Download EOC Study Packet Part 1

BENCHMARK SC.912.L.14.1
Describe the scientific theory of cells (cell theory) and relate the history of its discovery to
the process of science.
 Items may assess how contributions of scientists such as
Van Leeuwenhoek, Hooke, Schwann, Schleiden, and/or Virchow
aided in the development of the cell theory but will not assess what
each scientist contributed.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Van Leeuwenhoek- observed tiny living organisms in a drops of pond water through a simple microscope.
Hooke-coined the word cell by looking at a section of cork
Schwann- concludes all animals are made of cells
Schleiden- all plants are made of cells
Virchow- propose all cells come from existing cells
Redi and Pasteur proved spontaneous generation to be wrong
spontaneous generation(abiogeneous)- life from non living things
 Items assessing a scientific claim, the development of a theory, or the
differences between theories and laws are limited to the cell theory.
Cell Theory
1.
2.
3.
All living thing are made of cells
Cell are the basic unit of structure and function
New cells are produced from existing cells
The cell was discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665. He examined (under a coarse, compound microscope) very thin slices of cork
and saw a multitude of tiny pores that he remarked looked like the walled compartments a monk would live in. Because of this
association, Hooke called them cells, the name they still bear. However, Hooke did not know their real structure or function. [1]
Hooke's description of these cells (which were actually non-living cell walls) was published in Micrographia.[2] His cell
observations gave no indication of the nucleus and other organelles found in most living cells.
The first person to make a compound microscope was Zacharias Jansen, while the first to witness a live cell under a microscope
was Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, who in 1674 described the algae Spirogyra and named the moving organisms animalcules,
meaning "little animals".[3] Leeuwenhoek probably also saw bacteria.[4] Cell theory was in contrast to the vitalism theories
proposed before the discovery of cells.
The observations of Hooke, Leeuwenhoek, Schleiden, Schwann, Virchow, and others led to the development of the cell theory.
The cell theory is a widely accepted explanation of the relationship between cells and living things. The cell theory states:



All living things or organisms are made of cells and their products.
New cells are created by old cells dividing into two.
Cells are the basic building units of life.
The cell theory holds true for all living things, no matter how big or small, or how simple or complex. Since according to
research, cells are common to all living things, they can provide information about all life. And because all cells come from other
cells, scientists can study cells to learn about growth, reproduction, and all other functions that living things perform. By learning
about cells and how they function, you can learn about all types of living things.
Credit for developing cell theory is usually given to three scientists: Theodor Schwann, Matthias Jakob Schleiden, and Rudolf
Virchow. In 1839, Schwann and Schleiden suggested that cells were the basic unit of life. Their theory accepted the first two
tenets of modern cell theory (see next section, below). However, the cell theory of Schleiden differed from modern cell theory in
that it proposed a method of spontaneous crystallization that he called "free cell formation". [8] In 1855, Rudolf Virchow
concluded that all cells come from pre-existing cells, thus completing the classical cell theory.
The cell theory was first proposed in 1838. Evidence obtained through additional scientific
investigations resulted in the current cell theory. Which statement describes a component of the
original cell theory that was removed because of the new scientific knowledge?
A. All living things are made of cells.
B. All cells come from other preexisting cells.
C. Cells form through spontaneous generation.
D. Cells are the basic structural and functional units of life.
BENCHMARK SC.912.L.14.3
Prokaryotic Cell- no nucleus (example Bacteria)

Items referring to prokaryotic structures are limited to the cell wall,
cell membrane (plasma membrane), cytoplasm, plasmid, ribosome, and flagella.
Flagellum- tail for movement
How are Prokaryotic(no nucleus) And Eukaryotic (has nucleus) Cell alike.
1. Ribosome
2. Cytoplasm
3. Cell membrane
4. DNA & RNA
Eukaryotic Cell- has nucleus

Items referring to eukaryotic structures are limited to the cell wall,
cell membrane (plasma membrane), cytoplasm, nucleus, nuclear
envelope, nucleolus, chromatin, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum,
microtubules, microfilaments, vacuoles, mitochondria, Golgi
apparatus, chloroplasts, lysosomes, cilia, and flagella.
Lysosome-digestion (garbage Disposal)
Rough & Smooth EPR- expressway (rough EDP
has ribosomes)
Mitochondria- Powerhouse
Golgi Apparatus- repackages or recycle proteins
Ribosomes- protein factory
Vacoule – store food and water (fridge)
Centriole- reproduction (separates chromosomes
during cell division)
Nuclear membrane- Wall and keeps DNA inside
Nuclear Pore-door for RNA
Nucleolus- makes ribosomes
Cytoplasm-living fluid
Cell membrane- door
Microfilament -makes the cilia(small hair like tail) and flagellum(tail) and is used for
movement
Compare and contrast the general structures of plant and animal cells. Compare and
contrast the general structures of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Main differences between plant and animal cells
1.
2.
3.
4.
Chloroplast
Cell Wall
Centrioles
Vacuoles

Items referring to the role of the cell membrane may address
hypotonic, hypertonic, and/or isotonic solutions; however, the
assessment should be on processes and not terminology.
**Water always moves to higher solute concentration**
Hypertonic-higher concentration
Hypotonic-low concentration
Isotonic- equal concentration
******** Water
always moves to
higher
Concentration!!!!*****
There are some similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Which of the following
structures is found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
A. lysosome
B. mitochondrion
C. nucleus
D. ribosome
BENCHMARK SC.912.L.14.7
Relate the structure of each of the major plant
organs and tissues to physiological processes.
Students will explain how the structures of plant tissues and organs
are directly related to their roles in physiological processes.
 Items assessing plant organs are limited to roots, stems, leaves,
flowers, fruits, and cones.
 Items referring to physiological processes are limited to
photosynthesis, cellular respiration, transpiration, and reproduction.
Leaf
 Items referring to plant structures are limited to cambium, guard
cells, phloem, seed, stomata, and xylem.
H2O and Oxygen are released through the stoma and CO2 is absorbed through the stoma
H2O and Oxygen come from the palisades mesophyll where the chloroplast is abundant
Transpiration- water leaves through the stoma
CO2 + H2O+Energy(Sun)  C6H12O6 + O2 + Energy (ATP)
Root
Apical Meristem – cell division (mitosis) just like the buds of a plant
Epidermis
Root Hairs- increase surface area
Absorb water + minerals
Root Cap- Penetrates earth
Xylem and Phloem
Flower- all the flower parts
Seed
Need to know
1. Radicle- embryonic
roots
2. Epicotyl- embryonic
leaves
3. Hypocotylsembryonic stem
4. Cotyledon-food sac
of mostly proteins and
carbohydrates
Items assessing plant tissues are limited to meristematic, ground,
dermal, and vascular tissues.
Stem
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
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Vascular tissue (vein) Xylem and phloem
Xylem- carries water and minerals (dead tissue)
Phloem- Carries Food (Living tissue)
The types of ground tissue found in plants develop from ground tissue meristem and consists
of three simple tissues:
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

Parenchyma – storage and photosynthesis
Collenchyma - flexible strong support
Sclerenchyma - rigid strong support
Vascular Cambium- living cells (it is Green and is where the phloem is made.)
Pine cone and leaf parts. (A) Inner view of ovulate scale with seed. (B) Outer view of ovulate
scale. (C) Winged seed. (D) Fascicle. (E) Shoot. (F) Mature seed cone
Pines have acicular-shaped leaves, commonly called needles. Needles mostly occur in fascicles
of 2 to 8, except Pinus monophylla, in which they usually occur singly. The fascicle sheath is
comprised of bud scales which can be either deciduous or persistent.
The seed cone usually matures in 2 (rarely 3) years. It is comprised of woody cone scales with
subtending bracts spirally arranged around a central axis. The exposed part of a closed cone is
called the apophysis. The umbo is the protuberance on the apophysis. On some pines, the
apophysis will be armed with a prickle. Seeds usually occur in pairs of 2 at the base of the cone
scale and can be winged or wingless
CONE Website
Terminal bud, lateral bud, root tip - is where mitosis occurs (apical
What happens if terminal buds are cut?
What happens if lateral buds are cut?
meristem tissue)
Terrestrial plants have stomata on the surface of their leaves. A single stoma is surrounded by
two guard cells that change shape in response to environmental factors and open or close the
stoma. Which of the following best explains how the structure of the leaf is used in processes
that occur in the plant?
A. Water enters the plant through the surface of the leaf for transpiration.
B. Gases for photosynthesis are exchanged through the surface of the leaf.
C. Energy for cellular reproduction is absorbed through the surface of the leaf.
D. Carbon dioxide enters the plant through the surface of the leaf for cellular respiration.
BENCHMARK SC.912.L.14.26
Identify the major parts of the brain on diagrams or models.
Fat Turkey Pig Obesity
Surreal Brawn
Sorry Bell Lamb
My Pretty Mother Smiles
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla
Spinal Cord
What lobe is designated by label 2?
A. temporal
B. parietal
C. occipital
D. frontal