Download Zoology Manual II

Zoology II
6.
Present the preserved cnidaria on a tray or the model/transparencies. Ask
what the skin of the cnidaria is like. Have the children verbally describe
their observations. Explain that there are two layers to the skin of the
cnidaria, the ectoderm and the endoderm.
7.
The skeleton is an outer layer of tough, transparent perisarc. It supports
and protects the cnidaria.
8.
Circulation occurs through the movement of fluid between two tissue layers
(ectoderm and endoderm) that circulate the food to each cell.
9.
Respiration has no structural specialization, but occurs through diffusion
between cell and the water.
10.
Reproduction is sophisticated. Labeled ‘alternation of generations’, the
two generations are the hydroid and the medusa. The hydroid reproduces
asexually; its offspring is the medusa. The medusa reproduces sexually;
its offspring is the hydroid.
11.
Lay out the pictures of the main characteristics / internal parts of the
cnidaria. Distribute the labels for the children to read and to match to the
appropriate pictures. Read the definitions and allow the children to match
the definitions to the pictures and labels.
12.
Present the booklet and display the wall chart.
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Activities:
1.
Allow the children to sit and observe the anemone.
2.
Allow the children to dissect or examine the slide of the hydra under a
microscope.
3.
The children should make their own booklets, tracing or drawing the
pictures and writing the definitions.
4.
Visit an aquarium or marine biology museum to see anemones or hydra.
NOTE: It is advised that the presentation be divided over several days:
Days 1-5
Observe the live anemone
Observe the preserved hydra
Days 6-8
Dissect the hydra / view model and transparencies
Days 9-10
Introduce the pictures and labels, the booklet and
wall chart
NOTE ALSO: Greek:
knide - nettle
koilos - hollow
enteron - intestine
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Presentation 2: Life Cycle of the Jellyfish
1.
Show the life cycle of the jellyfish to the children.
2.
Name the parts of the life cycle of the jellyfish:
A.
Sexual Reproduction: adult medusa, gamete (egg or sperm), blastula,
planula larva, polyp, bud, immature medusa, adult medusa.
B.
3.
Asexual Reproduction: polyp, bud, asexual larva, polyp.
Discuss the life cycle of the jellyfish:
A.
Sexual Reproduction - The adult jellyfish contains either eggs or
sperm in gonads. Some species have both eggs and sperm in one
individual.
B.
The Adult Medusa - The adult medusa releases eggs or sperm from
the gonads into the water. The gonads are located along the radial
canals.
C.
The Gamete - The gamete is the egg or sperm released by the adult
medusa into the water. The egg and sperm unite to form the blastula.
D.
The Blastula - The blastula is the microscopic fertilized egg.
E.
The Planula Larva - The planula larva is free-swimming, using cilia
to swim through the water. The planula larva is solid with no mouth.
The planula larva metamorphoses into the polyp.
F.
The Polyp - The polyp settles on a hard surface and remains
anchored to the hard surface through the winter. The polyp
reproduces asexually by budding to produce a colony of polyps.
In the spring, the polyps reproduce asexually to form stacks of tiny,
swimming, immature medusae called ephyra.
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G.
The Immature Medusa - The immature medusa grows and develops
into the adult medusa.
4.
Discuss another life cycle of the jellyfish.
A.
Asexual Reproduction - The jellyfish polyp reproduces by itself
without exchanging any genetic material with another polyp.
B.
The Polyp - The polyp settles on a hard surface and remains
anchored to the hard surface through the winter. The polyp
reproduces asexually by budding to produce a colony of polyps.
C.
The Bud - The bud forms on the side of the polyp and separates
from the polyp to become the asexual larva.
D.
The Asexual Larva - The asexual larva grows and develops into a
polyp.
5.
Encourage each child to repeat the functions of the parts of the life cycle
of the jellyfish.
6.
Lay out the pictures of the life cycle of the jellyfish in a circle with the
adult jellyfish at the top center and going clockwise.
7.
Distribute the labels for the children to match to the pictures.
8.
When the children know the definitions of the parts of the life cycle of the
jellyfish, distribute the definitions for the children to read and to match to
the pictures.
9.
Display the chart of the life cycle.
10.
Place The Jellyfish Life Cycle classified nomenclature material on the shelf.
11.
Place The Jellyfish Life Cycle booklet on the shelf.
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12.
Follow-up activities for the child:
A.
Match the picture and label. (simple nomenclature)
B.
Match the picture, label, and definition. (classified nomenclature)
C.
Make a booklet of The Jellyfish Life Cycle.
D.
Make a chart of The Jellyfish Life Cycle.
E.
Repeat the above procedure for the sea anemone and coral.
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Presentation 3: Internal Parts of the Sea Anemone - Detailed
1.
Show the picture of the internal parts of the sea anemone to the children.
2.
Name the internal parts of the sea anemone: oral disk, siphonoglyphs,
sphincter muscles, mouth, pharynx, gastrovascular cavity, ectoderm,
mesoglea, endoderm, mesentery, retractor muscles, mesenteric filaments,
gonads, and basal disk.
3.
Discuss the internal parts of the sea anemone.
A.
The Internal Parts of the Sea Anemone - The internal parts of the
sea anemone are oral disk, siphonoglyphs, sphincter muscles,
mouth, pharynx, gastrovascular cavity, ectoderm, mesoglea,
endoderm, mesentery, retractor muscles, mesenteric filaments,
gonads, and basal disk.
B.
The Oral Disk - The oral disk is the disk around the mouth. The
oral disk extends inwards to produce the tubular gullet or pharynx.
The tentacles are attached to the oral disk.
C.
The Siphonoglyphs - The siphonoglyphs are two grooves located
in the oral disk. The siphonoglyphs have many cilia which move
water, oxygen, and food particles through the pharynx and
gastrovascular cavity.
D.
The Sphincter Muscles - The sphincter muscles contract and expand
the oral disk and the tentacles.
E.
The Mouth - The mouth is in the center of the oral disk and is
surrounded by tentacles. Water, oxygen, and food particles enter
the sea anemone through the mouth. The mouth also squirts out
the waste material and acts as the anus in the sea anemone.
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F.
The Pharynx - The pharynx is the tubular connection between the
mouth and the gastrovascular cavity of the sea anemone. The
siphonoglyphs move water, oxygen, and food particles from the
mouth, through the pharynx, and into the gastrovascular cavity.
Internal fluid pressure in the pharynx and gastrovascular cavity
help to keep the upright shape of the sea anemone.
G.
The Gastrovascular Cavity - The gastrovascular cavity is the digestive
system of the sea anemone. The cilia of the siphonoglyphs move
the water, oxygen, and food particles through the gastrovascular
cavity. Radial canals distribute dissolved oxygen and carbon
dioxide from the gastrovascular cavity to the outside layers of the
sea anemone.
H.
The Ectoderm - The ectoderm is the outside layer of cells of the sea
anemone.
I.
The Mesoglea - The mesoglea is the jelly-like substance between
the ectoderm and the endoderm of the sea anemone. The mesoglea
is a matrix of elastic collagen fibers that gives the shape to the sea
anemone and cements the ectoderm and endoderm together. The
mesoglea can also change the body shape.
J.
The Endoderm - The endoderm is the inside layer of cells of the sea
anemone. The endoderm forms the lining of the gastrovascular
cavity.
K.
The Mesentery - The mesentery forms internal partitions in the
gastrovascular cavity. The mesentery usually occurs in arrays of
multiples of six mesenteries.
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L.
The Retractor Muscles - The retractor muscles are longitudinal
muscles that are anchored in the mesoglea. The retractor muscles
retract the tentacles. The retractor muscles retract the mesoglea
for movement from place to place.
M.
The Mesenteric Filaments - The mesenteric filaments are attached
to the gonads. Sperm and fertilized eggs are released through the
mesenteric filaments and out through the mouth.
N.
The Gonads - The gonads contain the eggs and sperm of the sea
anemone. The sperm are released through the mesenteric filaments.
The eggs are held in the gonads until fertilization occurs. Once
the eggs are fertilized, they are released through the mesenteric
filaments. Some sea anemones are hermaphrodites, containing
both eggs and sperm, while others have separate sexes. Sea
anemones do not fertilize their own eggs.
O.
The Basal Disk - The basal or pedal disk is the point of attachment
of the sea anemone to a surface such as a rock or coral reef. The
sea anemone can reproduce by splitting of the basal disk.
4.
Encourage each child to repeat the function of the internal parts of the sea
anemone.
5.
Lay out the pictures of the internal parts of the sea anemone from left to
right.
6.
Distribute the labels for the children to match to the pictures.
7.
When the children know the definitions of the internal parts of the sea
anemone, distribute the definitions for the children to read and to match
to the pictures.
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8.
Display the wall chart.
9.
Place The Internal Parts of the Sea Anemone classified nomenclature
material on the shelf.
10.
Place The Internal Parts of the Sea Anemone booklet on the shelf.
11.
Follow-up activities for the child:
A.
Match the picture and label. (simple nomenclature)
B.
Match the picture, label, and definition. (classified nomenclature)
C.
Make a booklet of The Internal Parts of the Sea Anemone.
D.
Make a wall chart of The Internal Parts of the Sea Anemone.
E.
Repeat the above procedure for the jellyfish and coral.
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Presentation 4: Classification and Research of the Phylum Cnidaria
1.
Show the classification form to the children.
2.
Say, “Scientists have classified living things into different categories
according to characteristics that they have in common.”
3.
Say, “Cnidarians are animals. Cnidarians belong to the Kingdom Animalia.”
4.
Say, “Cnidarians are simple animals with stinging tentacles. Cnidarians
belong to the Phylum Cnidaria.”
5.
Say, “There are three classes of cnidarians:
Class Hydrozoa are the hydras. There are about 2,700 species in six
orders. The hydras are marine or freshwater. They are solitary or colonial
organisms. The life cycle can include the medusa and polyp, or one or
the other. The sexes may or may not be separate. Examples are the
siphonophores Physalia (Portuguese Man of War) and Muggiaea.
Class Scyphozoa are the jelllyfish. There are about 200 species in five
orders. The jellyfish are marine. They are solitary organisms. The medusa
is the dominant form of the life cycle. The sexes are usually separate.
Examples are Aurelia and Cassiopeia.
Class Anthozoa are the sea anemones, sea pens, and corals. There are
about 6,500 species in 12 orders. The sea anemones, sea pens, and corals
are marine. They are solitary or colonial organisms. The polyp is the
dominant form of the life cycle - there is no medusa form. The sexes are
separate or hermaphroditic. Examples are Metridium (common plumose
sea anemone), Corallium (red coral), Tubipora (tube coral), and Alcyonium
(dead man’s fingers coral).
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6.
Class Anthozoa, Subclass Zoantharia (Hexacorallia), Order Actiniaria are
the sea anemones. Sea anemones are soft-bodied cnidarians with a mouth
surrounded by stinging tentacles. Most sea anemones live on a hard
surface, cemented to the surface by secretions from the basal disk.
Barrett, Norman, Picture Library: Coral Reef, Published by Franklin Watts, New
York.
Dr. Keith Banister and Dr. Andrew Campbell, The Encyclopedia of Aquatic
Life, Published by Facts on File, Inc., New York, 1998, pages 172 - 181.
Kalmen, Bobbie and Walker, Niki, Life in the Coral Reef, Published by Crabtree
Publishing Company, New York.
Lynn Margulis and Karlene V. Schwartz, Five Kingdoms, Published by W.H.
Freeman and Company, New York, Third Edition, pages 218 - 223.
The Visual Dictionary of Animals, Published by Dorling Kindersley, New York,
pages 24 - 25.
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MAIN CHARACTERISTICS/
INTERNAL PARTS OF INVERTEBRATES
PLATYHELMINTHES
Material:
A set of pictures, labels, and definitions illustrating the main characteristics/
internal parts of the flatworm
A booklet of the main characteristics / internal parts of the flatworm
A wall chart of the flatworm
A live Playtyhelminthes
A preserved Playtyhelminthes for dissection / model or transparencies
Presentation 1: Main Characteristics of the Platyhelminthes
1.
Bring a live flatworm before the children and observe it.
2.
Allow the children to discuss what they observe.
3.
Review the booklet of the Zoology Classified Nomenclature for
Platyhelminthes.
4.
While observing the live flatworm, ask how the flatworm moves. Discuss
and explain this process. Some Platyhelminthes move by means of cilia
that cover the body, and some move by the contraction of muscles.
5.
While observing the live flatworm ask how the flatworm breathes. Discuss
and explain this process. There is no specialized organ. Respiration occurs
by a process of diffusion.
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