Download Skin Structure – Skin 101

Skin Structure – Skin 101
presenter
Linda Burmeister
International Dermal Institute
Class Objectives
•  Teach with Confidence – instill confidence in
our students
•  Make it Interactive – get in, get hands on
•  Make it Relevant – how will they use the
information
•  Make it Fun – it’s not work if you love what
you do!
Class Outline
Introduction - Skin 101
•  Skin Histology – why?
–  It teaches us how
the skin is structured
and organized
Class Outline
Introduction - Skin 101
•  Skin Physiology – why?
–  To understand the skin you
must read function out of
design
Steps to success
•  Recognizing - What is going on in the skin,
what do you see?
•  Why are we seeing it – what is the reason
the client is there for the treatment?
•  Communicating with the client
•  Recommending the correct
treatment and products
Skin 101
•  Many modalities and treatments require
going beyond the basics and require indepth knowledge of the stratum corneum,
lymph system and wound healing process.
How the skin functions is a key
consideration in determining how we
customize our treatments' and make
product and home care recommendations'
to our clients
Introduction – Skin 101
•  Skin is:
–  The largest organ in the human body
–  The heaviest organ in the body…16% of our
total body weight; 1.2-2.3 m2 surface area
•  In humans it is a differentiated structure
comprised of cells and tissues that
perform specific functions:
–  Sensory, heat regulation, absorption
protection, excretion and secretion
You now know…
1.
2.
3.
Skin 101
functions
how? •  Secretion – secretes sebum from the
sebaceous glands
•  Heat regulation – regulates body temperature
•  Absorption – through cells (trans cellular) and
through the mortar/lipid barrier (intercellular)
Skin 101
functions
how?
•  Protection – it is the body’s first line of
defense. UV protection, pollutants, etc…
•  Excretion – toxins and wastes released
through ostium (pore)
•  Sensory – nerve fiber endings respond to
stimuli sending message to brain…
Skin 101
Sensory response of touch
•  Pressure during
cleanse vs. massage
•  Abrasiveness of
sponges or towels
during product
removal
•  Firmness of masque
brushes
•  Hot towels, heat
lamps, steam (vapor)
You now know…
1.
2.
3.
Skin 101
Close Examination of the Skin
Three Main Layers of the Skin
Subcutaneous
Layer
Epidermis
Dermis
Skin 101
The Layers of Skin
•  Epidermis: keratinized surface
layers
•  Dermis: collagen & elastin
(connective tissue) with glands
and hair follicles
•  Hypodermis or subcutaneous:
loose connective tissue mostly
adipose tissue & blood vessels
Skin 101
Epidermis
28-50+ days
30-40% water
65-70% water
3-­‐4 ques. you could ask just by looking at this slide •  Thin skin, illustrated
•  Thick skin -the palmar
in this micrograph of
surface of the hands
the forehead, covers
(and fingers) and the
the entire body,
plantar surface of the
except the palmar
feet (and toes), has a
and plantar aspects of
thick epidermal layer
the feet.
and is classified
histologically as thick
Thin Skin: (forehead)
skin.
SL
SG
Epidermis
A
B
Fat cells
Thick skin: (finger)
Fat cells
C
Skin 101
Simply stated
•  There are _ layers to the skin, they are:
•  _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _, _ _ _ _ _ _and
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
•  The Epidermis has how many distinct
layers?
•  Explain the differences between thin skin
and thick skin.
Vary the type of questions-key words such as: identify, list, show, etc…
Skin 101
Epidermis: Stratum Germinativum
•  A single layer of actively dividing keratinocyte stem
cells which are mitotically (cell division) active
•  Deepest layer of epidermis
•  Attached to basement membrane via
hemidesmosomes; attached to each other via
desmosomes
•  Melanocytes & Merkel cells present
Skin 101
Simply stated
•  Stratum Germinativum or Stratum
Basale is the layer of keratinocytes that
lies at the base of the epidermis
immediately above the dermis. It consists
of a single layer of tall cells lying on a
basement membrane. These cells
undergo rapid cell division to replenish the
regular loss of skin by shedding from the
surface.
Skin 101
Simply stated
The basal layer rules!
•  Cells of this layer actively divide, half progress
upwards and differentiate while the other half remain
behind to divide again.
•  The dividing basal cell on average replicates every
200 to 400 hours and the resulting cell takes 14+ days to differentiate and 14+- days to shed.
•  90-95 percent of the epidermal cells are
keratinocytes with the rest being melanocytes, mast
cells, or Langerhans cells.
You now know…
1. Cell turnover occurs every ___days.
2. The stratum germinativum is also
referred to as the stratum ____.
3. 90-95 percent of the epidermal cells are
keratinocytes with the rest being ____,____
or ________.
Skin 101
Let’s discuss….Melanin
The Melanocyte
•  – a cell responsible for
the production of
melanin found in the
SC.
•  1 melanocyte provides
melanin to 36
keratinocytes.
•  Structure consists of a
cell body and spiny like
protrusions called
Dendrites
What is Melanin?
•  A dark brown to black
pigment occurring in the
hair , skin, iris and the
choroid layer of the
eyes
•  It is a complex of
molecules still quite not
understood fully.
Skin 101
Which leads us to…the function
of
Melanin
•  Protection from UV
•  Absorbs and contains
free radicals
•  Maintenance of even
skin tone
•  Binds chemicals in the
skin
•  Client concerns Pigmentation
We will discuss how to treat later
Factors that affect
Pigmentation
•  Post-inflammatory
•  Hormonal – stress
•  Hereditary, aging
•  Sun exposure/photo
sensitivity, etc…
You now know…
1.
2.
3.
Skin 101
Epidermis: Stratum Spinosum
Stratum
Spinosum
•  Shrinkage of the keratinocytes
reveals the spines
•  Several layers of active cells
with nuclei
•  Langerhans cells (guard cells)
are more prevalent in the
stratum spinosum
•  Psoriasis: excessive cell
division --> increased
thickening of S. basale & S.
spinosum
the immune function of the
skin
You now know…
1.  Langerhans cells are the prime factor in the skin’s
immunological system.
2.  They are the sentries on the look out for invaders.
3.  The chemical messengers that stimulate the
Langerhans cells also have the ability to stimulate
melanocyte cells.
4.  How and Why we need to understand the effects of
sun exposure and sun protection.