobaccoindustryhasintroducedseveralnoveltobaccoproductstothemarket
overthepastfewyears.Clickheretolearnmoreabouttheseproductsandhowthey
attractyouthtotobaccouse.
Researchshowschangesincombustibletobaccousepatterns
Thesteadydecreaseincigaretteconsumptionhasbeencounteredbyarecenttrend
ofusingothercombustibletobaccoproducts.ClickheretoreadaMorbidityand
MortalityWeeklyReportabouttheincreaseuseofcigarsandpipetobacco.
Comprehensivesmoke-freelawscontinuetobeadopted
AsofOctober2012,23states,WashingtonDC,PuertoRico,andtheU.S.Virgin
Islandshadenactedcomprehensivesmoke-freelawsthatincludeallbars,restaurants,andworkplaces.
Theselawsprotect48.7%oftheU.S.populationfromsecond-handsmoke.VisittheAmericansforNonsmokers’
Rightswebsiteformoreinformation,smoke-freelists,andmaps.
ForFurtherInformation…onhistoryoftobacco,checkoutTheTobacco
TimelinebyGeneBorio:
http://archive.tobacco.org/resources/history/Tobacco_History.html
©2016EmoryCentersforTrainingandTechnicalAssistance
13
TheEvolutionofTobaccoControl:PolicyMatters
ManyhistoricaleventshaveaffectedtobaccouseintheUnitedStates,causing
bothincreasesanddecreasesoverthepastcentury.Alloftheeventsmentionedin
thislessonhaveinfluencedtobaccouseandshapedtobaccocontrolintheUnited
Statesasweknowittoday.
Throughouttheevolutionofthetobaccocontrolmovement,thegreatest
reductionsintobaccousehaveoccurredthroughpolicychanges.Youcanseehow
somepoliciesenactedovertheyearshaveaffectedtobaccouseinthegraph
below.Governmentsupportforpoliciesandprogramsthatreducetobaccouseare
generallywelcomedbythegeneralpublic.
Nowthatyouhavesomebackgroundinformationonthehistoryoftobaccocontrol
intheUnitedStates,wecanmoveontotalkingaboutcurrentissuesand
challenges.
©2016EmoryCentersforTrainingandTechnicalAssistance
14
LessonOneCheckforUnderstanding
Beforemovingontothenextlesson,pleaseanswerthefollowingquestionstoreviewwhatyoulearnedinLesson
One:
1. Thinkaboutit:Whattwoorthreeeventspresentedinthislessonwereyousurprisedtolearnaffected
tobaccouse?Whatsurprisedyouabouttheconnection?
2. Whendidscientistsbeginpublishingreportsaboutthehealtheffectsoftobacco?
a. 1930s
b. 1950s
c. 1970s
d. 1990s
3. WhichofthefollowingbestdescribestheMasterSettlementAgreement?
a. Theresultofa1998lawsuitbroughtagainsttobaccocompaniesbythe46AttorneysGeneralto
recoupMedicaidexpensesresultingfromsmoking-relateddisease.
b. 2003WorldHealthOrganizationtreatyrecognizingtobaccouseasaglobalepidemic.
c. 2012publicationsummarizingresearchontheepidemiology,causes,andhealtheffectsofsmoking
amongyoungpeople.
d. Noneoftheabove.
4. WhichofthefollowingbestdescribestheFamilySmokingPreventionandTobaccoControlAct?
a. 1970lawbanningallradioandtelevisioncigaretteadvertising.
b. 1992lawrequiringstatestosetminimumagestobuytobacco.
c. 2009lawgivingtheFoodandDrugAdministration(FDA)authoritytoregulatetobaccoproducts.
d. Noneoftheabove.
5. AfterexaminingthehistoricsuccessesandchallengesofchangingtobaccocontrolpolicywithinUnited
Stateshistory,whattacticsseemtobemostsuccessfulandmightserveasmodelsforcurrenttobacco
controlpolicyproblems?
©2016EmoryCentersforTrainingandTechnicalAssistance
15
LessonOneCheckforUnderstandingAnswers
Beforemovingontothenextlesson,pleaseanswerthefollowingquestionstoreviewwhatyoulearnedinLesson
One:
1. Thinkaboutit:Whattwoorthreeeventspresentedinthislessonwereyousurprisedtolearnaffected
tobaccouse?Whatsurprisedyouabouttheconnection?
CorrectAnswer:Answerswillvary.
2. Whendidscientistsbeginpublishingreportsaboutthehealtheffectsoftobacco?
a. 1930s
b. 1950s
c. 1970s
d. 1990s
Correctanswer:b.Needtoreview?Gobacktoslide5,“EvolutionofTobaccoControl:1946–1970.”
3. WhichofthefollowingbestdescribestheMasterSettlementAgreement?
a. Theresultofa1998lawsuitbroughtagainsttobaccocompaniesbythe46AttorneysGeneralto
recoupMedicaidexpensesresultingfromsmoking-relateddisease.
b. 2003WorldHealthOrganizationtreatyrecognizingtobaccouseasaglobalepidemic.
c. 2012publicationsummarizingresearchontheepidemiology,causes,andhealtheffectsofsmoking
amongyoungpeople.
d. Noneoftheabove.
Correctanswer:a.“Needtoreview?Gobacktoslide7,“EvolutionofTobaccoControl1991-2000.”
4. WhichofthefollowingbestdescribestheFamilySmokingPreventionandTobaccoControlAct?
a. 1970lawbanningallradioandtelevisioncigaretteadvertising.
b. 1992lawrequiringstatestosetminimumagestobuytobacco.
c. 2009lawgivingtheFoodandDrugAdministration(FDA)authoritytoregulatetobaccoproducts.
d. Noneoftheabove.
Correctanswer:c.“Needtoreview?Gobacktoslide9,“EvolutionofTobaccoControl2006-2010.”
5. AfterexaminingthehistoricsuccessesandchallengesofchangingtobaccocontrolpolicywithinUnited
Stateshistory,whattacticsseemtobemostsuccessfulandmightserveasmodelsforcurrenttobacco
controlpolicyproblems?
CorrectAnswer:Answerswillvary.
©2016EmoryCentersforTrainingandTechnicalAssistance
16
LessonOneSources
ResourcesUsed
1. HamiltonJL.TheDemandforCigarettes:Advertising,theHealthScare,andtheCigaretteAdvertisingBan.The
ReviewofEconomicsandStatistics.1972;54(4):401-411.
2. Bernstein,MA.TheGreatDepression:DelayedRecoveryandEconomicChangeinAmerica,1929-1939.NewYork:
CambridgeUniversityPress,1988.
3. Seldon,BJ,Doroodian,K.Asimultaneousmodelofcigaretteadvertising:Effectsondemandandindustryresponse
topublicpolicy.TheReviewofEconomicsandStatistics.1989;71(4):673-677.
4. U.S.DepartmentofHealthandHumanServices.SurgeonGeneralReport:ReducingTobaccoUse.Atlanta,Georgia:
CentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention;2000.pp405-406.
Images
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Slide2:CultivationandharvestoftobaccobyAmericanIndiansbyBarthelemyVincentLyon.FromImagesfromthe
NationalLibraryofMedicine’sHistoryofMedicineCollection:http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/ihm/
Slide4:ChesterfieldCigarettesAd,1940.FromTrinketsandTrashwebsite:http://www.trinketsandtrash.org
Slide5:KentCigarettesAd,1960andPhilipMorrisCigaretteAd,1969.FromTrinketsandTrashwebsite:
http://www.trinketsandtrash.org
Slide8:FrameworkConventionforTobaccoControllogo.FromWorldHealthOrganization’sFramework
ConventiononTobaccoControlWebsite:http://www.who.int/fctc/about/en/index.html.
Slide10:CamelDissolvablesAd,2009.FromTrinketsandTrashwebsite:http://www.trinketsandtrash.org
Slide11:AnotherCivil-ServiceOutrage:LessSmokeandMoreFirebyThomasNast.FromImagesfromtheNational
LibraryofMedicine’sHistoryofMedicineCollection:http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/ihm/
©2016EmoryCentersforTrainingandTechnicalAssistance
17