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BIOL 153L General Biology II Lab
Black Hills State University
Lab Exam 2 Study Guide
Plant Life Cycles
Alternation of generations
Stages of the life cycle (sporophyte, spore, gametophyte, gamete)
Ploidy level in the life cycle (stages that are haploid vs. diploid)
Mitosis and meiosis in the life cycle
Fertilization and zygote formation in the life cycle
Dominance of sporophyte or gametophyte; free-living or dependent
Primitive Lands Plants
Phylogenetic relationships among "green algae", "bryophytes," ferns, and fern allies
Challenges faced in terrestrial environments
Bryophytes (non-vascular, non-seed plants): general traits of mosses and liverworts
Sphagnum (peat) and its environmental significance
Moss morphology and life cycle (sporophyte, capsule, setae, spore, protonema, gametophyte,
archegonia, antheridia, eggs, sperm; fertilization)
Pteridophytes (vascular, non-seed plants): general traits of ferns, horsetails, clubmoss, spikemoss
Fern morphology and life cycle (sporophyte, sori, indusium, sporangia, spore, gametophyte, rhizoids,
archegonia, antheridia, eggs, sperm, roots; fertilization)
Importance of water to "primitive" vs. "advanced" land plants
Advanced Land Plants
Phylogenetic relationships among gymnosperms and angiosperms
Advantages of seeds and vascular tissue to land plants
Parts of the seed (embryo, food reserve, seed coat)
Gymnosperms: general traits and identification of major groups: conifers (spruce, pine, juniper),
Gingko, Cycads, Gnetophytes (Ephedra)
Gymnosperm morphology and life cyle (sporophyte, microsporangiate cone, microsporangia,
microspores, microgametophytes, pollen, pollen tubes, sperm, ovulate cone, ovule,
megasporangium (nucellus), megaspores, megagametophyte, archegonia, egg, embryo, seed coat,
food reserve, seed; pollination, fertilization
Male cones: microsporophylls, microsporangium, microspores, microgametophyte (pollen)
Female cones: ovuliferous scale, ovules, sterile bract, megasporangium (nucellus), megaspore,
megagametophyte, archegonia, integuments, micropyle, pollen drop
Angiosperms (flowering plants): general traits and major groups (dicots, monocots; see page 4 below)
Flower parts: sepals, petals, tepals, stamens (filament + anther), pollen, pistils (ovary + style +
stigma), ovules, carpels, locules, calyx, corolla, pedicel
Perfect vs. imperfect flowers
Complete vs. incomplete flowers
Monoecious vs. dioecious vs hermaphroditic species
Radial vs. bilateral symmetry
Fertilization in angiosperms (steps in process and development of 2x embryo and 3x endosperm)
Ovary (location and traits of carpels, locules, ovules, ovary wall, eggs)
Anther (number of lobes and pollen sacs)
Pollen (pollen tubes and fertilization)
Germinating seeds (embryo, endosperm, cotyledons, radicle, hypocotyls, true leaves)
Page 1
Roots
Functions
Roots vs. rhizomes
Taproots vs. fibrous roots; root hairs vs. lateral roots; adventitious roots vs. true roots
Root cap and major regions (regions of cell division vs. elongation vs. maturation)
Symbiotic relationships between plant roots and other organisms
Shoots
Parts of the shoot (stem, leaves, flowers)
Stems: functions; terminal buds, axillary/lateral buds, bud scales, nodes, internodes, opposite vs
alternate leaf arrangement, leaf scar, bundle scars, terminal bud scale scars, rhizomes
Angiosperm leaves: functions; petiole vs blade; net vs parallel venation; midrib; compound vs. simple
leaves; opposite vs. alternate leaves; leaves vs. leaflets; examples of modified leaves; upper &
lower epidermis, palisade layer, spongy layer, chloroplasts, air space, stomata, guard cells, pores,
subsidiary cells, epidermal cells, vascular bundles
Conifer leaves (needles): sunken stomata, resin ducts, epidermis, vascular tissue (veins)
Spines vs. prickles vs. thorns
Pitcher Plant
Vascular Tissue & Secondary Growth
Tree rings: spring vs. summer wood; anatomic composition of tree rings; sampling of tree trunks;
interpretation of rings (age of trees, growth rates over time); usage of rings by climate scientists,
hydrologists, and archaeologists
Tree size vs. age: graphing and interpreting data
Tree growth per year over time: graphing and interpreting data
Tree size-class distributions: graphing and interpreting graph
Meristem (definition, locations in stems and roots)
Primary vs. secondary growth
Recognition of first, second, and third year growth on woody stems
Xylem vs. phloem
Inner vs. outer bark
Heartwood vs. sapwood
Woody vs. nonwoody stems; young vs. old woody stems
Types of stem/trunk damage and their impacts on the whole organism
Arrangement of vascular tissue in monocots vs. dicots (stems and roots)
Composition of vascular bundles in monocots vs. dicots (stems and roots)
Stem cross section: epidermis, cork cambium, primary xylem, secondary xylem, vascular cambium,
primary phloem, secondary phloem, pith, lenticels, rays, periderm
Stem longitudinal section: epidermis, phloem, xylem, pith
Root cross section: epidermis, cortex, endodermis, pericycle, xylem, phloem, pith, lateral root
Flowers
Phylogenetic relationships among flowering plants (including monocots and “dicots”)
Flower function and structure
Flowers: complete vs. incomplete; perfect vs. imperfect; radial symmetry vs. bilateral symmetry;
monoecious vs. dioecious vs. hermaphroditic; monocot vs. dicot
Dandelion structures
Inflorescence: definition and types (solitary, spike, umbel, raceme, panicle, head)
Page 2
Fruits
Relationships between flower parts and fruit development
Fruit: function and definition; seeds, ovules, locules, and ovary wall; inferior vs. superior ovary
Grocery Store Botany
Definitions of fruit vs. vegetable
Identification of ovary wall, carpels, placenta, locules, and seeds in fruit
Identification of edible parts of common fruits and vegetables, including: tomato, broccoli, onion,
carrot, potato, bell pepper, green bean, corn, orange, celery, rhubarb, asparagus
Brassica oleracea: diverse vegetables produced via artificial selection on leaves, terminal bud, lateral
buds, stem, or inflorescence
Corn: female vs. male flowers; embryo vs. endosperm; function of silk; function of tassel; pollen
Celery: staining of tissues in leaves
Carrot: location of cortex, endodermis, pericycle, and lateral roots
Onion: concentric "rings" consumed as food and flavoring
Peppers: structural origin and significance of "hot" (spicy) flavor
Potatoes: significance of "eyes"
Tomato: leafy green appendage on top of the fruit
Page 3
Overview of characteristics for monocots vs. dicots (angiosperms)
Characteristic
Monocots
Type of leaf venation...
Flower parts occur in units of…
Root type...
Number of cotyledons...
Arrangement of vascular tissue
in stem...
Composition of vascular bundles
in stem…
Arrangement of vascular tissue
in roots...
Composition of vascular bundles
in roots…
Arrangement of stomata on
epidermis...
Page 4
Dicots