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The Age of Exploration SS6H6: The student will analyze the impact of European exploration and colonization on various world regions SS6H6 a. Identify the causes of European exploration and colonization; include religion, natural resources, a market for goods, and the contributions of Prince Henry the Navigator Enduring Understanding Movement/Migration: movement and migration of people and ideas affect all societies involved Essential Question: - What factors, including the contributions of Prince Henry the Navigator, influenced European nations to begin overseas exploration? Age of Exploration • Europeans began a period of exploration across the globe due to a strong desire for wealth, land and honor. The Renaissance • A rebirth of Greek and Roman ideals and a rebirth of Europe. • Artists and sculptors of the Renaissance studied the more realistic art of Rome. • They used live models to help portray the human body. • Artists such as Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo flourished during this time • Intellectual ideas such as the study of history, literature, and philosophy spread • Started in northern Italy (Florence and Milan) and spread north into northern Europe (esp. France, England, and Germany) Leonardo’s da Vinci’s Mona Lisa Michelangelo’s Pieta The Scientific Revolution • 1550-1700 • Mathematicians, astronomers, biologists, physicists, and botanists made observations and discoveries. • Galileo proved that the Milky Way contained many distant stars • Francis Bacon helped to create the Scientific Method. • Isaac Newton explains the laws of gravity Galileo Francis Bacon Isaac Newton Results of the Renaissance & the Scientific Revolution There were discoveries of spices, gold, and other riches . Improved shipbuilding and navigational tools allowed for long sea voyages. Exploration would give these countries what they needed to stay in power or become powerful. *Why do you think it made countries powerful to have these natural resources? EUROPEANS WERE PAYING BIG BUCKS FOR THEM!!!!!! Gold and Natural Resources ► In the 1400s, European countries were competing with each other for Natural Resources – They competed for natural resources such as gold, silk, and spices ►Spices were especially valuable ►Many of these things could be found in India. ►Traders had to travel great distances over land to get these natural resources. Glory ► As Europeans began exploring the Coast of Africa, they began settling Colonies. – Colonizing new areas added to a country’s territory (more natural resources, more wealth) – Colonizing also opened new markets ►European countries could sell things to the people in these areas and make even more money Glory ►The more colonies a country had, the more wealth it had ►More colonies meant more prestige or Glory – Countries began competing with one another for colonies ►When one Country takes over another it is called Imperialism God ►Some Europeans believed it was their duty to spread the Christian faith throughout the world. – They felt that they could convert the Native people they met in their journeys into Christians. Exploration was dangerous! • • • • • Storms Sinking ships Pirates Attacks Scurvy Which Country Started the Explorations!!! • Portugal led way in exploration. • Land of experienced sailors who traveled the seas in search of trade (for centuries) • Prince Henry the Navigator understood their dependence on the sea and financed explorations! • Portuguese navigator Vasco da Gama and his crew were the first Europeans to reach India by sea. • Portugal established settlements in Brazil (S. America); Brazil provided gold & sugar to Portugal. • Portugal was more interested in trade than in taking over a land and its people. PORTUGAL Portugal Colonization PRINCE HENRY THE NAVIGATOR • WHO: Portuguese Prince who funded the explorations of Bortolomeu Dias, and Vasco da Gama • WHAT: He sent Vasco Da Gama to explore the West Coast of Africa. He was trying to find a quicker route to Asia. Da Gama did reach Asia (India) • WHEN: Dias 1487-1488, da Gama 1497-1498 • WHERE: They sailed near Africa and South America • WHY: Asia!!!! Wasn’t that where everyone was going?? Prince Henry the Navigator ► Henry also opened a school of Navigation in Portugal – He wanted shipbuilders, mapmakers, sea captains, and inventors to learn and work together. Exploration Attempts Water Route to India • Prince Henry’s ultimate goal—find water route around Africa to India • Died before goal accomplished; attempts to find such a route not abandoned • 1488, Bartolomeu Dias became first to sail around southern tip of Africa Vasco da Gama • 1497, Vasco da Gama set out for India, stopped at several African ports • Learned Muslim merchants actively involved in trade • Journey took more than 10 months, eventually reached Calicut in India Lucrative Trade • da Gama’s trip inspired another expedition to India, led by Pedro Cabral • Sailed west; sighted, claimed land that became known as Brazil • Portugal established trading centers; became rich, powerful European nation Vasco de Gama SPAIN Spain Colonization CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS • WHO: • WHAT: Italian who explored for Spain Sailed to the West Indies Credited with discovering America • WHEN: First voyage began in 1492, would go on a total of 4 voyages. • WHERE: All of his voyages were to the Americas: Cuba, Central America, South America, Bahamas, and Hispaniola (today is Dominican Republic & Haiti) • WHY: Was attempting to find a Northwest Passage to Asia Christopher Columbus FERDINAND MAGELLAN • WHO: • WHAT: Sailed for Spain Trying to find a quicker trade route to Asia • WHEN: • WHERE: 1519 Sailed from Spain, around the tip of South America and is killed near the Philippines in 1521. His crew will return back to Spain around 1522. First explorer credited with a crew sailing around the world (even though he died during the trip). Named the Pacific Ocean • WHY: Ferdinand Magellan FRANCE Samuel Champlain • WHO: • WHAT: French navigator, cartographer and explorer Sailed to the North America looking for the Northwest Passage and founded Quebec • WHEN: First voyage began in 1603 • WHERE: Canada, Northeast coast of present day United States, Great Lakes, St. Lawrence River • WHY: To establish permanent settlements and fur trading posts in New World. Samuel de Champlain ENGLAND JOHN CABOT • WHO: • WHAT: English explorer The first European encounter with the continent of North America since the Norse Vikings. • WHEN: 1496 and 1497 • WHERE: First expedition he got lost and returned home. On his second voyage, he landed in Newfoundland, which is in present day Canada. • WHY: His explorations helped to establish a strong British hold in North America. John Cabot James Cook • In 1770, British explorer James Cook, became the first European to explore the fertile Eastern coast of Australia. • He made charts of Australia and many other Pacific Islands. • In 1770, Captain James Cook charted the eastern Australian coast in his ship Endeavor. Today’s Replica of the Endeavor • Following orders from British King George III, Cook claimed the east coast for Great Britain. Cook named eastern Australia “New South Wales.” • The British mapped the coast of Australia, including the island of Tasmania. • The independence of the 13 American colonies led the British to colonize Australia in 1788. Before American independence, the British sent prisoners to be colonists in the Georgia colony in America. Britain created a new penal (prison) colony by shipping prisoners from Great Britain to Australia. JAIL, TRADE, AND COMPETITION • There were four main reasons for the British to colonize Australia. • First, the British wanted to colonize Australia to relieve overcrowding in Great Britain’s jails. • Second, the British government recognized the importance of having its navy stationed in Australia in the southern hemisphere. • Thirdly the British viewed Australia as an economic base to expand trade. • Finally, the British government did not want its rivals, especially the French, to start a colony on the Australian continent. 3. What type of people were the first British colonists in Australia? a. captains b. conquistadors c. prisoners d. sailors ON THE BACK OF YOUR PAPER -COPY THE FOLLOWING…YOU WILL SEE THIS INFORMATION AGAIN (WINK) Who looked for the Northwest Passage to Asia? Jacques Cartier, John Cabot, Samuel De Champlain WHY WERE THE EXPLORERS WHO ATTEMPTED TO FIND A NORTHERN TRADE ROUTE TO EUROPE UNSUCCESSFUL? They kept running into LAND!! EFFECTS OF EXPLORATION ON AFRICA, NORTH, AND SOUTH AMERICA. Slavery, spread of disease, wars, clash of cultures, imperialism, religious conversion, spread of new ideas, introduction of new foods and products. Ticket Out the Door • 3 – List three countries from Europe that sent out explorations. • 2 – List 2 explorers that explored. • 1 – List one reason why explorers went to foreign lands. Quiz yourself 1. Who claimed Australia for Great Britain? a. Christopher Columbus b. Captain James Cook c. George III d. The Prince of Wales Summarizer #2 – With your partner draw a triple T-chart comparing the three explorers Christopher Columbus Prince Henry the Navigator James Cook SS6H6 d. Explain the impact of European empire building in Africa and Asia on the outbreak of World War I. Social Studies Theme: Conflict / Change Essential Question: How did the existence of large European colonial empires in Africa and Asia impact the outbreak of World War I? SS6H6 d. Explain the impact of European empire building in Africa and Asia on the outbreak of World War I. • Africa in 1914 had become one of the “hottest properties on the market” meaning everyone wanted a piece of this natural resource rich continent! • Nearly all areas of Africa were controlled by European powers in 1914. Major Causes of WWI • Alliances • Nationalism • Imperialism • Militarism Alliances Definition: A formal agreement or treaty between two or more nations to cooperate for specific purposes. • European countries joined alliances to better protect themselves. • If one member was attacked, the others were obligated to help that country Nationalism Definition: Devotion and loyalty to one’s own country, patriotism • Citizens felt fierce pride in their countries. • Many groups wanted to be free from the control of other nations Imperialism Definition: The policy of extending the rule or authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies • • • • • Rivalries developed as countries tried to grab colonies Conflicts had occurred over control of colonies in Africa and Asia European countries resented and distrusted each other European nations were constantly looking for more land to colonize. These colonies supplied Europe with new markets, raw materials, and added to their sense of prestige or greatness. - This created conflict between the old superpower countries of Great Britain and France and the newer rising powers of Germany, Russia, and Italy. Now write it in your own words: Militarism Definition: A strong military spirit or policy (In Ms. D’s words, “ready for war”!) Countries had built strong armies and navies to defend their own countries and their colonies Tensions built as countries watched each other build up military power SS6H6 d. Explain the impact of European empire building in Africa and Asia on the outbreak of World War I. • Asia in 1914 • Large portions of Asia were also controlled by European powers directly or by influencing local leaders The Spark The actual event that started WWI was the assassination of the Austrian Archduke Francis Ferdinand in 1914 Ferdinand was killed by a Bosnian Serb who wanted to free Bosnia from the AustroHungarian Empire and unite it with Serbia Causes of WWI • MILITARY ALLIANCES By 1914, Europe had divided into two powerful alliances: TRIPLE ALLIANCE Germany Austria-Hungary Italy TRIPLE ENTENTE Great Britain France Russia • Italian Germans are always hungry and “entente” is French so remember Great French Rulers! Do you have any pneumonic devices? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Tanks Submarines Airplanes Machine Guns Poison Gas Long Range Artillery Trench Warfare Military Technology SS6H6 d. Explain the impact of European empire building in Africa and Asia on the outbreak of World War I. • Essential Question: How did the existence of large European colonial empires in Africa and Asia impact the outbreak of World War I? Lets Discuss this!