Download US Foreign Policy Topics - Mr. Cain`s US History Classes

Outcome:

Be able to describe the causes, internal divisions over,
and resulting outcomes of the War of 1812 during
James Madison’s presidency.
Agenda:
1. Video Monday
2. Lecture/Notes/Discussion – Madison’s War: The
War of 1812
 Video: Crash Course US History – War of 1812
3. War of 1812: Significant?
1.
https://youtu.be/qMXqg2PKJZU
What were the primary causes of the war?
2.
What role did Tecumseh play in the war?
3.
How was the opinion of the war divided geographically? Why did
this division exist?
4.
What success(es) did Britain have during the war?
5.
What role did Andrew Jackson play in the war?
6.
What was the main significance of the Treaty of Ghent?

After selling Louisiana to U.S.,
Napoleon declared war against
Britain in 1803.


May 1806 – Britain issued
Orders in Council


U.S. remained neutral, but traded
with both countries at start – big
$$$ in war
Blockaded all European ports to
prevent merchant ships from
trading with France
By 1807, Britain & France
AGAIN seized U.S. ships &
British “impressed” U.S. sailors

1803 – 1811: 6,200 sailors
“impressed” by British navy

In 1807, a US warship, the USS
Chesapeake encountered a British
warship (HMS Leopard) off the
coast of Virginia.



British captain demanded the return
of British deserters.
British warship, HMS Leopard
fired cannons, killing 3 Americans
& wounding others
Many in U.S. & Congress call for
war against Britain.

SOUND FAMILIAR???????


The U.S. was not prepared to fight – Jefferson
had drastically cut the army & navy
(“Jeffersonian Republicanism”)
Jefferson knew Europe’s economy depended
on trade with U.S.


Reasoning: If U.S. cuts off exports, Europe will
respect U.S.
Embargo Act of 1807

Prohibited ALL U.S. exports to Europe
 Goal =
_______________________________________________
 Result =
_______________________________________________
 Nickname = “The Dambargo”

Embargo was repealed in 1809, replaced with law
that prevented trade with only Britain & France



Jefferson followed GW’s
precedent and retired after 2
terms
Jefferson’s Secretary of State,
James Madison, won the
Presidency in 1808.
The Napoleonic Wars in
Europe reached their height
during Madison’s
inauguration in March 1809.


By 1809, Many Congressmen were convinced
Britain was providing aid & weapons to
Native Americans in NW Territory.
Tecumseh



Respected Native American leader
Worked with his brother “the Prophet”
Opposed idea of private property
 “Sell a country! Why not sell the air, the clouds, and
the great sea, as well as the earth? Did not the Great
Spirit make them all for the use of his children”


Goal: to create confederation of ALL Native
Americans to resist U.S. expansion
In 1811, U.S. army, led by William Henry
Harrison, attacked “the Prophet” at Battle of
Tippecanoe in NW territory


Major U.S. victory, Harrison gains fame
*Tecumseh allied with British*

In the 1810 midterm elections, new Congressmen
came to power from the South & West

Nicknamed the “war hawks” by their Federalist opponents
 Opposed attacks on American sailors & slowing of trade that
western farmers depended on.
 Sought to expand American territory by taking British Canada
and acquiring Florida from Spain.

Led by Henry Clay of KY (Speaker of the House)
 “I prefer the troubled sea of war, demanded by the honor and
independence of this country, with all its calamities and
desolation, to the tranquil and rotting pool of humiliating
peace.”

North (New England)

Federalists opposed war:
 Sympathized with conservative Britain
 Opposed acquisition of Canada – would add farming
voters to the Jeffersonian Republicans

South & West

Democratic-Republicans & the War Hawks generally
favored war
 Eliminate the Native American threat in Canada
 Sought to acquire Canada to expand land for farmers

Congress declared war in June
1812


Divided vote – sectional & partisan
Most fighting concentrated along
U.S.-Canada border
Americans tried several unsuccessful
invasions
 Oliver Perry defeated British naval
forces at the Battle of Lake Erie –
showed U.S. could beat British Navy
 Tecumseh killed at Battle of Thames
in 1813 – forced British retreat away
from Detroit in west


British forces landed in
Chesapeake Bay area in
August 1814.

Advanced rapidly on
Washington, D.C.

Francis Scott Key observed
U.S. flag still standing at
British shelling of Ft. McHenry
– wrote Star Spangled Banner

British captured Washington
D.C. – burned the Presidential
Mansion and US Capitol
building

In 1814, at the city of Ghent in Belgium,
negotiators from both sides agreed to end the
war.




Terms of the treaty restored pre-war relations.
Issues such as impressment & shipping rights were
not addressed – could cause lingering issues?
No territory changes (War Hawks = )
News of the agreement took nearly 2 months to
reach U.S.

Andrew Jackson led American
forces to victory against the
British.
Most decisive & significant U.S.
victory of the war
 British suffered 2000 causalities in
span of ½ hour
 U.S. lost only 70 men in the same
time

Andrew Jackson became a national
hero
 Word of the Treaty of Ghent reached
U.S. 2 weeks after the battle – fate?

1.
“Second War for Independence”

2.
War heroes emerged – future politicians

3.

Patriotic spirit spread throughout country
“Era of Good Feelings”
Growth of the U.S. manufacturing industry


5.
William Henry Harrison, Andrew Jackson
Increased American nationalism

4.
Proved U.S. could stand on its own – gained foreign respect
U.S. economy transformed – helped initiate the Market Revolution
Forced to be less dependent on British manufacturing
End of the Federalists



Opposed the war, looked unpatriotic
Failed Hartford Convention (Federalists meetings to discuss war
grievances & possible secession of New England) led to unpopularity
of the party
Led to one-party (Democratic-Republican) dominance

Is the War of 1812 significant? Why/why not?

What major results came out of the war?
The United States after the War of 1812
(1814-1824)

James Monroe (Madison’s Secretary of State)
elected in 1816


Nationalism shaped much of U.S. policy


Won 85% of the electoral votes –Federalists super
unpopular
Secretary of State – John Quincy Adams
Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)

U.S. reached an agreement with Spain that
expanded the U.S. borders
 49th parallel (49° N) became the official U.S.
northwestern border.
 Oregon Territory would be jointly occupied by
British & U.S.
 U.S. gained Spanish Florida as a territory
 U.S. would respect Spanish landholdings in Florida

Decisions by Chief Justice John Marshall resulted in expansion of federal powers.

Fletcher v. Peck (1810)
 Established the right of the Supreme Court to invalidate state laws
that conflicted with the federal Constitution

Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)
 Court ruled that states cannot interfere in private charters/contracts

McCullough v. Maryland (1819)
 Established “implied powers” of Constitution – validated “loose”
interpretation

Cohens v. Virginia (1821)
 Established Court’s right to review state court decisions involving
powers of federal government

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
 Established Congress has sole power to regulate interstate
commerce.


Domestic manufacturing increases caused Henry Clay to
seek development of a “home market” – Americans buying
American-made
American System’s 3 pillars:
1.
2.
3.

Strong banking system – need to recharter the Bank of the
United States (original charter expired in 1811) for easy access to
credit
Protective tariff – tax on imports to provide government revenue
and encourage purchase of domestic goods
Transportation systems – federal money for roads, canals,
railroads throughout the country to facilitate interstate trade
Purposes:


Unite the country – battle growing threat of sectionalism
Make U.S. economically independent

One of the most influential
political figures of this time
was John C. Calhoun.


Congressman from South
Carolina
Calhoun convinced other
Congressmen to approve the
Tariff of 1816 and charter the
Second National Bank for a
20 year period in 1816.

“Second Bank of the United
States”
Best hair in American history


Tensions between North & South increased
as westward settlement increased.
Missouri became first state west of
Mississippi River to apply for statehood in
1819


Issue of slavery dominated the admittance process
Missouri Compromise (1820) – led by Henry
Clay



Maine admitted as free state
Missouri admitted as slave state
LA Territory divided at 36°30’ line
 Slavery prohibited north; allowed south of the line

After the Napoleonic Wars ended in 1815 across
Europe, some European monarchies tried to
reestablish colonies in the Americas.



Spain, Portugal in Latin America
Russia claimed parts of Alaska
President Monroe responded to these European
threats in his annual message to Congress in
December 1823.



How does President Monroe’s Message to Congress describe American foreign
policy in 1823?
According to President Monroe…

What is the position of the U.S. on European affairs?

When should the U.S. defend itself?

How should the U.S. view new European colonies in the Western Hemisphere?

How does the U.S. view European colonies that existed before 1823?

How will the U.S. view the new or ongoing revolutions in Latin America?
How does President Monroe view the relationship between Spain and the new
governments of Latin America?