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The Industrial Revolution
CAUSES OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
What is the Industrial Revolution
 The Industrial Revolution
was a period from 1750 to
1850 where changes in
agriculture, manufacturing,
mining, transportation, and
technology had a profound
effect on the social, economic
and cultural conditions of the
times.
 It marks a major turning
point in history; almost every
aspect of daily life was
influenced in some way
The First Industrial Revolution
1.
2.
Gradual Change from
Human or Animal powered
devices to machines (steam
powered)
Manufacturing of
interchangeable parts
- allowed greater division of
Labour
- allowed cheaper and more
reliable products
- allowed large factories to
operate
- eliminated the need for
“craftsmen” in
manufacturing
- allowed unskilled labourer
to produce complex products
The Second Industrial Revolution
 More transportation
based
 Started in the 1850s
 Steam Engines to power
ships and trains
 Introduction to the
internal combustion
(gasoline) engine
The Causes of the Industrial Revolution
 The Enclosure Movement and the Agricultural
Revolution
- more efficient and less labour intensive food production
- forces people into “Cottage Industries” (weaving) and
eventually into cities and factories
 British Colonial Dominance
- provided vast amounts of money to England
- money used to invest in new innovations and
manufacturing techniques
 The Napoleonic Wars
- Britain was the only country not ravaged by war
- Britain also possessed a large fleet of ships
Major Inventions: Textiles
 The Spinning Jenny:
Major Inventions: Steam Engine
Major Inventions: Chemicals
 Major Development in the Understanding of
Chemistry
Some examples:
 Sodium Carbonate (glass making and paper
industries)
 Cement
Major Inventions: Machine Tools
 Tools for cutting,
drilling, joining,
bending and
shaping metal –
powered by
steam and later
electricity
 E.g. The Lathe
Major Innovations: Gas Lighting
The Social Effects of the Industrial Revolution
The Triumph of the Middle Class
- power of landowners and nobility is completely
destroyed
2. The Creation of Cities
- the creation of factories allowed people to flock to
urban areas
3. Child Labour
- since physical strength and experience were no longer
really needed the work of children was preferred
- they could be paid much less and their productivity
was similar
- massive abuse and exploitation of children
1.
The Social Effects of the Industrial Revolution
 Housing
- the average person lived in poverty, filth and squalor
- shared toilets and open sewers
- Tuberculosis, Cholera, and Typhoid and various lung
disease was rampant
 Massive Population increases
- Britain's population quadrupled in the 19th Century
 Poorer standard of Living
- The average British man would make 20% less than
what would be required to feed and house the average
family
Other Effects of the Industrial Revolution
 Economic:
- Massive increases in wealth
- great divide between Europe and the rest of the
world (industrialized vs. non-industrialized
countries)
 Military:
- The 19th century started with muskets and ended
with steel battleships and machine guns
- Gave Europe a incredible military advantage over
the rest of the planet