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DNA vs. RNA Structure and DNA Replication Notes I. Functions of DNA = “Blueprint of Life” • Storing Information – Store the genes that code for basic instructions for cells and cell parts, physical traits, diseases, etc. • Eye color, blood type, skin color, diabetes, etc. • Copying Information – Before a cell divides, it must make a copy of every one of its genes • Process called DNA replication • Transmitting Information – Genes are transmitted from one generation to the next • DNA must be carefully sorted and passed along during mitosis and meiosis II. Basics of DNA Structure Nucleic Acid DNA - stands for deoxyribonucleic acid Double Helix Monomer is a nucleotide: Phosphate Sugar (Deoxyribose) Nitrogen Bases Adenine Guanine Cytosine Thymine NUCLEOTIDE IS THE MONOMER! DNA Structure (more details) • Sugar/Phosphate “Backbone” – Sides of ladder – Covalent bond between sugar and phosphate • Nitrogen Bases in center – Steps of ladder – Hydrogen bond between Nitrogen bases • Double Helix – Twisted ladder • 2 rings = purines; 1 ring = pyrimidines • Anti-parallel – two strands of DNA run in opposite directions DNA is Anti-Parallel The two strands of DNA run in opposite directions This allows for the bases to come in contact at the center of the molecule DNA -Complementary Base Pairing A-T and C-G pairs are the only ones physically possible (Chargaff’s Rules) Hydrogen bonds between nitrogen bases Adenine & Thymine 2 hydrogen bonds Guanine and Cytosine 3 hydrogen bonds LET’S PRACTICE! Copy down the strand of DNA and write the complementary base pairs A T C C G G A T II. Basics of RNA Structure Nucleic Acid RNA - stands for ribonucleic acid Single Helix Monomer is a nucleotide: Phosphate Sugar (Ribose) Nitrogen Bases Adenine Guanine Cytosine Uracil RNA Structure (more details) • Sugar/Phosphate “Backbone” – Sides of ladder – Covalent bond between sugar and phosphate • Nitrogen Bases in center – Steps of ladder • Single Helix • 2 rings = purines; 1 ring = pyrimidines • 3 Types of RNA: – mRNA – messenger – rRNA – ribosomal – tRNA - transfer DNA Only -Uses Thymine RNA Only Both -Uses Uracil -Uses A, G, C -Single stranded -Cannot leave the nucleus -type of -Can leave the nucleus nucleic acid -Uses ribose sugar -Uses deoxyribose sugar -stores info -Acts as blueprint for protein production -made of nucleotides -Works in actual protein production -Double stranded