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Algae I • Photosynthetic pigments • As primary producers in the food chain of aquatic environments. • Classification is based on 1) Types of photosynthetic pigments 2) Types of storage products from photosynthesis 3) Ingredients of cell wall 4) Number and position of flagellate 5) The micro structure within the cell 6) The shape and characteristics of algae to distinguish 藻類的分類群 (algae phyla) 藍綠菌門(Cyanobacteria) 原綠藻門(Prochorophyta) 裸藻門(Euglenophyta) 隱藻門(Cryptophyta) 金黃藻門(Chrysophyta) 甲藻門(Pyrrophyta) 褐藻門(Phaeophyta) 紅藻門(Rhodophyta) 綠藻門(Chlorophyta) 輪藻門(Charophyta) Domain Bacteria Domain Eukarya ※ Please prepare the newspaper for next week 實驗項目 1. 念珠藻 (Anabaena sp.) p. 58 Vegetative cell 1. 念珠藻 Anabaena sp :Cyanobacteria, specimen Heterocyst are specialized nitrogen-fixing cells 2. 布氏雙尾藻 Ditylum brightwellii (T.West) Grunow in Van An akinete is a thick-walled dormant cell derived from the enlargement of a vegetative cel. It is a resting cell and serves as a survival structure. Heurck : Diatom, seawater samples 3. 角甲藻 Ceratium sp. : Dinoflagellates, specimen 4. 新月藻 Closterium sp.: green algae, specimen 5. 水綿 Spirogyra sp. : green algae, freshwater samples and specimen Heterocyst 1. 念珠藻 (Anabaena sp.) p. 58 2. 布氏雙尾藻 Ditylum brightwellii (T.West) Grunow in Van Heurck p. 59~61 marine diatom, yellow-brown in colour 營養細胞 (vegetative cells) usually unicellar, sometimes in short chains cell prism-shaped, with strongly rounded angles to nearly 異型細胞 (heterocysts) 異型細胞兩側邊是略透明 厚壁孢子 (akinete) cylindrica A large spine extends from the center of each valve, and is surrounded by a marginal ridge Chloroplasts are small and numerous. large spines Specimen a wet mount slide chloroplasts a ring of small spines Fig. Life history of Ditylum brightwellii. Size reduction occurs over time via vegetative cell division. Resting spores develop from, and germinate into vegetative cells (Hargraves, 1984). Sexual reproduction takes place between haploid eggs and sperm; the auxospore (diploid) is a specialized zygotic cell. In short chains 3. 角甲藻 (Ceratium sp.) p. 60, 61 Dinoflagellates covered with an armor-like cell wall 4. 新月藻(Closterium sp.) (cell wall) (橫溝) 細胞壁 (cell wall) (縱溝) 橫溝 (cingulum) p. 80 a crescent-shaped or elongate desmid is formed of two semicells that are also mirror images of each other but there is only a single central nucleus Each semicell has one or two axial, ridged chloroplasts with at least one pyrenoid. The pyrenoid is a protein body in the chloroplasts of algae and hornworts that is involved in carbon fixation and starch formation and storage. 澱粉核(pyrenoid) 細胞核 (nucleus) 細胞核(nucleus) 葉綠體 (chloroplast) Specimen Specimen 5. 水綿 (Spirogyra sp.) p. 78, 79 The chloroplasts are ribbon-shaped spiral bands that extend from one end of the cell to the other. Each chloroplast has several pyrenoids. asexual reproduction (fragmentation) and sexual reproduction (conjugation) 澱粉核 (pyrenoid) 5. 水綿 (Spirogyra sp.) p. 78, 79 Scalariform conjugation requires association of two different filaments lined side by side either partially or throughout their length. One cell each from opposite lined filaments emits tubular protuberances known as conjugation tubes, which elongate and fuse, to make a passage called the conjugation canal. The cytoplasm of the cell acting as the male travels through this tube and fuses with the female cytoplasm, and the gametes fuse to form a zygospore (1) (3) (2) 細胞核 (nucleus) 葉綠體 (chloroplast) a wet mount slide Specimen Specimen 接合管 (conjugating tube) 結合子(zygote)